...20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling: The New Consensus Definition of Counseling David M. Kaplan American Counseling Association Vilia M. Tarvydas The University of Iowa Samuel T. Gladding Wake Forest University Author Note David M. Kaplan, Professional Affairs, American Counseling Association; Vilia M. Tarvydas, Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, The University of Iowa; Samuel T. Gladding, Department of Counseling, Wake Forest University. The authors wish to thank Jason Wilke for his assistance. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to David Kaplan, American Counseling Association, 5999 Stevenson Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22304. E-mail: dkaplan@counseling.org Abstract With the promulgation of the 20/20 consensus definition of counseling, there is finally profession-wide clarity as to what it means to engage in professional counseling. This article describes the development and discusses the implications of the definition: Counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals. The 20/20 consensus definition of counseling has been endorsed by 29 major counseling organizations. Keywords: counseling, definition, 20/20, consensus, professional identity 20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling: The New Consensus Definition of Counseling For well over half a decade, the counseling profession has been...
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...multiple settings, such as in groups or families. Even as more research needs to be conducted on its practice, this approach remains a popular way of working with people of all stages and backgrounds. It emphasizes the future, holism, and choice and focuses on the importance of childhood and behavioral goals. Ordinal family positions, lifestyle, and the importance of socialization and encouragement are a few areas that have made strong contributions to the helping professions. Named after Alfred Adler, Adlerian therapy basically highlights birth order, individual life styles, social interests, and concepts pertaining to inferiority and superiority as principle components of personality. For Adler, psychological health is determined by the level of social contribution beneficial to the greater community. Social contribution is increased through the reduction of mistaken beliefs, which frequently lead to maladaptive feelings of inferiority or superiority. Helping clients to identify and change their beliefs about self, others and life, the basic goal of the Adlerian approach helps clients to participate more in a social world. (Corey 2009) Strengths Adlerian therapy is diverse, both in practice and in theory. This flexibility is seen by many as one of its greatest strengths. Because of its emphasis on goals, the social leanings of Adlerian therapy are greatly beneficial to students, couples, families, and groups. Due to individual psychology...
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...in Group and Individual Sessions Liberty University Abstract In today’s culture more individuals are beginning to look for leadership and/or help with individual problems or concerns from therapists. This paper will compare therapy with a group vs. therapy in an individual session. Looking at the possible barriers and or challenges being therapists may possibly experience throughout the sessions they are facilitating. The paper will discuss the efficiency as well as the inefficiency of both group and individual therapy. It is very imperative for therapists to apply moral ethics in their practice. Study from several academic periodicals, trainings and textbook understandings are noted features for this paper. Groups The implementations of ethics in counseling is not to micromanage and/or try to inform someone of how to do their job, it is provided in order to help counselors and other professionals maintain standards within the profession one is in and it is the standard of behavior or action in relation to others. “A code of ethics for most professional organizations or associations is designed to articulate the standards of practice for a group of people.” (Kocet, 2006). Although ethics have many definitions, they are all intertwined to state the same meaning. According to Jacobs (2012), “Most ethical problems and situations deal with therapy and growth groups, although...
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...1977, guidance and counseling became an important issue in our schools system. Since then, guidance and counseling has been a regular topic in our dailies conferences and seminars. For example, Nnadi (1984). Stressed its importance in our educational system and the priority that should be given to it in out schools because of its usefulness in transition in the various stages of education. Also, Nwabuisi (1984), emphasized on the necessity of proper guidance programme in schools if the current national policy on education is to have the desired impact. Perhaps, Durojaiye's (1972), Stand on the issue of guidance and counseling in our schools was one of the factors that influenced the formulation of the aspect of the new national policy on education that deals with guidance programme in schools today. Taking into consideration, our rapid educational and economic growth, he emphasized on the need for guidance and counseling in our educational policy. In his words; "We can see that the need for guidance and counseling in Nigeria becomes increasingly pressing as economic and educational strides are being made in the country. Each student needs to be helped to strengthen his abilities to make nice choices and to face problems encountered in society. Those who fall by the way side because of physical, intellectual or emotional inadequacy particularly need guidance"(p.72). In the above statement, Durojaiye points out clearly the fact that guidance and counseling is very important...
