...In 1859, French physician Jean-Baptiste Octave Landry first documented Guillain- Barré syndrome (GBS) as “ascending paralysis.” Guillain- Barré Syndrome is an acute, acquired peripheral neuropathy with a course that is usually monophasic (Hardy, Blum, McCombe, & Reddel, 2011). It is typically triggered after an infection and rarely during vaccination. While there is currently no known cure, there are ways to decrease the severity of the illness. Without treatment, this disorder is fatal and immediately causes paralysis. If a person receives treatment soon after developing GBS, the ailments affects can be less detrimental. Landry worked with ten patients who were diagnosed with GBS. After extensively studying these patients, he was able to...
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...Each year, approximately 14 million people are infected with HVP, the Human papillomavirus (Genital HPV Infection, 2015). This virus is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States of America (Genital HPV Infection, 2015). Most types of HPV show no symptoms, but some cause genital warts. HPV is also associated with many cancers such as cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anal. About 40%-60% of all penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers are caused by HPV. This virus also causes about 80% of all anal cancers and about 100% of all cervical cancers (Pandhi & Sonthalia, 2011). The 2015 estimates of cervical cancer are that 13,000 women will be diagnosed and about a third of that will die (Statistics about Cervical Cancer, 2015). Specifically, the HPV genotypes 16 and 18 are associated with 64% of these cancers (Petrosky et al., 2015). The HPV vaccines, Cervarix and Gardasil, protect against these oncogenic genotypes (Godi, Bissett, Miller, & Beddows, 2015). Even though there are risks with taking this vaccine, the HPV vaccine is safe and saves thousands of women from getting cervical cancer and other types of cancers because there have been studies done to examine the safety of the vaccine around the world and there is a less chance of being diagnosed with some autoimmune diseases the influenza vaccine. The vaccines themselves are noninfectious and actually have proteins that “self-assemble to form virus like particles that induce a protective immunity”...
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...Epidemiology of Mononucleosis Lori Lindner Grand Canyon University: 427V March 14, 2015 Epidemiology of Mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis is a common clinical syndrome associated with Epstein-Barr virus (Singer-Leshinsky, 2012). Individuals infected with the Epstein-Barr virus can be asymptomatic or develop one of several infections which include infectious mononucleosis. A person with mononucleosis can be asymptomatic or symptomatic. Infectious mononucleosis is an acute and self limiting virus which is usually has no lasting side effects (Morris and Edmunds, 2002). However in some uncommon cases, infectious mononucleosis has caused neurologic and malignant complications (Marshall and Foxworth, 2012). Description of Mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis, also known as the “kissing disease” is a highly infectious viral disease that most commonly occurs in adolescents and young adults in North America (Ilardi, 2009). Mononucleosis is transmitted by oral secretions and blood from one person to another. This is the reason for the nickname “kissing disease”. Symptoms of mononucleosis usually appear four to seven weeks after an individual has been infected. The symptoms include: constant fatigue, fever, sore throat, loss of appetite, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, sore muscles, swollen liver or spleen, skin rash and abdominal pain. Patients can present with all or a combination of these symptoms and the severity varies from no symptoms at all to debilitating...
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...• ^ International Committee on onomy of Viruses. "The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm. [dead link] 1. ^ a b c d e f "Swine influenza". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2008. ISBN 1442167424. http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/121407.htm. Retrieved April 30, 2009. 2. ^ [1][dead link] 3. ^ Heinen PP (15 September 2003). "Swine influenza: a zoonosis". Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow. ISSN 1569-0830. http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html. "Influenza B and C viruses are almost exclusively isolated from man, although influenza C virus has also been isolated from pigs and influenza B has recently been isolated from seals." 4. ^ Bouvier NM, Palese P (September 2008). "THE BIOLOGY OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES". Vaccine 26 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): D49–53. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039. PMC 3074182. PMID 19230160. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3074182. 5. ^ Kimura H, Abiko C, Peng G et al. (April 1997). "Interspecies transmission of influenza C virus between humans and pigs". Virus Research 48 (1): 71–9. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(96)01427-X. PMID 9140195. 6. ^ a b Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Mizuta K et al. (February 2002). "Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Influenza C Viruses Which Caused Two Outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (2): 422–9. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429...
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...Exploding across the region: On Dec 1, the World Health Organization cited the laboratory proof linking Zika to microcephalus in an consultative to its member countries. it'll think about on Tuesday whether or not to declare a global emergency. The United Nations agency aforementioned in Geneva on Thursday that Zika within the previous few months has unfold "explosively" to over twenty different countries within the Americas and will infect as several as four million folks. Whether the health authorities in Brazil and also the leadership at the WHO have taken too long to urge to the current purpose may be a subject of discussion among the international health community. The Brazilian government says its response once it had been 1st alerted by the doctors regarding the weird symptoms they were seeing was driven by the proof. “It was too early," told Claudio Maierovitch, director of the health ministry's Dept of malady investigation. "There were such a lot of different infectious prospects and Zika had ne'er been seen during this half of a sphere." And the person told that once Zika was known, the authorities’ response was supported information of the malady. Previous outbreaks of Zika, an epidemic 1st known in 1947 in Republic of Uganda, had occurred in little and scattered rural populations in Africa and Southeast Asia and also the symptoms were relatively kind. "We based mostly our response on the knowledge base obtainable, that Zika caused a gentle unwellness...
