...LENGTH: 9744 words NOTE: UNITED STATES-CHINA TRADE WAR: SIGNS OF PROTECTIONISM IN A GLOBALIZED ECONOMY? NAME: Kara Loridas LEXISNEXIS SUMMARY: ... Among the aims of the Doha Development Round are a rejection of protectionism and an attempt to ensure fair application of trade rules to developing countries. ... China argued that the increased tariffs imposed by the United States on Chinese tires exceed the permissible maximum tariff rates that the United States may impose on Chinese imports. ... An example of effective negotiations is the settlement of the U.S. complaint alleging a Chinese violation of the national treatment concept by its preferential treatment of domestic products over "like" imported products. ... Cooperative trade relations between the United States and China are important to the global community because the economies of each country are dependent on the rest of the world and the global economy will be harmed by protectionist measures from the first and third largest trading powers. ... Moreover, multilateral negotiations, as opposed to bilateral trade negotiations, are better suited to resolve the United States-China trade disputes because the disputes affect other WTO members in ways beyond the immediate economic impact. ... The most effective way to combat the rapid escalation and retaliatory nature of the disputes is to conduct multilateral negotiations that will preserve the WTO's goal of reducing trade barriers, avoid the adversarial nature of WTO litigation...
Words: 11849 - Pages: 48
...HISTORY OF TRADE LIBARALIZATION The history of trade between nations has been a long and colorful one, interrupt by wars and dramatic changes in beliefs about trade. Because of the economic impact that trade has always had on civilizations, governments often become involved in trade with the goal of producing a particular economic outcome for their countries. Trade liberalization refers to the removal of government incentives and restrictions from trade between nations. It is a subject of much scholarly and political debate, given the impact that trade has on the livelihood of so many people, especially in developed countries. After independence in 1971, Bangladesh followed a of a highly restricted trade regime strategy. This was characterized by high tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade and an overvalued exchange rate system that was supported by the import-substitution industrialization strategy of the Government. This policy was pursued with the objectives of improving the balance of payment position of the country and creating a protected domestic market for manufacturing industries (Bhuyan and Rashid, 1993). The trade regime registered a major shift in the mid-1980s, when a policy of moderate liberalization was initiated. However, in the early 1990s, large-scale liberalization of trade was implemented. Since then, successive Governments have reaffirmed their commitment to the development of a more liberal trade regime. Economists in particular have debated the advantages...
Words: 504 - Pages: 3
..."Governmental attitudes towards Foreign Direct Investment Traditionally, FDI has been driven in substantial part by the need to invest behind tariff barriers. High trade barriers in a country create an incentive for investment to serve consumers of that country that does not depend on efficiency of the workforce, availability of world-class material suppliers, access to other markets, or the maintenance of an effective system of commercial law. When tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade are removed, investment decisions increasingly are made on the basis of the ability of the market to provide an environment that is conducive to the establishment and maintenance of a world-class manufacturing operation to serve the regional market and often to produce for worldwide export. Workforce availability, a stable economic system, and an effective legal system all assume greater importance in making investment decisions. Equally important is logistics - the ability to maintain a reliable, low-cost flow of raw materials and components into a manufacturing facility, and an effective system to distribute finished products flowing out of the facility. One of the myths that appear to be indestructible, despite growing evidence to the contrary is that of the generally positive and desirable nature of foreign direct investment (FDI). It is certainly seen as being preferable to other forms of foreign capital inflow, such as commercial borrowing and portfolio investment. Furthermore, it is considered...