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...Professional Identity The school counseling profession has evolved over time into a collaborative model. This collaborative model involves teachers, school administrators, parents, counselors, other school personal, and community stakeholders. The first guidance program was developed in 1895. In 1926 New York became the first state to require guidance workers to be certified; in 1929 New York became the first state to have full time guidance workers. In 1952 the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) was established, now known as American Counseling Association (ACA). In 1952 The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) was established. In 1958 the National Defense Education Act was passed, which increased training and hiring of school counselors. In 1964 NDEA Title A was passed, providing counseling to elementary schools. In 1997 ASCA published their National Standards, providing benchmarks for student’s competency in academic, career, and personal/social domains. In 2003 the ASCA National Model was published as a framework for school counseling programs it was revised in 2005 and 2012 (Erford, 2015). The collaborative model of school counseling is a cooperative process where the school counselor “helps others in the school community to think through problems and to develop skills that make them more effective in working with student” (Erford, 2015, p.35). Through this model the school counselor partners with parents, educators, and community resources and organizations...
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...CHAPTER 2:- SELF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNSELOR – NEED, HOW AND WHY Need For Counseling: * * To empower the organization. * * * To express management’s concern. * * * To uplift the spirit. * * * To empower individual. * * * To inspire the spirit. * * * To build a team. * * * To spread competence. Counseling is vast field and its area of specialization are : Parental./ child./old age. Educational stress. Personality development. Industrial/Organisational. Community. Marriage. Career. Factors responsible for counseling. 1. Conflict. 2. Frustration. 3.Stress. 4.Moral & Philosophical issues. 5.Economic changes and challenges. 6.Educational aspects. 7.Psychotherapy. 8.Social theories. Conditions for counseling: 1. General climate of openness and mutuality. 2. General helpful & empathic attitude of management. 3. Sense of uninhibited participation by the subordinates in the performance review process. 4. Dialogic relationship in goal setting & performance review. 5. Focus on work related problems& difficulties. 6. Avoidance of discussion of benefits & rewards. Major role of counselor: 1. To prevent emotional tensions, anxieties and indecisions. 2. Resolution of problems. 3. Improving personal effectiveness. 4. Help in introducing...
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...POSTMODERN APPROACHES Solution-Focused and Narrative Therapies Key Terms: Alternative story- a story that develops in counseling in contradiction to the dominant story that is embedded in a problem. Co-authoring- a co-joint process where client and counselor share responsibility for developing alternative stories. Deconstruction- exploring meaning by taking apart/unpacking the taken-for-granted categories and assumptions underlying social practices that are guised as truths. Dominant story- understanding a situation that is accepted within a culture that appears to represent reality. Dominant stories are developed through conversations in social and cultural contexts and these stories shape how people construct and constitute what people see, feel, and do. Exception questions- SF counselors inquire about times when the problem(s) have not been problematic. Shows that problems are not ever existing and always overpowering. Externalizing conversation- a way of speaking about a problem as if it is a distant entity, separate of the person. Based on the premise that people who view themselves as the problem limit themselves to the extent they cannot effectively deal with the problem. Formula first session task- observation homework given that must be completed between first and second session. They must observe what is happening in their lives that they want to continue to happening. Mapping-the-influence questions- a series of questions asked about a problem...
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...2012 Abstract This purpose of this research project was to find out how well BWI HR is meeting the needs of its employees. Fifty surveys were collected and reviewed. One each survey were eight HR services. The HR services are Performance Appraisal, Wage & Salary Administration, Incentive Pay Program, Internal Job Posting, Healthcare Insurance, Technical Training, Career Counseling/Development and Flexible Work Schedule. Each of the HR services had a rating scale to see how important and satisfied the Target employees would rate them. There were three HR services that showed the largest gap between importance and satisfaction. The incentive pay program, performance appraisal system and career counseling and development all showed large negative gaps. The incentive pay program should be changed from an individual-based program to a team/group-based program. The performance appraisal system should evolve into a “social network” type of performance management system. This type of social performance management system will bring many advantages, including empowerment. Finally, the career counseling/development programs should see a small expansion and reviews of the eligible degrees, adding certificates, increasing the tuition reimbursement amount and adding mentoring programs. These improvements should be implemented to improve the HR services, our people and our overall company performance. Introduction The HR department is proud to provide a wide array...
