...organising it as scalars (single values), vectors, matrices, data frames, or lists. We also demonstrate importing data from Excel, ascii files, databases, and other statistical programs. 2.1 First Steps in R 2.1.1 Typing in Small Datasets We begin by working with an amount of data that is small enough to type into R. We use a dataset (unpublished data, Chris Elphick, University of Connecticut) containing seven body measurements taken from approximately 1100 saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus) (e.g., size of the head and wings, tarsus length, weight, etc.). For our purposes we use only four morphometric variables of eight birds (Table 2.1). Table 2.1 Morphometric measurements of eight birds. The symbol NA stands for a missing value. The measured variables are the lengths of the wing (measured as the wing chord), leg (a standard measure of the tarsus), head (from the bill tip to the back of the skull), and weight. Wingcrd Tarsus Head Wt 59 55 53.5 55 52.5 57.5 53 55 22.3 19.7 20.8 20.3 20.8 21.5 20.6 21.5 31.2 30.4 30.6 30.3 30.3 30.8 32.5 NA 9.5 13.8 14.8 15.2 15.5 15.6 15.6 15.7 The simplest, albeit laborious, method of entering the data into R is to type it in as scalars (variables containing a single value). For the first five observations of wing length, we could type: A.F. Zuur et al., A Beginner’s Guide to R, Use R, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-93837-0_2, Ó Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009 29 30 2 Getting Data into R > > > > > a b c d...
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...------------------------------------------------- Events Cordova lifecycle events. Event Types * deviceready * pause * resume * online * offline * backbutton * batterycritical * batterylow * batterystatus * menubutton * searchbutton * startcallbutton * endcallbutton * volumedownbutton * volumeupbutton Accessing the Feature As of version 3.0, Cordova implements battery status and other device-level APIs as plugins. Access to all other events not related to battery status are enabled by default. Use the CLI's plugin command, described in The Command-line Interface, to enable or disable battery events: $ cordova plugin add https://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cordova-plugin-battery-status.git $ cordova plugin rm org.apache.cordova.core.battery-status These commands apply to all targeted platforms, but modify the platform-specific configuration settings described below: * Android (in app/res/xml/config.xml) <feature name="Battery"> <param name="android-package" value="org.apache.cordova.BatteryListener" /> </feature> (in app/AndroidManifest.xml) <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BROADCAST_STICKY" /> * BlackBerry WebWorks (in www/plugins.xml) <feature name="Battery"> <param name="blackberry-package" value="org.apache.cordova.battery.Battery" /> </feature> (in www/config...
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...Functions of Management Paper Natalie Pruett MGT/330 April 11, 2011 Julie Young Functions of Management Managers are one of the leaders of a company. They lead and motivate their team to do the best job that the team possible can. Having an exceptional manager will show in how the rest of the team interacts with one another, how well products are produced, and how well customers are being treated. Bateman and Snell stated management is the process of working with people and resource to accomplish organizational goals (Bateman and Snell, 2009 p. 19). This will also show in the four functions of management. The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. This paper will discuss more in detail about the four functions of management and how they are used in the Head Start program. Planning “Planning is the management function of systematically making decisions about the goals and activities that an individual, a group, a work unit, or the overall organization will pursue” (Bateman and Snell, 2009 p. 19). The Head Start program uses planning in how the center director plans what activities that particular Head Start will be doing the whole year, how to get families involved in their children’s education, and how all the criteria will be meet for the school year. Planning involves not only the center director, but also the teachers, assistant teachers, and the program specialist. Organizing The head start uses organizing to pull all...
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...9) The pexp() function is introduced at the bottom of Yakir, 2011, p. 79, and there are some tips above. What is the probability that the time interval between customers entering the store will be less than 15.5 seconds. Be sure to enter values so that everything is in the same unit of measurement. Be sure to specify the units of measurement in your answer. Round your answer to 3 decimal places: ________0.644_________. 10) What is the probability that the time interval between customers entering the store will be between 10.7 seconds and 40.2 seconds (see Yakir (2011, p. 79-80)?____0.490____ 11) The qexp() function in R allows you to enter a probability, and it will tell you the criterion value (“cutoff point”) that corresponds to that probability value (e.g., if you enter .05 it tells you the cutoff point below which 5% of the values in the distribution fall). What value of x would be the criterion value (cut-off point) for the top 5% of time intervals (Round to 3 decimal places, and include the units of measurement)?...