Words: 340 - Pages: 2
...SHADOWS Prepared for Mr. Zia Imran Prepared by Samiullah khan 06l0365 Sarah Shah 06l0380 Jane 6, 2008 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 THE OPPORTUNITY 5 THE COMPANY, ITS SERVICES AND STRATEGY 6 Company 6 Mission Statement 6 Vision 6 SWOT Analysis 7 Strengths: 7 Weaknesses: 9 Opportunities: 10 Threats: 11 MANAGEMENT 11 MARKETING STRATEGY 14 Product 15 Estimated Production Material: 19 FAB Analysis of Product 20 Pricing 21 Promotion 22 Website 24 Advertisement 24 Trade Shows 24 Australia( Trade Shows) 25 Kuwait( Trade Shows) 26 Placement 27 MARKET ENTRY BARRIERS 28 Tariff Barriers 29 Non Tariff Barriers 29 EXPORTING PROCEDURE 29 MODE OF EXPORTING 31 Advantages of Exporting 32 Disadvantages of Exporting 34 MODES OF PAYMENTS 34 Letters of credit 35 FINANCIALS 36 REFERENCES 42 APPENDIX 1 43 APPENDIX 2 47 APPENDIX 3 50 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The company SHADOWS is aimed to manufacture and export wooden perfumed Blinds which would not only protect the consumers from the sunlight but also satisfy their aesthetic sense. There is much room for such unconventional products. The beauty lies in the making of the oriental product with the skilful hands, which certainly be having a high return and more demand. The geographical location of the host countries will make our product a necessity rather than luxury. Kuwait and Australia are the markets where...
Words: 8400 - Pages: 34
...1.0 Introduction Puma is one of the famous sports brand, the brand’s history can backward to World War Ι, Herzogenaurach Germany, 1948 by Rudolf Dassler. The major products covered almost all sport items, such as sport shoes, wears, and other sports equipment. The brand PUMA is the leader of football shoes. Puma is Olympic sponsors and partner of World formula championship tournament. Today the group has more than 9,500 employees and distributes its products more than 120 countries. Group holds three major sport brands, which are PUMA, COBRA, and Tretorn in sport industry market.(Puma, 2013). Business process outsourcing (BPO) is the key issue of today’s multinational corporation (MNC), which is considered as high chance to find out more opportunities and reduce cost. The main advantage of Business process outsourcing is that, which makes firms more flexibility, in one hand, which can help MNCs to reduce the fixed cost, as transferring into variable cost. In another hand, BPO is considered to be a good way to focus on firm’s core competencies. In addition, this process also may increase the speed of business processes. Based on these factors, BPO may help MNCs grow faster without the huge capital requested. At the same time, this process also brings limitations for MNCs, such as the higher risk level, which could be caused by both privately or structure of firm. Risks and treats of outsourcing must therefore be managed, to achieve any benefits. 2.0 Investment Market...
Words: 3407 - Pages: 14
...developing country is a poor or rich country. One of the benefits from globalization is that people believes it will improve the standard of living in a country. Furthermore, people also believes that globalization will be able to unite the world together. The advocates believe that economic and financial market integration will help create a greater economic stability. In addition, globalization could also help the developing country’s medical field. It has the potential to help produce and provide better medicine in a more effective and efficient manner to the people that needed it. Other than that, it also believes that due to globalization, trade barrier will be reduce in the existing market. When trade barriers been skim down, it will lead to increase in trade between the developing countries and other countries. These international trades will eventually lead to a greater growth that will bring benefit to the country. Last but not least, globalization are also expected to help in terms of economies of scale by lowering the transportation cost, communication cost and other cost by coming out with the solution of hiring foreign labors such as expatriates that will help the productivity to be more effective and efficient. 2. The Factors of Failed in Obtaining Started Benefits As good as globalization sounds, there are times when some countries fail to benefit from globalization. It was due to the asymmetric way of globalization. One of the failure in gaining global economic...
