...coli) is a germ that lives in the digestive system of animals as well as humans. E-coli was first isolated by Theodore Escherich a German bacteriologist in 1885 and was named after him. E-coli first became a household name during an outbreak in the western United States that began in late 1992 and lasted into 1993. Which was caused by eating ground beef. It was routinely found in the intestines of cattle companion have developed a vaccine to reduce the number of bacteria in the cattle. It has been commonly used for biological lab experiments and research. There are many types of e-coli, and most of them are harmless. Although some may cause bloody bowel movement also known as hemorrhagic diarrhea. This diarrhea illness was first recognized when the CDC personnel isolated e-coli from patients in two separate outbreak one in Oregon and the other in Michigan. The illness also was associate with eating hamburgers at a restaurant of a national chain. Some people experimented inflammation and bleeding of the colon. Infections dealing with e-coli are more common during the summer season and in northern states. Some strains of e-coli bacteria can cause anemia of kidney failure which leads to death. Other strains of e-coli can cause infection throughout the body such as the urinary tract and many more. By coming into contact with the feces, or stool of humans and animals you can get e-coli.it is normally inhabitant in small intestines and colon but do not cause diseases in the intestines...
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...Humans are undoubtedly one of the largest consumers on the planet and without a doubt use and effect a greater portion of the world’s supply of natural resources than any other species. Most likely it is because of the large size of the species, or perhaps it is the result of over-consumption. There are three biogeochemical cycles that humans effect daily: The Carbon Cycle, The Phosphorus Cycle as well as the Nitrogen Cycle. As learned by the Law of Conservation of Matter, atoms simply cannot be destroyed or created, instead they recycle themselves, so these cycles indicate how the unique variations of atoms are converted and used by consumption. Carbon is found in the World’s atmosphere, as well as released from the burning of fossil fuels or just breathed out of many species’ mouth, including humans. In this cycle you may choose to begin using the large amounts of carbon that may be in the atmosphere and which is then pulled in from plant life and developed into organic matter (oxygen) that can help animals breathing. In eating the plant, the animal then picks up the transformed atom and in turn, transforms it back into carbon when they breathe. In death their bodies are eaten by scavengers that will release the carbon back into the air or perhaps stay deposited in the earth, which could then turn into coal or another fossil fuel which have been burned, releasing the carbon back into the air to complete its cycle. Humans are cutting down forests for an ever-growing population...
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...Salmonella Carlos Bass August 23, 2011 Allison Barrett Salmonella is an infection with bacteria. Most people that are infected with salmonella develop diarrhea fever, and abnormal cramps. This illness usually last about 4 to 7 day, and some people recover without treatment. And as for some people the diarrhea may be so severe that the person may have to be hospitalized. In these patients the salmonella infection may spread from intestines to the blood stream and then to other body sites and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. And those with impaired immune system are most likely to have a server illness. Every year in the United States there are 40,000 cases of Salmonella reported. There are many different kinds of Salmonella most of them are common in the United states. Salmonella is more common in the summer than the winter. Salmonella comes from eating raw meat, raw eggs, eating any foods that is not properly cooked,not washing hands after using contact with animals, or any other unsanitary uses. Salmonella is a bacteria infection comes through food and water or other sources of contamination that contains large amounts of bacteria. Although some bacteria get the intestines and then attack and penetrate. Some Salmonella can survive in the cells of the immune system and can lead into the blood stream,causing blood infection. Other Salmonella can enter the gallbladder,Salmonella can then be shed with the bile from...
