...Case Study Harvesting Dead Girl's Eggs Raises Ethical Issues After a 17 year old Israeli girl passed away August 3rd, 2011 10 days after being in a horrible car accident, an Israeli court has granted her parents permission to freeze her eggs. Her parents’ initial request was for the eggs to be fertilized with sperm that was donated, but judges declined the suggestion until the family could prove that Chen had wanted to have children. Although the family could prove that the girl did indeed want children, the ethical question was whether or not said girl wanted her children to come to earth after her death. Rosamond Rhodes, director of bioethics education at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York made a point that although the girl did want children, it was never specified if she wanted her children raised by someone else- most people don’t like the idea of that. Along with that question, a few more arise. Consider you were the child. A few of your questions would be, “Who is my mother?” “How I was I conceived after she died.” “Why was I conceived after her death?” Laurie Zoloth commented “"The fact that sperm has been used this way, for the same tragic reasons, is not an ethical justification.” (Conley, 2011) HIPPA could be considered violated when doctors try to add sperm to the eggs, considering the women that the eggs belong to has passed away and doctors do not have written nor verbal consent to use them. The families values seem to differ from most in the world...
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...banned reproductive cloning due to the reaction of the people and how the government officials felt that they could best protect their country from the downsides of cloning. One of the reasons that reproductive cloning had a bad reputation was because it required female eggs for scientists to experiment on. This brings up the question about whether or not women should be able to sell their eggs to the government for research purposes. There are two public viewpoints on this argument, firstly, that they should not be able to sell their eggs, and secondly, that they should be able to choose what to do with their body. "The legal status of human cloning. Competing bills are likely to be introduced in Congress and state legislatures, as they have been in the past, to outlaw human cloning.” As the public’s view becomes more opposed to cloning there will be laws that the people will pounce on to delay the...
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...disputes in the global world. Even in our own social circles, the viewpoints on posthumous reproduction tend to be varied. Additionally, posthumous production raises many moral, legal, and ethical concerns. Currently, hospitals do not have a strong ethical stand on posthumous reproduction, but recently they have been forced to develop policies regarding consent, and other legal practices. The following are four interviews done by the writers’ involved four different individuals, a hospital administrator, spiritual leader, healthcare colleague, and a friend. The writers also came to a resolution of dilemma based on research. The information presented is based on the ethical dilemma of a child dying, the parents desire to harvest the child’s eggs for the opportunity to conceive another child or treat any potential genetic anomalies. One of the researchers interviewed the hospital administer where she works. Regarding "posthumous reproduction", the administrator stated that the hospital offers this advanced technology to spouses of patients who meet criteria. The administrator agreed that there is a lack of guidelines and policies related to posthumous reproduction. Answering to the researcher’s question on personal bias, her reply was she does not allow her personal opinion to interfere with her responsibilities. She stated she is dedicated to her job and that her responsibility is to act in the best interest of the patient and the hospital in general. The administrator...
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...STEM CELL RESEARCH AND THERAPYAND ITS IMPACTS ON SOCIETY Abstract There are several types of stem cells being used in stem cell research and therapy today. They are embryonic, adult and induced pluripotent stem cells. Each will be discussed further. This topic has stirred much moral, ethical and political debate as whether cells from fetuses should be used in this research. This impacts governmental policies on laws and funding. Another issue that must be analyzed is the economics and who should have access to this treatment. The views of people and government on this research differ greatly across the world. There are countries that have very strict laws restricting this research while others take an extremely liberal stance. Stem Cell Research and Therapy and Its Impacts on Society Introduction Stem cells are the basic unit of life that gives rise to all living things. They are the undifferentiated cells that transform into the specialized cells that make up all of the tissues in organisms. With further research and understating, these cells can be used in medicine to cure a wide range of diseases. The most important type of stem cell to humans is the pluripotent stem cell which is usually obtained from human embryos. This has sparked controversy in many aspects of human life. In this paper, we will concentrate on animal and human stem cell research, and its impact on society. A Brief Description Of The Technology And An Explanation Of The Associated...