Words: 1128 - Pages: 5
...- Dimensions of market/country attractiveness ‘Fine-grained’ screening As the BERI index focuses only on the political risk of entering new markets a broader approach that includes the competences of the firm is often needed. For this purpose, a powerful aid to the identification of the ‘best opportunity’ target countries is the application of the market attractiveness/competitive strength matrix (Figure 7.4). This market portfolio model replaces the two single dimensions in the BCG growth–share matrix with two composite dimensions applied to global marketing issues. Measures on these two dimensions are built up from a large number of possible variables, as listed in Table 7.2. In the following, one of the important dimensions will be described and commented upon. - Market expansion strategies, incremental versus simultaneous entry A firm may decide to enter international markets on an incremental or experimental basis, entering first a single key market in order to build up experience in international operations, and then subsequently entering other markets one after the other. Alternatively, a firm may decide to enter a number of markets simultaneously in order to leverage its core competence and resources rapidly across a broader market base. Entry on an incremental basis, especially into small markets, may be preferred where a firm lacks experience in foreign markets and wishes to edge gradually into inter- national operations if a firm is small and has limited resources...
Words: 3896 - Pages: 16
...Education Green Barriers and China’s Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship? Mudiarasan Kuppusamy1 & Behrooz Gharleghi1,2 1 Faculty of Business and Management, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Centre for the Study of the Economics of Ageing (CSEA), Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Correspondence: Behrooz Gharleghi, Faculty of Business and Management, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, TPM, 57000, Bukit Jail, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: 60-19-615-3515. E-mail: behrooz@apu.edu.my Received: April 4, 2014 Accepted: May 30, 2014 doi:10.5539/ass.v10n16p34 Online Published: July 24, 2014 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n16p34 Abstract As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China’s agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China’s agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement...
Words: 4402 - Pages: 18
...Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25. Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on China's Foreign Trade Thomas J. Sargent ABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. Key words：Green Barriers; products; Trade In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products. 1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers" Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases...
Words: 1741 - Pages: 7
...Discussion on Strategies in Overcoming National or Industrial Marketing Barriers Table of Contents Introduction 3 1.1 Research context 3 1.2 Research aim & objectives 4 1.3 Research questions 4 1.4 Significance of the research 4 1.5 Structure of the dissertation 5 Literature review 6 2.1 Concept of marketing barrier 6 2.2 Concept and nature of green barriers 7 2.3 Influences of trade green barriers to international marketing 8 2.4 Reasons of encountering green marketing barriers 9 2.5 Strategies of overcoming national and industrial marketing & green barriers 10 Methodology 12 3.1 Justification of research method 12 3.2 Documentary analysis method 12 3.3 Case study analysis method 13 3.4 Ethical consideration in research methods 13 Conclusion 14 Introduction 1.1 Research context The sustainable development of social economy has become the world focus. With intensification of economic globalization and trade liberalization, the national and industrial barriers as the protection methods have been reduced. The major trade partners such as Europe, the US, Japan, Singapore have made stricter requirements and standards for market entry and imports. This has given rise to the product of marketing barriers or green barriers. In the meantime, the dependence on foreign trade and on the international market has strengthened the competition of different industries. Thus, the companies should construct the marketing strategies catering...
Words: 4466 - Pages: 18
...non-tariff barrier named ‘green trade barrier’ in the international trade area. Green barrier is a special trade barrier with strict environmental standards and other environmental requirements as its main content. With the worsening of environment, many countries pay more attention to the environmental protection. However, according to the economic levels of different countries, great differences exist in environment standards of these countries which have resulted in the appearance of green trade barrier as trade protection. It is just like some former trade protectionism policies and influences the international trade greatly. With the fast development of international economy, the developed countries, in order to protect national market and consumer, are adopting various kinds of green trade barrier constantly in the trade of agricultural products. These kinds of method have already had serious impact on agricultural products trade of our country. By far, the markets of our agricultural products have mainly located in the developed countries and some new industrial countries and territories. In China, the trade of agricultural products, such as the trade of garden products, aquaculture, and livestock products, got balance in general. Those products rely on the environment and are easy to be rejected by the green trade barrier of developed countries. In recent years, it has been often reported that our exporters have sustained losses due to green trade barrier. Therefore...