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...Botulism in Argentina STUDENT’S VERSION Original investigators: Rodrigo G. Villar, MD,1 Roger L. Shapiro, MD,1 Silvina Busto, MD, MPH,2 Clara Rive-Posse, MD, MPH,3 Guadalupe Verdejo MD, MPH,4 Maria Isabel Farace, DVM,5 Francisco Rosetti, MS,5 Jorge A. San Juan, MD,6 Carlos Maria Julia, MD,MPH,3 John Becher, RPh,1 Susan E. Maslanka, PhD,1 David Swerdlow, MD1 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2Ministero de Salud-Region V, 3Ministero de Salud y Accion Social, 4Pan American Health Organization, 5Departamento de Bacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 6Hospital F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina Case study and instructor’s guide created by: Jeanette K. Stehr-Green, MD NOTE: This case study is bas ed on a rea l-life outbrea k investigatio n underta ken in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1998. Some aspects of the original outbreak and investigation have been altered, however, to assist in meeting the desired teaching objectives and allow com pletion of the case study in less tha n 3 hours. Students should be aware that this case study describes and promotes one particular approac h to foodb orne disea se outbrea k investigatio n. Procedu res and po licies in outbreak investigations, however, can vary from country to country, state to state, and outbreak to outbreak. It is anticipate d that the ep idemiolo gist investiga ting a foodb orne disea se outbrea k will work within the fra mework of a n “investig ation team ” which inclu des...
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...Rationale I have selected Bell’s palsy as a minor health subject for critical analysis for three principal reasons. Firstly, it is the most common disorder affecting the facial nerves (Ardour, 1978). Secondly, research has noted that there appears little consensus in the literature regarding the causes and management of Bell’s palsy. Additionally the diagnosis is one of elimination. Tiemstra and Khatkhate (2007) demonstrate there are many other conditions which can mimic symptoms (See appendix one). I therefore wanted to analyse the available literature in order to be able to competently and safely recognise the condition in the urgent unscheduled care environment. Background Petruzelli (1991) states that Bell’s palsy is an acute paralysis of the facial nerve first described by the Scottish surgeon and anatomist, Sir Charles Bell . Niparko (1993) elaborates that it is a generally unilateral paralysis or weakness of facial musculature consistent with facial nerve damage and dysfunction. The anatomy of the facial nerve can be found in appendix two. Pietersen (2002) states that the cause is unknown, however, whilst the exact aetiology of Bell’s palsy is still debated, viral infections, vascular ischaemia, autoimmune inflammatory disorders and heredity have been postulated as causative. (Adour 1982, Burgess 1984, Lorber 1996). Murakami et al (1996) proposed that reactivation of herpes simplex virus in the geniculate ganglia was causative. A herpes simplex cause is corroborated...
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...Aims and Objectives Aims On the completion of the seminar students gain the knowledge regarding hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and will utilize this knowledge with a positive attitude. Specific Objectives The group will able to; * Define dialysis * Describe the history of dialysis * Explain the principles of dialysis * Enumerate the indication of dialysis * Explain details about hemodialysis * Describe details about peritoneal dialysis * List down the Psychosocial Issues In ESRD Patients * Dietary Management Dialysis Patient * Nursing Responsibilities Introduction The introduction of dialysis as a lifesaving treatment for kidney failure was not the result for any large scale research programme, rather it emerged from the activities of a new pioneering individuals who were able to utilize ideas, materials, and methods from a range of developing technologies. Hemodialysis as a routine treatment for renal failure was introduced in the late 1970s. The recognition for the need for immunosuppression in the transplantation and the lack of availability of transplant in the 1960s enabled it to become the preferred treatment for many patients. Definition Dialysis is the movement of fluid and molecules across a semipermeable membrane from one compartment to another. Clinically dialysis is a technique in which substances move from the blood through a semipermeable membrane and in to a dialysis solution called dialysate. Historical Evolution...
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...PATHO Exam 3 Study Guide * Define KEY WORDS (terminology) listed in the syllabus * Answer the OUTCOMES in the syllabus as if they are questions * Review all Activities, Games, extra videos, journal articles, etc. posted in course contents * Review the handouts from class: case studies, matching, charts, etc. Normal Values | Intracranial pressure | 5-10 mm Hg | Blood glucose | 70-130 | Hgb A1c | <5.7% | Thyroid levels | | Parathyroid levels | | Types of bone cells | Osteoblasts | Bone forming cellsThey are responsible for bone growth and repair | Osteocytes | Osteoblasts that have become trapped, imprisoned within mineralized bone matrix (MATURE BONE CELLS) | Osteoclasts | Reabsorb or remove bone during growth and repair (also assist in the release of calcium and phosphate)**bone reabsorption; bone destroying cells | *So, if one is immobilized then the osteoclastic activity is greater than the osteoblastic activity in bone marrow decreases. This is why we have debone mineralization during immobilization. Maintenance of bone integrity | This occurs through remodeling and it is a 3 phase process where existing bone is resorbed and new bone is laid down [repairs bone, does not heal bones] | Phase 1 | Activation phaseThis is where a stimulus occurs, such as a weight baring exercise, causing the formation of osteoclasts | Phase 2 | Resorption This is where osteoclasts form a cutting zone and resorb or remove bone | Phase 3 | Formation...