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...The management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are widely considered to be the best means of describing the manager’s job, as well as the best way to classify accumulated knowledge about the study of management. Although there have been tremendous changes in the environment faced by managers and the tools used by managers to perform their roles, managers still perform these essential functions Planning In this function it establishes goals and objectives to pursue during a future period. The planning function spans all levels of management. Top managers are involved in strategic planning that sets board, long-range goals for an organization. These goals become the basis for short-range, annual operational planning; during which top and middle managers determine specific departmental objectives that will help the organization makes progress toward the broader, long-range goals. Organizing In this function it typically follows planning and reflects how the organization tries to accomplish its goals and objectives. In relation to the structure of a company, organizing involves the assignment of tasks, the grouping of tasks into departments and the allocation of resources to departments. Organizing also involves establishing the flow of authority and communication between position and levels within the organization. Top manager performs these activities. Like wise middle manager and supervisors organize the tasks to create positions within their departments...
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...How the National Offender Management Service works March 2012 Introduction Who we are Key functions Our structure How NOMS Works introduction who we are key functions our structure “ Our vision is that there will be fewer victims, and our “ communities will be safer NOMS was established in 2008 with a clear brief, to bring together the commissioning and provision of offender services in prison and in the community, ensuring best value for public money. So organisational change isn’t new to us; it’s part of what we are all about. But the reality now is that we are in a new world, with the double challenge of responding to the policy priorities of the Coalition Government and significantly reducing our costs by approximately 23 per cent by 2015. The rate of change and scale of challenge for both Prisons and Probation is unprecedented. To meet our objectives of protecting the public and reducing reoffending – we have reshaped and transformed the way we operate creating a leaner organisation focused on outcomes for the public. We have dismantled our old regional model, and our structure has been fundamentally reshaped to support HQ and Central Services front line delivery at much reduced cost. Perhaps most significantly, our new structure makes a clear distinction between the different functions of the Agency – commissioning services; delivering those services directly such as through HM Prison Service and national operational services such as licence recall and population...
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...UNITED NATIONS United States of America Vienna Convention on Relations and Optional Protocol on Disputes Multilateral—Diplomatic Relations—Apr. 18,1961 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON DIPLOMATIC INTERCOURSE AND IMMUNITIES VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS UNITED NATIONS 1961 MULTILATERAL Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Optional Protocol on Disputes Done at Vienna April 18, 1961; Ratification advised by the Senate of the United States of America September 14, 1965; Ratified by the President of the United States of America November 8, 1972 Ratification of the United States of America deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations November 13, 1972; Proclaimed by the President of the United States of America November 24, 1972; Entered into force with respect to the United States of America December 13, 1972. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A PROCLAMATION CONSIDERING THAT: The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the Optional Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes were opened for signature on April 18, 1961 and were signed on behalf of the United States of America on June 29, 1961, certified copies of which are hereto annexed; The Senate of the United States of America by its resolution of September 14, 1965, two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein, gave its advise and consent to ratification of the Convention and the Optional Protocol; On November 8, 1972 the President of the United...
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...Linked List Problems By Nick Parlante Copyright ©1998-2002, Nick Parlante Abstract This document reviews basic linked list code techniques and then works through 18 linked list problems covering a wide range of difficulty. Most obviously, these problems are a way to learn about linked lists. More importantly, these problems are a way to develop your ability with complex pointer algorithms. Even though modern languages and tools have made linked lists pretty unimportant for day-to-day programming, the skills for complex pointer algorithms are very important, and linked lists are an excellent way to develop those skills. The problems use the C language syntax, so they require a basic understanding of C and its pointer syntax. The emphasis is on the important concepts of pointer manipulation and linked list algorithms rather than the features of the C language. For some of the problems we present multiple solutions, such as iteration vs. recursion, dummy node vs. local reference. The specific problems are, in rough order of difficulty: Count, GetNth, DeleteList, Pop, InsertNth, SortedInsert, InsertSort, Append, FrontBackSplit, RemoveDuplicates, MoveNode, AlternatingSplit, ShuffleMerge, SortedMerge, SortedIntersect, Reverse, and RecursiveReverse. Contents Section 1 — Review of basic linked list code techniques Section 2 — 18 list problems in increasing order of difficulty Section 3 — Solutions to all the problems 3 10 20 This is document #105, Linked List Problems, in the...
