...the area that deals with what science is, such as morals and the laws of the land that develop how one should live and ethics. An intrinsic good is not a means to something else, as cash can be a means to valuable pleasure. Instrumental good is something considered as a beneficial to some other good, an instrumental good leads to something else that is worthy. Science is a logical approach to studying the natural world. It is a determination of what is most likely to be accurate at the current time with the evidence at our view to determine the facts. The philosophy of science is the area that deals with what science is, how it and other things work, and the logic through which we develop scientific knowledge. Enlightenment philosophers have had a deep influence on the develop of society, they basically have given the structure to government today. European masterminds, for example, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are a portion of the European political scholars who have changed the course of history. John Locke was a 1600s English scholar that delivered thoughts which turned into the way to the Enlightenment. He trusted that individuals have a characteristic right to life, freedom, and property. These rights had a place with all people from the season of birth. Locke contended that rulers have an obligation to ensure its subjects, yet in the event that the administration comes up short in doing as such the general population have...
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...Joe Jones The Impact of the Philosophes The philosophes believed that reason could be applied to all aspects of life, just as Isaac Newton had applied reason to science. Five important concepts eventually formed the core of their philosophy: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty One of the most brilliant and influential of the philosophes was Voltaire. He published more than 70 books on politics, essays, philosophy, history, fiction, and drama. Voltaire never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech. Many of his beliefs were adopted into the Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights. Another influential philosophe was the Baron de Montesquieu. He devoted himself to the study of political liberty. Montesquieu studied the history of ancient Rome, and concluded that Rome’s collapse was directly related to its loss of political liberties. Because of its balance of power between three groups of officials, he believed Britain was the best-governed country of his day. The British king and his ministers held executive power, they carried out the laws of the state. The members of Parliament held legislative, or law making power. The Judges of each applied to a specific case. Montesquieu called this the separation of powers. Even though he oversimplified how exactly it all worked, his book, On the Spirit of Laws, greatly influenced how America’s government would work. So much so that checks...
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...Dylan Mains Philosophy 100-14 Prof. Dunch 24 October 2013 The Magnificent Philosopher King Education is a vital component of contemporary society in the pursuit of peace, harmony and ultimately justice. One must be wise enough to understand the principles of justice. In the Republic, Plato portrays the importance of education for being just through his justification for what the Philosopher King knows. The definition of justice is based on the people’s education, experience, and going through the process of shaping a just soul. In order to reach justice, one must experience and learn from the best moments of life to really appreciate it as well as have the wisdom to recognize it. The Philosopher Kings exemplify all of these traits and have an understanding of the world as it is, giving them the strongest foundation for understanding justice. Plato argues for the importance of education for justice in the Republic, emphasizing education in the forms for reaching justice; justice is the harmony between the three parts of the soul. As a result of having a harmonious balance between the three parts of the soul, one is able to achieve Plato’s view of justice. The main focus of education, from an individual’s perspective, is to gain knowledge. Reason is the most important aspect needed for a person who is seeking to understand justice and know how to achieve it. Plato points out that every soul contains three parts: appetite, spirit, and reason. In addition, Plato...
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...MAWLANA JALAL-UL-DIN BALKHI “RUMI” Jalal-Ul-Din Muhammad Balkhi also known as Rumi is one of the world’s most well-known philosophers. He was born in the city of Balkh, 30th of September, 1207, but spent most of his time abroad and died in Konya, Turkey 17th of December 1275. Rumi studied Islamic Law in Syria and had sustainable knowledge in fields of public speaking, Sufism, and poetry (Qemar). He was thought by the best scholars of his time, he learned poetry and Sufism from his father Bahudin Balkhi and his mentor Burhanudin Termizi. Rumi adopted a significant interest in literature and philosophy. He wrote two famous poems, Masnavi and Divan-I Kabir (The Great Collection of Poems). The first poem, Masnavi adopts its name from music where it is flowing in rhythm. Rumi wrote 18 couplets and dictated the rest.He told many stories of his own, but also borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Jewish sources, Quran and Hadith. Masnavi was completed in 14 years and arranged in 6 chapters which was written by Rumi himself. The writings was naturally and unplanned, it was like a theater, a play show involving many characteristics (Whinfield). The second famous poem Rumi wrote was Divan-I Kabir (The Great Collection of Poems), it is also called Divan-I Shams due to its last couplets. Divan-I Kabir contained 35,000 couplets about love and spiritual joy and was dictated in ecstasy and whirling. Rumi had several writings, he wrote Fifi Ma Fih (What is in it is in it) it contained 71 talks and lectures...