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...MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING NERVOUS SYSTEM Overview of structures and functions: Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System (ADRENERGIC) - Involved in fight or aggression response. - Release of Norepinephrine (cathecolamines) from adrenal glands and causes vasoconstriction. - Increase all bodily activity except GIT EFFECTS OF SNS - Dilation of pupils(mydriasis) in order to be aware. - Dry mouth (thickened saliva). - Increase BP and Heart Rate. - Bronchodilation, Increase RR - Constipation. - Urinary Retention. - Increase blood supply to brain, heart and skeletal muscles. - SNS I. Adrenergic Agents - Give Epinephrine. Signs and Symptoms: - SNS Contraindication: - Contraindicated to patients suffering from COPD (Broncholitis, Bronchoectasis, Emphysema, Asthma). II. Beta-adrenergic Blocking Agents - Also called Beta-blockers. - All ending with “lol” - Propranolol, Atenelol, Metoprolol. Effects of Beta-blockers B – roncho spasm E – licits a decrease in myocardial contraction. T – reats hypertension. A – V conduction slows down. Should be given to patients with Angina Pectoris, Myocardial Infarction, Hypertension. ANTI- HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS 1. Beta-blockers – “lol” 2. Ace Inhibitors – Angiotensin, “pril” (Captopril, Enalapril) 3. Calcium Antagonist – Nifedipine (Calcibloc)...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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...S C I E N T I F I C S T A T U S S U M M A R Y Probiotics This Scientific Status Summary addresses the scientific basis of the hypothesis that consumption of probiotics can positively influence human health. Product and regulatory issues are also briefly addressed. A PUBLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS’ EXPERT PANEL ON FOOD SAFETY AND NUTRITION P robiotics are defined as live microbial food ingredients that have a beneficial effect on human health (Salminen et al., 1998). The concept of probiotics evolved at the turn of the 20th century from a hypothesis first proposed These include Bengmark (1998), Elmer et al. (1999), Fonden et al. (1999), Holzapfel et al. (1998), Lee et al. (1999), Naidu et al. (1999), Salminen et al. (1996), Sanders (1998a), Sanders and Huis in’t Veld (1999), and Tannock (1999a). by Nobel Prize winning Russian scientist Elie Metchnikoff (Bibel, 1988), who suggested that the long, healthy life of Bulgarian peasants resulted from their consumption of fermented milk products. He believed that when consumed, the fermenting bacillus (Lactobacillus) positively influenced the microflora of the colon, decreasing toxic microbial activities. The historical association of probiotics with fermented dairy products, still true today, stems from these early observations. Investigations in the probiotic field during the past several decades, however, have expanded beyond bacteria isolated from fermented dairy products to those of intestinal...
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...Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India Assessment and Management of HIV-Infected Person No Is HIV infection confirmed? Send to ICTC for confirmation of HIV status Yes Perform history taking and physical examination (see p 9 ) Evaluate for signs and symptoms of HIV infection or OIs and WHO clinical staging (see p 10) Provide appropriate investigations/treatment of OIs (see p 13 ) If pregnant, refer to PPTCT Screen for TB Screen for STI Identify need for: CTX prophylaxis (see p 16 ) ART (see p 18 ) No Pre ART care (see p 15 ) Yes Give patient education on treatment and adherence (see p 54 ) Arrange psychosocial, nutrition and community support (see p 56) Start ART, (see p 19 ) Arrange follow-up + monitoring (see p 25 ) Assess adherence every visit Provide positive prevention advice and condoms Provide patient information sheet on the ART regimen prescribed (see annex 7, 8) Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO National AIDS Control organisation Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India with support from CDC . Clinton Foundation . WHO TAble of T A b l e o f Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction....... ..........................................................................................
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...A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice. 2. After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine. 3. Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves 4. The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate 5. Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and avoid contact. positive sweat test. indicative of cystic fibrosis 1. Herbs: Black Cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms. When taken with an antihypertensive, it may cause hypotension. Licorice can increase potassium loss and may cause dig toxicity. 2. With acute appendicitis, expect to see pain first then nausea and vomiting. With gastroenitis, you will see nausea and vomiting first then pain. 3. If a patient is allergic to latex, they should avoid apricots, cherries, grapes, kiwi, passion fruit, bananas, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes and peaches. 4. Do not elevate the stump after an AKA after the first 24 hours, as this may cause flexion contracture. 5. Beta Blockers and ACEI are less effective in African Americans than Caucasians. 1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil based dye heavier bed flat. 2.autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley...
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...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
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