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...STEM CELL RESEARCH AND THERAPYAND ITS IMPACTS ON SOCIETY Abstract There are several types of stem cells being used in stem cell research and therapy today. They are embryonic, adult and induced pluripotent stem cells. Each will be discussed further. This topic has stirred much moral, ethical and political debate as whether cells from fetuses should be used in this research. This impacts governmental policies on laws and funding. Another issue that must be analyzed is the economics and who should have access to this treatment. The views of people and government on this research differ greatly across the world. There are countries that have very strict laws restricting this research while others take an extremely liberal stance. Stem Cell Research and Therapy and Its Impacts on Society Introduction Stem cells are the basic unit of life that gives rise to all living things. They are the undifferentiated cells that transform into the specialized cells that make up all of the tissues in organisms. With further research and understating, these cells can be used in medicine to cure a wide range of diseases. The most important type of stem cell to humans is the pluripotent stem cell which is usually obtained from human embryos. This has sparked controversy in many aspects of human life. In this paper, we will concentrate on animal and human stem cell research, and its impact on society. A Brief Description Of The Technology And An Explanation Of The Associated...
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...unwashed fruits and vegetables, uncooked or undercooked meats and eggs and contaminated water. Salmonella bacteria are capsule shaped that are known to cause diseases in humans, animals, and birds, especially poultry. Many of these bacteria can cause illness in humans, and they can pass from the feces of people or animals to through the foods processing or harvesting. Humans usually contract salmonella from contaminated food; it is most common among poultry but can taint almost any food type. Some outbreaks have included the bacteria found in raw eggs, raw meat (ground beef and other poorly cooked meats), egg products, fresh vegetables, nuts, and contaminated water. Salmonella can enter water in a bowel movement of an infected human or animal through sewage overflows, sewage systems that are not working properly, or wells after severe flooding. Infected milk is another possibility of infection, but pasteurization usually destroys the germ. A recent major outbreak in July of 2012 by Cargill meat solutions Corporation was found in over 29,000 pounds of fresh ground beef products. A total of 46 people in 9 states were reported to have contracted the virus, thankfully no deaths were reported. Although the recall is over Cargill encourages consumers who purchased these products with sell by dates of May 29 to June 16th of this year to dispose of their purchases. Symptoms can begin about eight to 48 hours after consumption of the bacteria and can last anywhere between 4 and 7...
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...cells have the ability to treat debilitating health problems such as: Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord injuries, strokes, burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Scientists obtain stem cells from embryos, adult tissue, umbilical cord blood, and bioengineered cells. The major controversy surrounding stem cell research and therapies is due to the fact that embryos are destroyed when harvesting the cells. Embryonic stem cells, also called blastocysts, exist in three to five day old embryos. Destroying embryos brings up ethical concerns for many individuals. Despite this controversy scientists aspire to use embryonic stem cells because they can differentiate into every type of cells, whereas adult stem cells can be differentiated only into the cells, from where they were originated. In order to decide how one feels about stem cell research, one must first decide when life begins. Does life begin the moment an egg gets fertilized with sperm? Does life begin after the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus? Or does life begin after an embryo becomes fetus? With all of these variables and differences in opinion, it’s easy to see why stem cell research is such a controversial topic. “If, as we believe, human embryos are human beings, then research that involves deliberately...
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... Salmonellosis is an infection that is caused by a Salmonella bacteria strain. Salmonella gains its name from being named after the American scientist who discovered the bacteria Daniel E. Salmon. ("CDC - General Information on Salmonella," n.d.) There are several different types of bacterial strains with the serotypes Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis being the two most common in the United States. Reported cases of a Salmonella infection tend to be more commen in the summer months with children under five years having the highest infection rate amoung age groups. While it is not the most dangerous of infections it can be fatal if the infection reaches the infected persons blood stream and causes an estimated 400 deaths per year due to acute salmonellosis. ("CDC - General Information on Salmonella," n.d.) Food products are the most common transmission sources for salmonella with eggs and chicken being the two major causes of a salmonella infection. ("Transmission of Salmonella Bacteria | About Salmonella," n.d.) Eggs can carry the bacteria on the shell since they come out of the same passages that hens use to pass feces. For this reason eggs are required to be washed at processing, although that might not be enough to prevent the infection. Eggs can also become contaminated due to the bacteria going through the pores of the shells after they are laid, contamination can also occur if the bacteria is in the reproductive tract before the shells from. While salmonella...
