...Reabsorption of Sodium Chloride — Lessons from the Chloride Channels PERSPECTIVE prostaglandin inhibitors, and the molecular challenge is substantial as well. The molecular delineation of the genetic defects that result in tubulopathies can lead to a better understanding of their physiology. However, the DNA sequencing of the genes that encode transporters and channels (as well as their subunits) is not a trivial matter and must be complemented by experiments determining expression patterns. The Xenopus oocytes that have been used for such studies are transfected cells rather than “real” polarized cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle surrounded by the sophisticated hypertonic environment of the renal medulla. The complex polyuria–polydipsia syndrome described by Schlingmann et al. is attributable to the concomitant loss-of-function mutations in both CLCNKA and CLCNKB; the syndrome results in ion selectivity, demonstrating the means whereby a renal tubular cell lets one type of ion (chloride) through the lipid membrane to the exclusion of others. It thus provides yet another example of the molecular basis of Bartter’s syndrome (see Figure). The contributions of Roderick McKinnon and Peter Agre to solving these two complementary problems of the resorption of renal solute and renal solvent earned them the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry.5 We live in a fascinating time in which clinical syndromes can be deciphered at the molecular and even...
Words: 3296 - Pages: 14
...LAB 2- Hand washing Hand washing is the most integral part of health care`s universal precautionary rules, considering all exposures to human and animal samples is potentially hazardous and infectious. Exposure to potential infectious agents not only does it causes a diseases to the exposed person but it does also keep the line of infection for the agent to infect more and more people. Therefore, Hand washing is an important employee safety requirement in healthcare. There are crucial steps to be followed for a proper hand washing. I had a great experience at a hand washing short training where the trainer applied a starch powder and asked all of us to wash our hands. After we returned from washing our hands, the trainer examined our hands curvatures and skin under fluorescence light. It was proven that most of us didn’t know how to properly wash our hands. The steps for a proper hand washing is as follows: Consider removing all watches, rings from both hands, mostly microorganisms hide under those things. 1. Wet both hands and add enough soap to cover all hand surfaces. 2. Rub hands palm to palm right dorsum over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa. 3. Vigorously rub together all surfaces of the lathered hands including under nails and for at least 20seconds. 4. Rinse both hands well. 5. Dry hands completely with a clean dry paper towel from inside out and turn the water off using a dry paper towel. 6. use antiseptics and rub hands...
Words: 262 - Pages: 2
...Hand Hygiene Practices in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Multimodal Intervention and Impact on Nosocomial Infection Barbara C.C. Lam, Josephine Lee and Y.L. Lau Pediatrics 2004;114;e565; originally published online October 18, 2004; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-1107 The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/114/5/e565.full.html PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2004 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275. Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at University of Southern Queensland Library on August 5, 2014 Hand Hygiene Practices in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Multimodal Intervention and Impact on Nosocomial Infection Barbara C.C. Lam, MBBS, FRCP(Edin, Lond.), FRCPCH(UK), FHKCPaed; Josephine Lee, RN, MSN; and Y.L. Lau, MD (Hons), FRCP(Edin, Glasg. Lond.) FRCPCH(UK) ABSTRACT. Objective. Health care–associated infections persist as a major problem in most neonatal intensive care units. Hand hygiene has been singled out as the most important measure in preventing hospital-acquired infection. However...
Words: 6599 - Pages: 27
...Hand hygiene is the primary measure for infection control. The purpose for hand hygiene in the health care setting is to remove microorganisms from the hands in an effort to reduce the risk of nosocomial infections. Handwashing reduces the number of transient organisms on the skin surface. Although hands cannot be sterilized, most transient organisms can be removed by 30 seconds of proper scrubbing with soap and water. Proper scrubbing would include vigorous motion with the hands rubbing together and fingers working in between the finger web space and inclusive of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the hands. Microbes that reside in sweat ducts and hair follicles of the skin, however, cannot be dislodged readily. Surveys show that one in five medical professionals carry potentially pathogenic antibiotic-resistant pathogens on his or her hands. Failure to wash one's hands before and after each patient contact is probably the most important contributor to the spread of infections. These microbes pose a...