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...Running Head: COUNSELING AND SOCIAL JUSTICE Stepping up Counseling Responsibilities in a Socially Unjust Society Abstract Social Justice has been an emerging issue over the last century in today’s service environment of helping professionals. I reviewed several articles where the main theme is; we live in a world of systems that allow for injustice and oppression. The Professional Counselor’s work deals with many of the symptoms that permit for this injustice and oppression. The articles had similar recurring traits that are stressed as important practices that need to be adopted by Professionals in the helping field to increase awareness of social justice and implement actions for change in a socially unjust society. I will explain the four main attributes: knowledge, awareness, research and advocacy and explain how education and focus in each area will contribute to the social justice inequities in the communities we practice. If professional counselors want to promote social justice, to be effective, there has to be a movement to take action on the burdensome stigmatisms and unfortunate inequities that human beings bring to professionals about the communities they live in. Social justice and the counseling profession have roots that goes back to the 1900’s. It has always been understood from a social work point of view that problems such as depression, anxiety, and abuse often derive from economic...
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...Guidance and Counseling The basic principles of guidance and counseling as accepted by most authorities in the field of guidance and counseling are described as follows: (1) Guidance and Counseling is for everyone. The service is not only for those with special handicaps but it is also meant for all “normal”, developing children and adults; 10 EDU 724 FUNDAMENTALS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING (2) Guidance and Counseling activities should therefore be based on the need and total development of every person. It is the duty of all personnel in a setting to identify the needs of individuals so that programme activities can be designed to meet such needs; (3) Guidance and Counseling must be provided in a way that ensures human dignity and worth. The full and adequate development of the individual must be given preference. It should be seen as encouraging individuals to attain maximum satisfaction, to realize their potentials and to be aware to self. No one who has gone through counseling should feel inadequate; (4) Guidance and Counseling is a sequential, continuous and developmental process, which starts from birth to death. This means that guidance and counseling runs from the nursery school through primary, secondary to the tertiary institutions. It is not a once-and-for-all event but a process which is an integral part of the total educational programme throughout the school life of an individual; (5) There is a close relationship between counseling activities...
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...Special Populations: High School Counseling Kean University CED5963 Adolescence is a period of dramatic and revolutionary change. In western cultures it is the time of life, either most reviled, depicted as posing the greatest threat to the established order of things, or most celebrated and romanticized, in particular within the sphere of popular culture, for its creative and challenging energies. At its onset, adolescence can be seen as the beginning of the end of childhood and as such is a time of mourning for the loss of the relative dependency and security of childhood, characterized by attempts at recapturing what was lost. As such it is a time filled with anticipation and foreboding in the face of freedom and separation, characterized by extreme and premature displays of independence and self-destructive and violent attempts to preserve the relative state of dependence. Every adolescent experiences different extremes of this change. Some glide through with minimal events triggering any abnormal or extreme case of emotional overload, others make choices that cause events in their life, which are traumatic and overwhelming, becoming all-consuming. One thing majority adolescents have in common is school. School is a different experience for every one; academics are challenging, social development is awkward, and the unknown of the future is within reach. Having a strong counseling program within a school can provide...