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...1) Describe the types and effects of water pollutants 2) investigate water quality today 3)Explain water pollution control 4) Summarize water legislation Slide one • In the early days of the industrial revolution people gave little attention to the pollution of lakes , rivers , and the coastal oceans. • Water pollution • "The Silent Highwayman". Cartoon commenting on polluted condition of the Thames. Punch, 10 July 1858. Source: Wikimedia Commons • The growth of the major industrial cities also caused water pollution. All too often, rivers that pass through urban areas became a receptacle for human waste products, both domestic and industrial. Sewage, as in most cities, was washed out into the streets where it found its way to the rivers with disastrous consequences. • In the first half of the 18th century, both London and Paris, the largest cities in Europe with respectively 1 and 2.4 million inhabitants by 1850, experienced a series of recurring epidemics of cholera and typhoid. In 1832 over 20,000 Parisians died in a cholera outbreak; London experienced similar outbreaks. This was caused by increasing amounts of sewage dumped into the Seine and Thames rivers. • London was one of the first cities in the world to build a sewer system and improve the quality of its drinking water supply. The London Board of Health eliminated cesspools in the late 1840s, and a Metropolis Water Act of 1852 forced water companies to move their intakes upstream and regulate their...
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...Management of water quality addresses the problems that are related to water quality and water valuable uses. The control on water pollution depends on adequate treatment and elimination of wastewater (Krenkel at el, 1980). Goel (2006) refers to pollutant water giving a broader definition depending on the physical and chemical properties and biological characteristics causing harmful effects on human life according to required uses of water. Goel (2006) mentions the changes that occur in the natural water properties making it unfit for drinking or household, industrial and agricultural uses. In recent year, the challenges of water management on the world are very difficult to provide the fresh water and to improve the water quality...
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...Alex Pedersen Professor Ragan Engl-1180 12/5/12 Bottled Water The trend of carrying and consuming water bottles has expenditly increased in recent years, and its popularity has hit an alltime peak. More and more people are using bottled water because of its easy assecability, and its conveince. Unaware to most, the useage of bottled water has dire effects on the environment, and itself can provide several health risks. Although bottled water can serve as a great convience, the harm it causes to the environment outweights its convience immensly and contrary to popular belief, bottled water is often no healthier than tap water. Despite perceptions that bottled water is healthier than tap water, more times than not, it is not amd bottled water has much more lienant rules when it comes to regulating their water. "Bottled water may be no safer, or healthier, than tap water in many countries while selling for up to 1,000 times the price," the World Wildlife Fund said. Bottled water continues to increase its revenue, and is the fastest growing beverage industry in the world, worth up to $22 billion a year. More than half of all Americans drink bottled water, and about a third of the public consumers bottled water on a regular basis. The increased sale of bottled water has been fueled by ads on television or in magazines of luxurious mountains and beauitful glaciers with cyrstal clear springs flowing with the so called "purified water." In reality tho, bottled water is not...
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...The presence of bacteria and pathogenic organisms is a concern when considering the safety of drinking water. Pathogenic organisms can cause intestinal infections, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera, and other illnesses. Sources of Bacteria in Drinking Water: The Need for Water Testing Human and animal wastes are a primary source of bacteria in water. These sources of bacterial contamination include runoff from feedlots, pastures, dog runs, and other land areas where animal wastes are deposited. Additional sources include seepage or discharge from septic tanks, sewage treatment facilities, and natural soil/plant bacteria. Bacteria from these sources can enter wells that are either open at the land surface or do not have water-tight...
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...beneficial effects and their use has much contributed to antibiotic problem Antibiotics have saved billions of lives since 1940’s as they are almost harmless for humans as biochemical reactions that are targeted by antibiotics in bacteria are different to that in animals. However antibiotics has played significant role in destroying bacteria but in 1960’s it was founded that bacteria is seeking ways to fight against antibiotic action. Some diseases were being caused by newly arisen bacterial strains such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurous simply known as MRSA., that were difficult to be treated as they no longer respond to antibiotic. Arise of these strains of bacteria caused a lot of panic and controversy that is known as antibiotic...