Words: 463 - Pages: 2
... 1 Language and Communication: Final Dianne Pacifico QBT1: Task 4 - Revisions January 29, 2013 Western Governors University Alcohol-‐Based Hand Rubs vs. Handwashing Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs versus Handwashing Efficacy Hand hygiene has been the foundation of preventing nosocomial infections throughout the hospital. It has been taught for several generations that hand hygiene is effectively accomplish through the use of handwashing with soap and water. Unfortunately, studies have shown that handwashing practices have fallen out, which have led to a noticeably low compliance rate with health care workers. This in turn has led to an increase of nosocomial infections, and has had a negative impact on improving the health of patients who rely on physicians, nurses and other ancillary staff who have direct contact with them. Fortunately, an introduction of a new product has been able to change the statistical data with low compliance rate for hand hygiene. Some facilities have introduced the use of alcohol-based hand rubs as an alternative to the conventional handwashing techniques to help decrease the rate of nosocomial infections. There are several factors that indicate a better efficacy rate with using hand rubs versus handwashing. Studies have shown that health care workers have listed barriers and constraints that prevent them from practicing proper hand hygiene; therefore, leading to a low compliance rate. The effect of this low...
Words: 2416 - Pages: 10
...Effect of Antiseptic Handwashing vs Alcohol Sanitizer on Health Care- Associated Infections in Neonatal Intensive Care Units Introduction This article seeks to determine if alcohol hand sanitizers are as effective as antiseptic handwashing at reducing or eliminating health care associated infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, recommends use of waterless alcohol hand products in lieu of traditional handwashing for patient care, but there is little data demonstrating the impact of this recommendation on health-associated infections. Protection of Human Participants 76.8% (119/155) of eligible nurses agreed to participate in the study and had one or more hand cultures performed. The primary reason nurses refused to participate was unwillingness to perform study procedures, such as completing diary cards. Over the course of the study, 12 nurses withdrew, 9 because they left the study NICU, and 3 because they no longer wanted to participate. Nurses completed 1070 daily dairy cards. No informed consent was obtained. Data Collection A clinical trial using a crossover design in two neonatal ICU’s in Manhattan, NY from 3-1-2001 to 1-31-2003, including 2,932 neonatal hospital admissions (51,760 patient days) and 119 nurse participants. Two hand hygiene products were tested, a traditional antiseptic handwash and an alcohol hand sanitizer....
Words: 729 - Pages: 3
...William Hughes Pathology Hand washing assignment In today’s society, people have become very physical as a whole. From hugging to shaking hands, everyone in the world has had contact with at least one other person in their life whether it be direct or indirect. With this much contact between people, you would think that people would keep in mind the presence of the different bacteria and germs that can be transferred from person to person. Hand washing has been proven to reduce the amount of germs on the surface of the hands. This in turn helps reduce the transfer of bacteria and germs from one person to another. Unfortunately not everyone washes their hands or if they do they don’t wash them properly. Over the past week I have gone to the same restaurant after school. I’ve sat at the same bar area looking back into the kitchen at the hand washing station. They have fourteen employees at the restaurant and over the past week I watched as they went through their different work tasks. Working with food, you would think that hand washing would be a huge part of their safety precautions. Although they washed their hands when they got food on them, they either didn’t wash them long enough or they just let the water run over their hands without any soap. As I sat there and observed them, I also noticed that of the fourteen employees only ten washed their hands and even then they didn’t do it for the full time. Ten out of fourteen would be 71% of the employees. 71% of the employees...