Words: 383 - Pages: 2
...economy moves towards globalization, China has become more open to trade with other countries. Its international trade volume had risen from US$20.6 in 1978 to US$1,422 billion in 2005 (Wang & Liu, 2007). Since China’s exports mainly focus on the labor intensive and resource intensive industries, this exports pattern causes a serious environmental problem in China. Green barriers become a kind of emerging non-tariff barrier which is used for the developed countries to protect their production and economic development in recent years. The main forms of green barriers include green tariff and market access, green packaging and labeling requirements, green technology standards, Green health inspection system, environmental costs and green subsidy system (China west products, 2011). China’s agricultural, mechanical and electrical products are all facing green barriers, such as pollution, noise, safety standards and recycling requirements (Wang & Liu, 2007). How to cope with green barriers becomes the biggest challenge that China faces to continuously expand its exports. The purpose of this paper is to address and analyze the green barrier issue in China and to provide my ideas and suggestions on China’s exports related to green barrier. My following analysis is mainly based on the positive effects of green barriers and the specific example of China’s tea exports as well as three policies to cope with green barriers. I feel confident that you will strongly support my recommendations...
Words: 1575 - Pages: 7
...decide which goods consumers’ need and that is what is produced. Centrally planned capitalism is similar to centrally planned socialism in that the government or state determines what goods are to be produced, but allows private companies to produce them. Sweden is an example of centrally planned capitalism due to two-thirds of businesses being owned by the government, the remaining companies produce what is perceived to be needed. Market socialism differs from the other economic systems in that it is complete and self-regulating; production is communally owned and operated with profits being divided among workers. Vietnam used this system for a brief time with products being made and sold collectively by private companies (Keegan & Green, 2011). 2. The BRIC countries are identified as Brazil, Russia, India and China. BRIC countries are considered the fastest growing economies with tremendous opportunities. Select one of these four countries. Using the seven criteria...
Words: 1733 - Pages: 7
...economy moves towards globalization, China has become more open to trade with other countries. Its international trade volume had risen from US$20.6 in 1978 to US$1,422 billion in 2005 (Wang & Liu, 2007). Since China’s exports mainly focus on the labor intensive and resource intensive industries, this exports pattern causes a serious environmental problem in China. Green barriers become a kind of emerging non-tariff barrier which is used for the developed countries to protect their production and economic development in recent years. The main forms of green barriers include green tariff and market access, green packaging and labeling requirements, green technology standards, Green health inspection system, environmental costs and green subsidy system (China west products, 2011). China’s agricultural, mechanical and electrical products are all facing green barriers, such as pollution, noise, safety standards and recycling requirements (Wang & Liu, 2007). How to cope with green barriers becomes the biggest challenge that China faces to continuously expand its exports. The purpose of this paper is to address and analyze the green barrier issue in China and to provide my ideas and suggestions on China’s exports related to green barrier. My following analysis is mainly based on the positive effects of green barriers and the specific example of China’s tea exports as well as three policies to cope with green barriers. I feel confident that you will strongly support my recommendations...
Words: 301 - Pages: 2
...Impact of WTO on Globalization Trade Policy Introduction World Trade Organization (WTO), found in 1995 and headquarters is in Geneva, has its clearly main purposes since its beginning that to promote economic and trade development all over the world. Up to the end of 2008, there are more than 135 members in the organization. In particularly, with the expansion of globalization trade, international business is more often than any time in the history. As one of the most crucial carrier of economic globalization, WTO establishes a set of international trade rules focusing on the liberalization, which play a strong role of encouraging and guiding in the process of economic globalization (Pauwelyn, 2005). This essay will mainly discuss WTO’s influence on the rules of globalization trade in combination with the current reform of trade policy. It will explain the topic from the following four aspects in detail: first, the basic rules WTO set up for the international trade, then, rules on e-commerce, the new rising global business, third, the preferential rules made by WTO for developing countries, and at last, it will discuss the impacts of WTO’s regulations on environmental issues when doing global trade. Basic Rules WTO set up for the Global Trade WTO's main objective is to provide adequate competitive opportunities for the trade among the members, which needs recognized common rules and principles for members to abide. There are two basic principles, namely the MFN principle (referred...
Words: 2421 - Pages: 10