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...recent years. The major types of pollutant carried by run-offs are pathogens, nutrients and toxic contaminants. Pathogens are bacterias that come from the fiscal waste of animals and humans. It also comes from leaky sewer lines and boat sanitary disposal systems. Nutrients are compounds that stimulate plant growth, like nitrogen and phosphorus. In high concentrations, it can become a threat to the environment and to humans health. Nutrients in polluted waters can also come from agricultural fertilizers, septic systems, home lawn care and yard and animal wastes. The toxic contaminants are created by a variety of human practices and products like heavy metals, pesticides, and organic compounds like PCB’s. PCBs are Polychlorinated Biphenyls which is a group of manufactured organic chemicals that contains 209 individual chlorinated chemicals. Oil, grease, gasoline from roadways, and chemicals used in homes, gardens, yards and on farm crops are major sources of the toxic contaminants. Point-Source Pollution refers to a direct source of pollution, such as pipes or other vessels. Early industries like pulp and paper companies located in The Great Lake region believed that anything could be dissolved by water. As a result, many wastes, like mercury, were dumped into The Great Lakes, They also found fecal matter pollution from sewage which causes harmful bacteria such...
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...Author Tutor Course Date Change in Milk Bacteria and Effect in Teenage Girls Milk has been known to be important in the growth of human beings as well as other suckling mammals. This fact that cuts every corner of the globe may make it hard for one to comprehend that milk also has disease causing bacteria. Scientists however, have proven beyond any reasonable doubt that indeed such bacteria exist in milk. The list of these bacteria is endless and the diseases caused by them have had extensive effects on human body functioning. Change in milk bacteria has been found to affect the prevalence of a number of diseases. To counter this, pasteurization of milk was discovered to kill a huge number of diseases causing bacterium. However, pasteurization does not kill every bacterium (Gupta 52). Milk products such as cheese, yoghurt and butter carry the potential of having some bacterium in them. Their consumption in large numbers is relative to an increasing risk of affection. For instance, increased intake milk products correlate with but do not necessarily cause adolescent acne. At this point, it is good to note that milk has two layers one that contains fat and one that does not. The fatty layer has hormones such as progesterone and androgens that stimulate acne. Acne leads to hormonal imbalances and thus abnormal experiences in regard to menstruation (Fox 45). The number of diseases caused by bacteria is large but this paper intends to focus on female genital tuberculosis...
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...a pig. Many cases of the bacteria were found predominantly in Europe and North America since Mr. Salmon’s first discovery. Salmonella is a bacteria of toxic substances found in the digestive system of warm blooded mammals that can trigger food poisoning, thphoid fever, and inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Once salmonella is identified in the individual’s system more test are performed to determine the type. Salmonella typically surfaces in the spring and summer months than the fall and winter. Wild animals, pet house animals such as birds, chickens, pigs, cats, dogs and reptiles and contaminated food products normally carry salmonella. In studies, salmonella affects infants, children, and elderly people significantly more due to their weak and sometimes undeveloped immune systems. With these types of patients, the bacteria may spread through the intestine to the blood stream and cause more deadly harm. In some situations, outbreaks of salmonella food poisoning are located in hospitals, restaurants, and organizations primarily for the elderly and children. A different type of salmonella bacteria causes thphoid fever disease. Several routes exists that Salmonella transfers through the most common route is poultry and the use of raw eggs. Generally, there are no indications of the bacteria in chickens this one factor makes identifying salmonella challenging. Before more research was developed, the thought was that the bacteria found in chickens could only...
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...Worksheet 8 A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Biotic- world of living organisms, can regenerate,renew themselves. Abiotic- world of non-living element , cannot regenerate,renew themselves. The difference of heterotrophs and autotrophs is that the autotrophs can make their own food while heterotrophs consume their food. Heterotrophs can be herbivorous, omnivorous, or carnivorous. A niche is really every aspect of a species. Its place in the ecosystem, both trophic, geographic, in terms of habitat, its diet, its breeding habits, what eats it The ultimate source of energy in our ecosystem is the sun. When it comes to plants the chloroplasts capture sunlight and use it as an energy source to create ATPs which in turn is used to make organic molecules like sugar. The energy stored in molecules is passed from one trophic level to the next in stages in the food chain.The ultimate fate of energy in ecosystems is for it to be lost as heat, the rest of the energy and nutrients are passed from organism to organism through the food chain as one organism eats another. (sun-plant-cow-human...etc) Decomposers remove the last energy from the remains of organisms. Inorganic nutrients are cycled back into the ecosystem. They work there way through the food chain starting with the producers and ending with the predators. Trophic relationships can be represented as a food web or as a food chain. A complex of interrelated...