Words: 772 - Pages: 4
...KEY WORDS: Handwashing, Cross-Contamination INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Train foodservice employees on using the procedures in this SOP. 2. Follow State or local health department requirements. 3. Post handwashing signs or posters in a language understood by all foodservice staff near all handwashing sinks, in food preparation areas, and restrooms. 4. Use designated handwashing sinks for handwashing only. Do not use food preparation, utility, and dishwashing sinks for handwashing. 5. Provide warm running water, soap, and a means to dry hands. Provide a waste container at each handwashing sink or near the door in restrooms. 6. Keep handwashing sinks accessible anytime employees are present. 7. Wash hands: • Before starting work • During food preparation • When moving from one food preparation area to another • Before putting on or changing gloves • After using the toilet • After sneezing, coughing, or using a handkerchief or tissue • After touching hair, face, or body • After smoking, eating, drinking, or chewing gum or tobacco • After handling raw meats, poultry, or fish • After any clean up activity such as sweeping, mopping, or wiping counters • After touching dirty dishes, equipment, or utensils • After handling trash • After handling money • After any time the hands may become contaminated Washing Hands, continued INSTRUCTIONS, continued: 8. Follow proper handwashing procedures...
Words: 508 - Pages: 3
...Primary Prevention: Handwashing Education September 17, 2015 Primary Prevention: Handwashing Education Preventing a health problem before it occurs is a major goal of healthcare today. Health promotion, specifically primary prevention, is used to accomplish prevention of health problems, such as infections, before they occur (Institute for Work and Health, n.d.). “This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur” (Institute for Work and Health, n.d., para. 1). Providing communities with health education is the best way to satisfy primary prevention, and thus prevent an illness or disease from occurring. In order to provide appropriate education, the nurse must first assess a community of interest, and determine what health issues require the most attention. The nurse can then create a teaching plan to assist the community in preventing the identified health risk. This writer assessed the Harry Hoag Elementary School third grade class community in Fort Plain, NY. Based on the community assessment findings, handwashing education was determined to be the topic of focus for the Harry Hoag Elementary School third grade class. The community assessment, the epidemiologic reason for this topic, the teaching plan, and evaluation of the experience require a closer look. * Fort Plain is a small...
Words: 2280 - Pages: 10
...gieneJournal of Hospital Infection (2005) 60, 218–225 www.elsevierhealth.com/journals/jhin Hand hygiene posters: motivators or mixed messages? E.A. Jennera,*, F. Jonesb, B.(C). Fletcherc, L. Millerd, G.M. Scotte a School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK c Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK d Institute for Employment Studies, University of Sussex, East Sussex BN1 9RF, UK e Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospitals, London WC1E 6DB, UK b Received 19 January 2004; accepted 15 December 2004 Available online 17 March 2005 KEYWORDS Posters; Hand hygiene; Message framing; Fear appeals Summary Poster campaigns regarding hand hygiene are commonly used by infection control teams to improve practice, yet little is known of the extent to which they are based on established theory or research. This study reports on the content analysis of hand hygiene posters (NZ69) and their messages (NZ75) using message-framing theory. The results showed that posters seldom drew on knowledge about effective ways to frame messages. Frequently, they simply conveyed information ‘telling’ rather than ‘selling’ and some of this was confusing. Most posters were not designed to motivate, and some conveyed mixed messages. Few used fear appeals. Hand hygiene posters could have...
Words: 4703 - Pages: 19
...Healthy People 2020: Handwashing After reviewing the Healthy People 2020 website, I decided to teach a group of four-year-old preschooler’s proper hand washing for my teaching plan. To meet this need several health-teaching projects have been developed to educate the preschoolers on how to better care for themselves. This teaching plan would fit into the category of disease prevention and health promotion. According to Bastable (2010), health promotion focuses on increasing wellness through approach behaviors, such as hand washing, rather than avoidance behaviors. Also, hand washing is one of the most important and effective ways to reduce the spread of germs and decrease the risk of illness and disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). The most effective method for preventing transmission is hand washing. Participants will be taught the step-by-step instructions on how to properly wash their hands, and when they should wash their hands. Before eating, when preparing food, after shaking hands, after going to the bathroom and after coughing or sneezing will be emphasized as important times to wash hands. The most difficult part of creating this teaching plan was developing rationales for the instructional methods. There were a lot of influential factors based on development, learning needs and learning styles. I had to really think about the reasoning behind my methods of instruction and the intended audience. Once their routines were determined, I...