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...The brain is split up into several different parts or structures in order to better understand how things are laid out and how they work. The simplest way to separate the different parts of the brain is into the forebrain and hindbrain, with the forebrain also being called the cerebrum, and the hindbrain being better known as the brain stem. The brainstem is best known to be in charge of involuntary and gross motor functions, such as breathing, muscle control, and digesting food. The cerebral cortex is in charge of more complex things such as thought and memory. Aside from this general way to split up the brain, it can be broken down further into five major structures, each with it’s own physiology and structures within it. These regions are the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon. The telencephalon sits at the top of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres, often referred to as cerebral hemispheres (Pinel, 2011). It is the biggest of the five major structures, and is in charge of the brain’s most complex functions (2011). Along with housing the structures that are in charge of memory and thought, the telencephalon is also the part of the brain that controls voluntary movement, taking in outside sensory stimuli, and facilitates complex thought processes such as retaining new information, processing language, and problem solving (Pinel, pg. 66, 2011). Within the telencephalon is the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is what...
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...individual roles in the production-marketing value chain. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic TOP: A-head: Defining Quality KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge 2. The transcendent definition of quality provides a means by which quality can be measured or assessed as a basis for practical business decisions. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic TOP: A-head: Defining Quality KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 3. According to the product perspective of quality, larger number of product attributes are equivalent to higher quality. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic TOP: A-head: Defining Quality KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge 4. The user perspective of quality judges a product based on how well the product performs its intended function. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic TOP: A-head: Defining Quality KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge 5. According to the manufacturing perspective of quality, quality is based on the relationship of product benefits to price ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic TOP: A-head: Defining Quality KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 6. Inspection was the primary means of quality control during the first half of the twentieth century. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic TOP: A-head: History of Quality Management KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge 7. During the 1940s and 1950s, after the world war II, the quality...
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...Roles and Functions Paper HCS/325 Healthcare Management Facilitator: Hanna Matatyaho Abstract As healthcare continues to evolve it is becoming more and more important to have good managers. Managers must aim to keep up with, improve efficiency, and productivity in their healthcare organization. All managers should want to help their organization they are working for succeed and perform their best by utilizing as many resources as possible. Healthcare managers should recognize problems, opportunities, make decisions, and take appropriate action when necessary (Lombardi and Schermerhorn, 2007). Planning, organizing, controlling, and leading the four major functions in healthcare management. I will discuss these functions and how they relate to healthcare settings. Four Functions Healthcare organizations can be dynamic and complex. These types of organizations need managers that can provide leadership, supervision, and coordination of its employees. They are needed to ensure that organizational tasks are carried out, thus making sure that the organization can achieve goals and much needed resources (Thompson, Buchbinder, Shanks, n.d). These four functions; planning, organizing, control, and leadership are needed because of the vast scope of services healthcare provide, and the different administrative and support services that are needed to enable the delivery of clinical services. Planning helps a manager set a direction and determine what needs to be accomplished...