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...The enduring traditions and institutions from Greek culture that expanded to most of the western world are democracy/government, philosophy, literature/drama, and architecture. Greek democracy and government has influenced many of the western world in the aspects of courts and jury, majority rule, civic debate, impartial juries, and the rule of law, just to name a few. An example of how ancient Greeks government have in influence the modern world, is Athenians called their political system demokratia (meaning rule by the people), and in their demokratia the people could hold supreme political authority and government. Which is very similar to what the U.S. have now, but instead calling it a demokratia it is called a democracy. Greek philosophy...
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...in modern society demonstrate how inspiring the Ancient Greeks were. Greece is a series of islands, known as an archipelago that contained a number of city- states, such as Athens and Sparta, and were ruled by Ephors. Greece has a very mountainous terrain, with only 20% of arable land. Greece also has irregular coastlines that enhance their ability to trade. The contributions of classical Greece benefit Western civilization greatly because of the creation of democracy, which provides citizens with a voice, and the philosophies taught by Socrates and Aristotle, which have shaped educational practices. Also, Euclid and other Greek mathematicians advanced dramatically in geometry, allowing for improvements...
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...was one of the very important part of the civilization. For all the cultures habitation and finding food is depend on the environments that they placed on and all the cultures are in relation with each other. A Senegalese social scientist Cheikh Anta Diop has a theory about the roots of the civilization. He supports that Ethiopians and the Egyptians played a key role in the processing of civilization by their developments in science, art and religion. These developments were required for the adaptation of the people. The Greeks interiorized the elements of civilization which they inspired from Egyptians, continued to develop them and spread them to the Eurasians. The Greek philosophers and scholars thoughts were shaped by the Egyptians. Their style of architecture was similar with the Egyptians’. They also effected from Egyptians’ literature like fables. One of the French writers, La Fontaine, inspired from a Greek writer, Aesop. Diop also claim that Greeks impressed their gods from Egypt. He proved that with the foreign sources which were mostly written by Egyptians. Apart the theory of Diop, there is a big relation between religion and civilization. People had found supernatural solutions or explanations for natural problems like climate change, volcanic eruptions or darkness and lightness and they also have a supernatural solution for fertility – mother goddess which was a symbol of fertility – which was very important for the people who have...
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...made to Greek art and culture. Whether made by artists, writers, philosophers or sculptors, each one had an impact on Greek history. The famous Athenian sculptor, Pheidias (ca. 480-430 B.C.), was one of the most significant artists of his time. Best known for his work on the Parthenon and the chryselephantine cult statues of Athena and Zeus, Pheidias was a renowned public figure. It was difficult to become a successful sculptor, but everyone praised a great one. Children were not encouraged to become sculptors, however, as stated by Spivey, “...if one were to become a Pheidias...and produced many great works, everyone may have praised one’s skill.” Pheidias’ greatest achievement was the establishment of the perception of Athena and Zeus, which he conceived from his own visions of the gods....