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...Why I chose to become a mental health counselor Counseling others is a difficult job that requires people to listen, take notes, and respond in ways that are positive and helpful. It is important that trust be built between the counselor and the patient so that the patient will feel comfortable speaking about issues that are private or embarrassing. There are many different types of counselors including drug counselors; marriage counselors, grief counselors, job counselors, diet and exercise counselors, and others that can help people improve their lives in different ways. Counselors are trained to offer advice and listen to issues that may be bothering other people. They are not allowed to prescribe medication or expected to provide medical advice. Approximately 25 percent of North Americans suffer from diagnosable mental health issues each year. With the increasing awareness of the related social, political and economic impacts of these problems, there is a greater need for professional mental health counselors. Additionally, health care insurance providers, driving the demand for more qualified professionals, recognize most mental health counseling. After earning a master's degree in mental health counseling, most people choose to get licensed or certified in a specialty such as: • Rehabilitation counseling • Substance abuse counseling • Marriage and family counseling Mental health counselors work with individuals, groups and communities on a variety of mental health issues: ...
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... Abstract The clinical mental health counseling approach has been described as a continuum with healthy individuals on one end and severe mentally ill individuals on the other; consequently, everyone can benefit from clinical mental health counseling. The client-counselor relationship is one in which the client is led to identify strengths and challenges, and develop skills with the goal of independent problem-solving, long-term benefits and future prevention. This paper seeks to explore these domains further. Clinical Roles and Approaches of the CMHC The clinical mental health counseling approach has been described as a continuum with healthy individuals on one end and severe mentally ill individuals on the other; consequently, everyone can benefit from clinical mental health counseling. According to Hersehson and Poser (1987), the client-counselor relationship is one in which the client is led to identify strengths and challenges, and develop skills with the goal of independent problem-solving, long-term benefits and future prevention. Clinical mental health counselors (CMHC) are trained to treat their clients holistically and to use diverse approaches to address wide-ranging issues, diverse cultural backgrounds and life styles, and community settings (Gladding & Newsome, 2011; Myers & Sweeney, 2007). According to Gladding & Newsome (2011) the CMHC will provide services in the following capacities: Mental health counseling, treating people with mental health issues...
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...Group Work – final Ethics in various group counseling populations Question 1: Ethics Informed consent covers those aspects of the therapeutic relationship which the client is entitled to have explained to them before agreeing to participate. This may apply to initiating therapy or continuing it. Consent should be obtained verbally and documented in writing to protect all parties involved (A.2.a). Discussion of issues raised at this time helps build rapport and reassures the client about what to expect in the counseling relationship. Issues discussed at the initial interview help to collaboratively determine whether the therapist/group is a good fit (A.2.a). This would be part of the screening process when applied to group work. Counseling should not proceed until the client has affirmed that they understand their rights and responsibilities as well as those of the therapist. (a.2.a) Such consent is generally given by the client, but may be from a parent or caregiver when the client is unable to do so. The ACA Code further alerts us to the need for balance between clients’right to make choices, their capacity to do so, and parental or familial rights and responsibilities to look out for the client’s best interests. (a.2.d) Clients should be included in decisions regarding their treatment insofar as feasible and appropriate. Disclosures included when obtaining informed consent include things that inform the therapist’s approach to counseling and/or the group’s norms: theoretical...
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...Effects of the Distributed-Counseling Model in 7th Grade Hispanic Middle School Students’ Self-Efficacy Skills and Motivation \ Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the distributed counseling model on twenty-four 7th grade Hispanic middle school students’ self-efficacy skills and motivation. This study focuses on measuring the various skills that Hispanic middle school children need to be successful at both the high school and collegiate level through the use of a self-efficacy and motivation instrument. In determining the effects of the distributed counseling model one can identify the effectiveness of this model in aiding with student success amongst Hispanic adolescents. It is noted that self-efficacy, amount of intrinsic as opposed to extrinsic motivation an individual possesses, and overall self-management skills are strong predictors of student success. Introduction Alonso-Zaldivar and Tompson (2010) found that Hispanics are at a point where, “Eighty-seven percent said a college education is extremely or very important, compared with 78% of the overall U.S. population.” However, “Census figures show that only 13% of Hispanics have a college degree or higher, compared with 30% among Americans overall.” This figure alone is astonishing in the sense that Hispanics understand the importance of an education, yet somehow seem to get caught up in the process of actually motivating and self-regulating themselves to achieve these educational...
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