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Hand Test

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HAND TEST

DR. EDWARD E. WAGNER

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

• The first scientific attempts in relating the hand to personality developed out of the study of the body types (asthenic/thin; atheletic/ muscular; pyknic/ stocky) by Ernst Kretschmer in 1931. o BODY TYPES--- TRAITS( PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES ▪ PYKNIC: friendly ( depressive ▪ ASTHENIC: timid, introverted ( schizophrenic • Charlotte Wolff (1943) studied certain characteristics of the hand and handedness and derived a practical method of the hand interpretation based on the studied characteristic. o The Hand in Psychological Diagnosis (1951) considers the significance of endocrinological dysfunction, its psychological effects and chirological manifestations & outlines how and why the hand reflects temperament and personality. • The first empirical research was a report by Carmichael, Roberts and Wessell (1937) which showed that , to some degree, emotions can be encoded in and decoded from dynamic body movements, gait, and manual gestures. • The Hand Test was originated by E. Wagner in 1958 and was primarily used to differentiate normal from schizophrenic. • In 1962, Bricklin Protowski and Wagner published a monograph with an initial rationale and scoring for the Hand Test.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

• Hand Test was developed to meet the general criteria for a projective test and also to be easily classified for empirical examination

• Edwin Wagner sought to develop a test that could be used to directly predict behavior.

“Individuals could judge emotions from both hand positions and facial expressions.”

• Hand Test is rooted in the assumption that important action tendencies would be projected into pictures of hands since hands are vital to interacting with the external world.

• It was further assumed that humans interact in a world with other living beings as well as inanimate objects.

This led to the creation of the 2 major categories of responses:

a. Interpersonal

b. Environmental

• Two additional categories were added to encompass responses representing unsuccessful interactions with others or the environment

c. Withdrawal

d. Maladjusted

• Bhagavan Das’ Theory of Emotion

“Individuals generally strive to associate or dissociate from others based on whether they feel superior, inferior or equal.”

MATERIALS

• A set of 10 picture cards

• Scoring booklets

ADMINISTRATION (typically brief, around 10 minutes)

• The client is showed 10 cards, 9 with a rough outline drawing of a hand in an ambiguous position and 1 blank card. • The cards are presented one at a time asking what the hand in the card might be doing. • With the blank tenth card, the client is asked to imagine a hand and asked what it might be doing. • The client is not limited to give a certain number of responses although he is encouraged to give more than one response.

SCORING

1.) The clinician records the client’s responses on each card in verbatim. For each response, one of the 15 quantitative codes is assigned.

2.) The individual codes are organized in terms of the four major categories:

a. Interpersonal (INT) - coded for responses that involve relationships with other people

b. Environmental (ENV) - coded for responses that reflects a response to the environment

- how a person comes in contact to the environment

*Within the protocols of “normal” individuals, more or less 90% of the responses should fall under these first two categories

c. Maladjustive (MAL) - coded for responses that represents difficulty in carrying out various action tendencies successfully due to a subjectively experienced, inner weakness and/or external prohibition

d. Withdrawal (WITH) - reflects abandonment of meaningful or effective life roles.

3.) From the individual codes, three summary scores are computed:

a. Experience Ratio (ER) - comparison of the frequency counts from the four major categories

- getting the sum of each of the four major categories and comparing them

- “provides a useful or overall estimate of basic personality structure and the disposition.” (Wagner, 1983, p.11)

b. Acting-Out Ratio (AOR) - compares the sum of the positive INT scores (AFF+DEP+COM) to the more negative INT scores (DIR + AGG)

c. Pathology (PATH) – combines the sum of all MAL scores with twice the sum of WITH scores

- provides an overall estimate of the total amount of pathology in a response set

4.) Two quantitative scoring codes that reflects the time it takes for a client to formulate

responses to each card are also computed. The computation involves counting the

seconds that elapse from the first turning up of the card until the first scorable

response.

a. Average Initial Response Time (AIRT) – calculated after the administration of the test by dividing the total response time (the sum of the response time from each card in seconds) by 10.

b. High Minus Low (H-L) – computed by subtracting the lowest initial response time from the highest initial response time.

INTERPRETATIONS

| Basic Quantitative Code |Description |
|Affection (AFF) |-Interpersonal exchange |
| |-bestowal of pleasure, affection, or friendly feeling |
|Dependence (DEP) |Expressed dependence on or need for help or aid from another person |
| | |
|Communication (COM) |Presentation or exchange of information |
| | |
|Exhibition (EXH) |Displaying or exhibiting oneself in order to obtain approval from |
| |others |
| | |
|Direction (DIR) |Dominating, directing, or influencing the activities of others |
| | |
|Aggression (AGG) |Giving of pain, hostility, or aggression |
| | |
| | |
|Acquisition (ACQ) |Involves an attempt to acquire a goal or object |
| |Movement is ongoing or the goal is yet unobtained |

STREGNTHS AND LIMITATIONS

• Strengths

- flexible and less formal

- simplicity of the task demands of the test

- relatively brief time for administration

- “concreteness” of the test stimuli

• Limitations

- It is not advised to diagnose patients based upon Hand Test data alone.

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