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...knew that he would succeed him so Phillip II prepared Alexander for a military and political future. He was very well educated by the Greek Philosopher, Aristotle. Aristotle taught Alexander not just the basics but opened his interest to science, medicine and philosophy. After Phillip II was assassinated, Alexander became king of Macedonia at the age of twenty. As stated Alexander was groomed from an early age and was given control of the cavalry at the important battle of Chaeronea. He secured Macedonia’s frontlines, put down the Greek rebellion, then set his eyes on the rest of the world. He began his campaign (entered Asia Minor) with 37,000 men of which 5,000 were cavalry and had his first confrontation and victory against the Persian Empire at a battle at the Granicus River which almost cost him his life. By the following spring, 334/335, the western half of Asia Minor was controlled by Alexander. At the Battle of Issus, the Persian troops outnumbered Alexander’s and his men. However, the numerical advantage the Persian’s had was cancelled because the battle was on a narrow field and resulted in another success for Macedonia. Alexander then turned south, and by the winter of 332 BCE, Alexander dominated Egypt, Palestine and Syria. He took the title of pharaoh of Egypt and founded the first cities named after him. (Alexandria) as the Greek administrative capital of Egypt which remains one of Egypt’s and Mediterranean’s most important cities. He then moved into ancient...
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...Alexander the Great was one of the greatest military leaders in history. When Alexander died, he had ruled the largest Western Empire. Alexander’s teacher was the philosopher and scientist, Aristotle. The science, literature, and philosophy he learned helped him become a great leader. At sixteen, Alexander was left in charge of Macedonia while his father, Philip, was at battle. During this time, a town rebelled against Macedonia and Alexander put together an army and saved his city. This was the beginning of Alexander the Great’s life. I picked Alexander the Great because he was very smart, tough and loyal and that is why he won all his battles. Alexander the Great was born in 356 B.C. to Philip II, King of Macedonia, and Olympias, the Princess of Epirus. Alexander’s father, the ruler of Macedonia, was assassinated in 336 B.C. After his father’s death, Alexander became the ruler of Macedonia. Alexander the Great won battles and took over many cities from the time he became King in 336 B.C. until his death in 323 B.C. Alexander’s army became stronger with each defeated city that joined his empire. Alexander and his army eventually created the Macedonia Empire, the largest Western Empire. The Macedonia Empire was created from battles that included Greece, Asia, Persia, Egypt, Iran and India. Alexander also became known as the King of the Four Quarters of the World in 331 B.C. Alexander died in 323 B.C. and did not name another King of Macedonia. The Macedonian...
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...“Remember upon the conduct of each depends the fate of all.” These are the words of Alexander the Great. These words spoken so truly to reflect his passion of Greek culture, Alexander the Great expressed these words throughout his entire being. This famous man, who to some, was like a god, accomplished many impossible tasks to any ordinary person while spreading his love of Greek culture around the world. On July 20, 356 BC, a legend was born to King Philip II and Queen Olympia. Alexander the Great was recognized early that he could change the world. He studied under an astonishing, Greek philosopher, Aristotle where he learned literature, exceptional writing skills and knowledge that broaden Alexander III into horizons that not many could imagine. Alexander had an obsession for knowledge which showed throughout his battles in his later years. He had very skilled military tactics and which he combined his vast knowledge to conquer all that he put his mind to. At the age of 18, Alexander took charge of the Companion Cavalry and helped his father in defeating the Athenian and Theban armies of Chaeronea. Learning from past warriors, from their feats to their fails, he was able to figure out how to achieve his own goals on the battle field along with skilled decision making. Alexander the Great wanted to continue the expansion of Macedonia in which is father, King Philip was doing when Alexander was younger. After the death of his father, the Macedonian army supported Alexander...