Words: 525 - Pages: 3
...Linda Segel N47 November 22, 2012 The Home Front 1. Basics of Handwashing to Promote Infection Control The number one intervention for prevention of infection and spreading of illnesses is proper handwashing. The home care nurse should get into the habit of washing his/her hands * when arriving and leaving the patient’s home * before and after patient care * before using clean equipment * after handling dirty equipment * when touching food * when going off duty. It is prudent for the home care nurse to bring his/her own dispenser of liquid soap and paper towels to each patient’s home. Liquid soap is definitely a better choice to bar soap because of bacteria growth. Even though soap and water are the best deterrent against disease, other alternatives such as antiseptic towelettes, antibacterial gets, etc are acceptable according to the CDC. Handwashing in the home is so important and is by far the most vital teaching a nurse can convey to a patient and caregiver. The patient should get into the habit of washing hands with liquid soap several times throughout the day. The nurse should demonstrate that this should be done for at least 10-15 seconds using the method of rubbing the lathered hands together and then rinsing thoroughly under running water. The nurse should never assume that the patient is familiar with this technique. 2. The “Bag Technique” and use of personal protective equipment to reduce the spread of infection...
Words: 702 - Pages: 3
...WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care: a Summary First Global Patient Safety Challenge Clean Care is Safer Care a WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care: a Summary © World Health Organization 2009 WHO/IER/PSP/2009.07 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: permissions@who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable...
Words: 27087 - Pages: 109
...A hospital-acquired infection (HAI) or nosocomial infection is an infection whose development is favored by a hospital environment, such as one acquired by a patient during a hospital visit or one developing among hospital staff. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated roughly 1.7 million hospital-associated infections, from all types of microorganisms, including bacteria, combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year. In Europe, where hospital surveys have been conducted, the category of Gram-negative infections are estimated to account for two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Nosocomial infections can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and other parts of the body. Many types are difficult to attack with antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance is spreading to Gram-negative bacteria that can infect people outside the hospital. HAI is sometimes expanded as healthcare-associated infection to emphasize that infections can be correlated with health care in various settings (not just hospitals). Nosocomial infections are commonly transmitted when hospital officials become complacent and personnel do not practice correct hygiene regularly. Also, increased use of outpatient treatment in recent decades means that a greater percentage of people who are hospitalized today are likely to be seriously ill with more weakened immune systems than in the past. Moreover, some medical procedures bypass...
Words: 1643 - Pages: 7
...SPEECH 1100--SHELL OUTLINE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Attention Getter: Each year, 40 million Americans get sick and 80,000 die from bacteria that were transmitted by not handwashing properly. It is also estimated that one out of every three people do not wash their hands after using the restroom. Thesis Statement: Proper Handwashing has 3 main steps Significance Statement: You carry millions of microbes on your hand. Good old fashioned hand washing is one of the oldest and most powerful antibacterial treatments. Without proper handwashing, we can still spread many microorganisms with our hands. Credibility Statement: I work as a Certified Nursing Assistant at a hospital. I'am required to wash my hands frequently and throughly numerous times throughout my shift. Preview of Main Points: First: Wet hands Second: Apply Soap Third: Rinse hands/ Dry I. Wet hands A. Remove all jewelry. Turn on sink. B. Wet hands with warm running water before applying soap TRANSITION SENTENCE: Now that you have wet your hands with the warm running water. It's time to move onto the next step. Applying the soap. II. Apply Soap A. Apply a dime sized amount of soap to hands. Lather soap for about 15 to 20 seconds, equivulant to singing "Happy Birthday". B. Wash all surfaces including the back of your hands, around and below the fingernails, around your wrists...
Words: 576 - Pages: 3