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...who pays for it in the case of those receiving public funds. The ethical question as to whether a mother should be made to agree to “selective reduction,” or in common terms abort a fetus or fetuses in the case of multiple eggs that become fertilized needs to be addressed and answered. There are several ethical dilemmas that arise when dealing with donating eggs or sperm, as well as with surrogate pregnancies. Those in the low income bracket are susceptible to being exploited by the idea they can make money by donating their eggs. A woman willing to donate her eggs needs to be informed of the dangers associated with this process, such as; it is time consuming and requires a commitment to follow through with the process. Once the process is started the donor must give themselves daily injections of one of various medications that temporarily shut down their ovaries. These medications come with side effects that the donor may not be informed of. Ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome is another danger in which in some cases can lead to kidney failure and even death. The egg harvesting procedure is invasive surgical procedure in which there is a risk of injury to the bladder, bowel, uterus, or other pelvic structures. Regarding the long term effects of egg donation, rick of infertility, and the risk of cancer, more research needs to be done in these areas to have a definitive answer (Fertility Nation website, n.d.). A clinic that specializes in infertility issues would be less...
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...A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES). HELD AT UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN FISHFARMOYO STATE WRITTEN BY BOLARINWA BOLUWATIFE ADEKUNLE MATRIC NO:NDFRST/13/228 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES TECHNOLOGY. FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE . FEDERAL COLLEGE OF ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY MOOR PLANTATION IBADAN. FROM SEPTEMBER TO DECEMBER CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this technical report on student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was written and compiled by BOLARINWA BOLU ADEKUNLE of Matric No: NDFRT/13/226 and submit to Fisheries Technology Department, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor Plantation Ibadan. ________________________________ ____________________ INDUSTRIAL BASED SUPERVISOR DATE ____________________________ ____________________ SIWES CO-COORDINATOR DATE DEDICATION PAGE I dedicate this report to Almighty God,for making this programme possible for me. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My special appreciation goes to my industrial based director Mr Akande Samueland industrial based supervisor. For their immeasurable support given to me during my S.I.W.E.S work.I say a big thank you ,may Almighty God reward them abundantly.` Similarly ,my gratitude goes to the general staff of Ams-top(west Africa) limited,for impacting me skills and knowledge.May Almighty God in his infinite mercy continue to keep them strong.(Amen)...
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...WHAT EFFECTS ARE CANE TOADS PRODUCING TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABILTY OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THE SURVIVAL OF NATIVE SPECIES Chelcy Jordan SUST 1000 October 10 2012 The introduction of invasive species can often lead to unpredictable alterations and a shift within natural ecosystems. Cane toads were originally introduced to Australia in 1935. They were brought into Australia to prey on specific pests that were attacking sugar cane plants. Cane toads are highly adaptive and can easily adjust to climate changes and feeding grounds. The growth of reproduction in cane toads has formed a species invasion on the habitat of native animals. Immense competition and a shift in ecosystems are a result of their significant growth rate. What effects are cane toads producing towards the sustainability of ecosystems and the survival of native species? Many animals, and plant species have been either finding new ways to adjust to changes caused by the introduction of cane toads. Cane toads have impacted natural ecosystems so drastically that they have left a strenuous effect on native species ability to maintain their own survival. This is crucial when looking at the effects cane toads have on sustaining plant and animal life within ecosystems. Dramatic changes in an ecosystem could potentially fail due to inadequate nutrients and energy distribution. It is important to examine ways in which cane toads affect ecosystems so environmentalists can predict potential negative shifts and try to develop...