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...together and forever changed the ancient world. Alexander the warrior is only one part of his legacy. He was a celebrated leader with a unique early life that drove his passion, admirable traits that set him apart from other rulers, and an unquestionable mark on history that continues to be praised today. Education and good mentoring are both vital for the pedigree of a good leader. Alexander had both. Being the son of a king, from an early age Alexander was given access to and was educated by the well-known Greek philosopher, Aristotle. It was his proximity to this great thinker during Alexander’s developmental years that inspired a deep love for rhetoric and literature, which led to interests in science, medicine, and philosophy. Education set Alexander apart from his peers; it also established him as one with the ability to transfer something of worth to another, namely Hellenism. Adding to education, Aristotle introduced Alexander to the legend of the Greek god, Achilles, through Homer’s, The Iliad. To Alexander, Achilles became a sort of distant mentor and idol to emulate. Alexander studied how Achilles fought, lived, loved, and died; desiring the same for his own life Alexander would vicariously model it as such. A good leader will have a solid base of knowledge and an example to emulate. Consequently, the fundamentals of a good education and mentoring became vital to Alexander later in life when he established his kingdom and was recognized as a leader. A...
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...One may look at his many accomplishments to decide if he deserves the title. Sometimes character is the test of determining if a man is great. Alexander meets both standards with his philosophic background, conquering abilities, victories in battle, and outstanding accomplishments; therefore, he truly meets his title as Alexander the Great Alexander was born in 356 B.C. to King Philip II f Macedon, and Olympias, princess of Epirus. King Philip was one of Alexander’s main influences. Philip was a man of action: he built cities, navies, roads, armies, conquered Athens, and created the League of Corinth, which he treated fairly. At age 13, Alexander’s father hired Aristotle to tutor his son. Aristotle’steachings encompassed all aspects of Greek life: art, poetry, science, and philosophy. Aristotle would become Alexander’s second greatest influence in life, one that would inspire him to live a good, moral life. Another tutor of Alexander’s, before Aristotle, was the Acarnian Lysimachus. He created a game with Alexander in which he would pretend to be the great hero Achilles. Alexander believed Achilles was the true example of a great aristocratic warrior, and he modeled himself after him. Later in life, Alexander would carry with him a copy of Homer’s Iliad and traded his armor for, what he believed to be, Achilles’ armor. When King Philip was assassinated, Alexander was elected commander of the League of Corinth. Soon, the Thebans revolted, refusing to surrender to Alexander...
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...roamed all over Asia and Europe as a supernatural figure. In presenting and describing the military and personal life of this legendary man, Cantor draws his information from the contemporary writings on the Alexander. He uses the cultural and psychological studies to portray that Alexander was not an ordinary person in the ancient world. The author portrays Alexander the Great as person liked to conquer new empires. In writing this biography, Alexander clearly explains the relationship that existed between Alexander the great and his father, Philip II of Macedon, his bisexuality, and his oedipal involvement with his own mother. In addition, traces the efforts of this great man in attempting to unite the Persian and Greek worlds, west, and east using the famous Greek hero Achilles of the Trojan War as his model. Furthermore, Cantor explores the superstitious nature of Alexander towards the gods of Egypt and Greece. Cantor biography artistically balances between the public life and private life as he...
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...rarely the sole focus of extended philosophical treatment, it's difficult to find an important commentator in the history of ethical theory that hasn't given them some at least some attention. From Plato to Kant, from Hume to Rawls, everyone has something to say about the nature of promissory obligation. The past quarter century or so has seen something of a vogue in work on promising. Since the early 1990s we have seen significant contributions by Joseph Raz, Judith Thomson, Margaret Gilbert, Tim Scanlon, Stephen Darwall and many others. This makes Promises and Agreements: Philosophical Essays quite timely. And despite the traditional attention and the current popularity, this is the only collection of original essays on the nature of promising in print today. As such, it will be the obvious choice for those looking for a roundup of contemporary work in the field, whether for pedagogical or research purposes. Luckily, the volume is up to the task of standard bearing, containing as it does an excellent sample of the best and most innovative contemporary authors, and contributing to many of the traditional and recent debates in the field, as well as breaking some new paths. The collection contains fifteen original pieces, along with a substantial introduction by the editor. Included are many of the more prominent voices in the field today: Darwall, David Owens, Gilbert, Julia Driver, Michael Smith, Alastair Norcross, Daniel Friedrich and Nicholas Southwood. There is a lack of...
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