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...array is a set of variables that each store an item. Arrays and Lists You can see the difference between arrays and lists when you delete items. Arrays and Lists In a list, the missing spot is filled in when something is deleted. Arrays and Lists In an array, an empty variable is left behind when something is deleted. What’s wrong with Array and Why lists? • Disadvantages of arrays as storage data structures: – slow searching in unordered array – slow insertion in ordered array – Fixed size • Linked lists solve some of these problems • Linked lists are general purpose storage data structures and are versatile. Linked Lists A Head B C • A linked list is a series of connected nodes • Each node contains at least – A piece of data (any type) – Pointer to the next node in the list • Head: pointer to the first node • The last node points to NULL node A data pointer The composition of a Linked List • A linked list is called "linked" because each node in the series has a pointer that points to the next node in the list. 10 Linked Lists • Each data item is embedded in a link. • Each Link object contains a reference to the next link in the list of items. • In an array items have a particular position, identified by its index. • In a list the only way to access an item is to traverse the list Declarations to create a node • First you must declare a data structure...
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...insurance. His utility function is given by U(w) = w0.5, where w is his wealth, equal to $25,000. There is a 5% chance that Keith will fall ill, which will cost him $5,000. a) What is Keith’s expected utility from not purchasing any insurance? b) What is the actuarially fair premium for the health insurance in this case? c) Assuming that the premium is actuarially fair, what is the expected utility of buying full insurance (ie. insuring all $5,000 of potential loss)? What is the expected utility of insuring only half the potential loss (i.e. pay half the premium in (b) but receive only $2,500 coverage)? 2. Suppose a (fair) coin is tossed, and a gambler receives $100 if it lands “heads” and $0 otherwise. a) If the gambler has utility function U(w) = w-0.5, what is the utility of playing this coin tossing game. b) What is the equivalent amount that could be offered to the gambler in (a) for which he would be indifferent between playing the coin tossing game and taking the gamble (that is, the certainty equivalent)? c) Show that this utility function is from the family of Constant Relative Risk Aversion utility functions (isoelastic utility) d) Suppose that the utility function is changed to U(w) = w-0.25. What is the new certainty equivalent for the gambler? 3. Now suppose that an unfair coin is tossed, where P(Heads) = 0.52. For each dollar invested, the bettor will receive $α = $2 if the coin lands heads, and $0 otherwise. For a gambler with a CRRA utility function, the optimal decision...
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...Introduction to Javascript JavaScript has been around for several years now, in many different flavors. The main benefit of Javascript is to add additional interaction between the website and its visitors with just a little extra work by the web developer. Javascript allows industrious web masters to get more out of their website than HTML and CSS can provide. By definition, JavaScript is a client-side scripting language. This means the web surfer's browser will be running the script. The opposite of client-side is server-side, which occurs in a language like PHP. PHP scripts are run by the web hosting server. How To Write JavaScript If you have ever used CSS before, you will find the whole part about including JavaScript will be a lot simpler to grasp. Here are Tizag's three important steps you should always follow when creating or using someone else's JavaScript code: 1. Use the script tag to tell the browser you are using JavaScript. 2. Write or download some JavaScript 3. Test the script! There are so many different things that can go wrong with a script, be it human error, browser compatibility issues, or operating system differences. So, when using JavaScript, be sure that you test your script out on a wide variety of systems and most importantly, on different web browsers. Your First JavaScript Script To follow the classic examples of many programming tutorials, let's use JavaScript to print out "Hello World" to the browser. I know this isn't very interesting...
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...Organisational structure Organizational structure refers to both the formal and informal frameworks that shape how a business is operated. An organization structure determines how employees are grouped together and plays a large role in a firm’s success. Choosing a structure is not a one-size-fits-all decision, and business owners must select the model that best suits the needs of their organization. Traditionally, many organisations have been in the form of a Pyramid structure. Most responsibility lies at the top and there is more staff at the bottom with less responsibility. There is a hierarchy, and staffs know their position within the organisation. Hierarchies have tall and flat structure Tall organisation Tall organizational structure is one which has many levels of hierarchy. In these organizations, there are usually many managers, and each manager has a narrow span of control, they are in charge of only a small group of people. Tall structures tend to be more complicated and complex, and may be slower to respond to market changes than organizations where managers have a larger span of control. Employee satisfaction may be lower in a tall organization because of the many layers of bureaucracy and rigid rules. Tall organizations may face higher costs than in other types of business structures. One reason for this is the large number of managers and supervisors required in a tall structure. Advantages: There are various advantages of tall organizations. *...
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