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...Science Analysis 2 Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen exists in nature in many different forms, from molecular nitrogen in gaseous to the complex organic compounds in the body of plants, animals and humans. In an organism, Nitrogen exists in the form of organic compounds such as proteins, amino acids. When the microorganisms die, the amount of nitrogen exists in soil. Under the action of the group saprophytic microorganisms, proteins are degraded to amino acids. The amino acid to be a group of other microorganisms into NH3 or NH4+ called ammonium group of bacteria. This process called mineralization of organic matter such as through organic nitrogen is converted into nitrogen mineralization types. NH4 + form will be converted into the form of NO3- by nitrifying bacteria. (Wikipedia, Nitrogen cycle) Of the nitrate compounds are converted into nitrogen molecules, this process is called nitrification reaction was carried out by reaction of nitrate bacteria. N2 gas will be fixed in bacterial cells and plant cells are then transformed into organic forms of nitrogen by microorganisms group of fixed nitrogen. (Wikipedia, Nitrogen cycle) Thus nitrogen cycle is closed in most phases of the cycle metabolism and involvement of different groups of microorganisms. If the activities of a group are stopped the whole metabolism of the cycle will be seriously affected. The process of ammonium The organic forms of nitrogen converted to NH3 or NH4 +. a / The chemical urea ammonium: the process of urea ammonium...
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...Question 1 answer: Koch's postulates are a series of ground rules to determine whether a given organism can cause a given disease. , who developed a logical series of observations and experiments (Koch’s postulates) that proved the specific element of many infectious diseases, starting with anthrax. The series of steps worked out by Koch and others has become known as Koch’s postulates. He completed the famous postulates with anthrax. We instead use the Koch postulates because it is the best time-tested models for determining specific cause-and-effect in bacteriology. mpkb.org/home/pathogenesis/kochs_postulates Question 2 answer: Starch, glycogen, dextran and cellulose are all polymers of glucose. They differ in the type of glucose present and the bonds which link the glucose monomers together. Starch and glycogen are made from alpha-glucose. This is an isomer of glucose in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to carbon number 1 is below the plane of the ring. Starch is itself composed of two types of polymer:amylose and amylopectin. In amylose, the glucose monomers are linked by 1,4 glycosidic bonds. This means that the bond connects carbon atom number 1 in one glucose to carbon atom number 4 in the other glucose. This produces an unbranched chain of glucose which then folds up to form a coil or helix. Dextran, is a slime layers of glucose polymer which bacteria secretes, and this substance causes sticky layer to develop on teeth that leads to plaque. Glycogen is similar...
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...Mainly saying how littering is unappealing and can harm wildlife animals. The article discusses the effects litter has on humans, such as the possible contamination of water. In addition, the article focuses on the “trash islands” that float along the pacific ocean. -Scheid, Jean. "Littering the Environment." LoveToKnow. Web. 8 Oct. 2014. Jean Scheid is an author, although worked for the automobile industry, loves to write about organic things. This might have led her to write the article” Littering the Environment.” In the article, she discusses the motives of why people litter, she offers the effects of littering on the environment. In addition, She offers actions that we can do to help get rid of littering such as recycling bottles, or buying reusable items. -West, Krista. Critical Perspectives on Environmental Protection. “Can Nuclear Waste Be Stored at Yuccan Mountain” Chris G. Whipple, Scientific American, June1996, New York: Rosen Pub., 2007. Print. This book contains a portion of Chris G. Whipple article “Can Nuclear Waste be Stored at Yuccan Mountain”. In the excerpt, Whipple discusses...
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