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...brevipinnis and G. maculatus) (Alibone et al, 2010). The banded kokopu, G. fasciatus, is an endemic species of galaxiid fish found throughout New Zealand and its offshore islands. However, populations appear to be sparse south of East Cape on the North Island and the east coast of the South Island (Department of Conservation, 2005). Banded kokopu occur primarily in coastal streams, rivers and lakes, but can also penetrate 180 kilometres inland through waterways in lowland areas no more 550 metres above sea level (McDowall, 2000). G. fasciatus is not considered to be a threatened species because they remain relatively widespread in distribution. However, range and abundance in several areas has declined due to habitat degradation, over harvesting of whitebait juveniles, and competition from introduced species (Alibone et al, 2010). G. fasciatus is considered to be a large galaxiid because of its stocky build and length of up to 260 millimetres. Large adults are more often around 200 millimetres (DOC, 2005). Like all galaxiids, banded kokopu lack scales. Instead they have a thick, leathery skin...
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...cast overboard during this voyage. Liem thought that it was unsanitary to go months without being cleaned. He was also puzzled that there was no privacy on the ship, but there was nothing that could be done. They were on their way to a greater life and there was no turning around. During the trip to America, Liem met another young man who was the same age as he was, the young man told Liem that his name was Peter. Over the next month Liem and Peter became the best of friends. Their families also became close, because they were all sitting in the same area of the ship. During the 2nd month of the trip, Peter’s father became very ill and eventually he passed away from the illness. This was Liem’s first time ever experiencing death of anyone that he knew. After witnessing what happened to Peter’s father, it made Liem’s father more cautious and he made sure to keep his family way from Peter’s family for fear of his family catching dysentery and all of the family perishing before they made it to the new country. The Thomas family has settled in a small town in Pennsylvania. Since the family were farmers in the old country, Mr. Thomas decided that the family should also farm in the new country. The family have set up a home that is made...
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...microscope. It is rod-shaped, gram negative, non-motile bacteria that does not form spores. Interestingly enough it communicates to its fellow bacteria via AHL. It infects the cell, multiplies within it; then, bursts the cell. Special effector protein factors are required for salmonella intestinal invasion and the induction of fluid secretion and for inflammatory responses. There are about six names species names of it, salmonella enteritidis, and salmonella enteric which cause the human disease. Sources: www.cdc.ncided/dbmd/diseaseinfo www.cdc.gov/nczved/dfbmd/disease www.edu/imagepages/1048.htm www.idph.state.il.us/public/hb www.ndm.gov/medlineplus/ency/image Question 2: Salmonella bacteria can be found in food products such as raw poultry, eggs, and beef, and sometimes on unwashed fruit. Food prepared on surfaces that previously were in contact with raw meat or meat products can, in turn, become contaminated with the bacteria. This is called cross-contamination. Salmonella can become a chronic infection even if you do not have symptoms. In addition, though you may have no symptoms, you can spread the disease by not washing your hands before preparing food for others. In fact, if you know you have salmonella, health care experts recommend you do not prepare food or pour water for others until laboratory tests show you no longer carry Salmonella bacteria. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/salmonellosis/pages/transmission.aspx A salmonella infection is a foodborne illness caused...
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...organism in a lab: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. 1. Artificial Embryo Twinning Artificial embryo twinning is a relatively low-tech way to make clones. As the name suggests, this technique mimics the natural process that creates identical twins. In nature, twins form very early in development when the embryo splits in two. Twinning happens in the first days after egg and sperm join, while the embryo is made of just a small number of unspecialized cells. Each half of the embryo continues dividing on its own, ultimately developing into separate, complete individuals. Since they developed from the same fertilized egg, the resulting individuals are genetically identical. Artificial embryo twinning uses the same approach, but it is carried out in a Petri dish instead of inside the mother. A very early embryo is separated into individual cells, which are allowed to divide and develop for a short time in the Petri dish. The embryos are then placed into a surrogate mother, where they finish developing. Again, since all the embryos came from the same fertilized egg, they are genetically identical. 2. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), also called nuclear transfer, uses a different approach than artificial embryo...
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