D1: Analyse how system of the body use energy
Introduction
In this task I will be examining how the different body systems use energy and why the body needs energy. I will also be analysing cellular respiration which is the process in which energy is made, along with the by-products and anabolism and catabolism. Later on in this task I will be analysing how ATP is used in muscle action, protein production and how we as mammals use the energy released as heat. * Fight infections * Movement * Organ function * Cell function * Muscle contractions * Brain to function and * Circulating blood

* Fight infections * Movement * Organ function * Cell function * Muscle contractions * Brain to function and * Circulating blood

The body needs energy for a number of things such as; * Digesting * Eating * Warmth * Respiration * Chemical reactions * Growth and repair * Digesting * Eating * Warmth * Respiration * Chemical reactions * Growth and repair

Most of the total energy the body uses each day goes to basal metabolism, this is the minimum amount of energy needed to maintain bodily functions while at rest. This includes how much energy the body burns to keep breathing, keep blood circulating and maintain the many vital cellular activities that keep us alive. These factors mentioned above are quite simple and not very complex, however; all the cells in our body require energy to carry out their required chemical reactions to complete their specific functions. For example; the amino acids being manufactured into specialised proteins in the liver. Respiration, motion, cognitive processes, growth, all need energy for reactions to occur. There are plenty of functions which require energy, which could come under the ‘umbrella’ term of metabolism, the reactions which are necessary for life.

A) Analyse the role of energy in the body through the process of cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process in which compounds are broken apart; which releases energy that is used to make ATP molecules. ATP is ‘fuel’ for the body and powers all living things. In the body; the food is broken down this is done by the digestive system, this is either done mechanically (mastication) or chemically (digestive enzymes). The nutrients absorbed from the digestive system are then immersed into the blood stream and are then transported by the cardiovascular system to the liver and cells around the body. At this time the respiratory system allows the body to inhale air into the lungs, this is where gaseous exchange occurs where carbon dioxide us exchanged for oxygen by diffusion. The cardiovascular system then transports the oxygen via red blood cells (oxygen rich blood) and takes the deoxygenated blood back to the lungs where the carbon dioxide rich blood is exhaled.
Cellular respiration uses energy in glucose to make ATP. Aerobic (“oxygen-using”) respiration occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate.

Catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism breaks molecules down and gives out energy. Catabolism provides the energy our bodies need for physical activity, from cells up to whole body movements. An example of catabolism is when a cell takes in a molecule of glucose, bonds are broken and as this happens it releases energy. After the energy has been released, it is captured and stored by a specialized molecule ATP. The energy that was stored by the ATP is then used in the synthesis of more complex compounds.
Anabolism builds the molecules together and consumes energy. Anabolism, allows the body to grow new cells. The growth and mineralization of bone and increases in muscle mass are examples of anabolism. Anabolism is powered by catabolism, where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in respiration.

By-products of cellular respiration
Cellular respiration creates two main by-products; water and carbon dioxide (Co2). The most important waste product produced during cellular respiration in cells is carbon dioxide. Each molecule of glucose produces six molecules of carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses across the cell membrane into the bloodstream, where it's carried back to the lungs to be released during exhalation. Unlike carbon dioxide, water isn't a waste that requires any specialist disposal since cells and the bloodstream are made up of predominantly water.
B) ATP
ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of life. The cells use a form of energy called ATP to power almost all activities, such as muscle contraction, protein construction, transportation of substrates, communication with other cells and activating heat control mechanisms. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), an energy-bearing molecule found in all living cells. Formation of nucleic acids, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and many other energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are made possible by the energy in ATP molecules. The energy in ATP is obtained from the breakdown of foods.
The ATP is used for many cell functions including transport work moving substances across cell membranes. It is also used for mechanical work, supplying the energy needed for muscle contraction. It supplies energy not only to heart muscle (for blood circulation) and skeletal muscle (such as for gross body movement), but also to the chromosomes and flagella to enable them to carry out their many functions. A major role of ATP is in chemical work, supplying the needed energy to synthesize the thousands of types of molecules that the cell needs to exist. ATP is also used as a switch to control chemical reactions and send messages.
Analyse how the energy produced via ATP is used within the body in three named processes.
1) Muscle action
2) Protein synthesis
3) How mammals make use of the energy released as heat
Muscle action
Respiration releases energy for cells from glucose. This can be aerobic respiration (requires oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (no oxygen required). During exercise, the breathing rate and heart rate increase. In aerobic respiration, the glucose and oxygen combine to create, energy, water and carbon dioxide. Water is carried away by the blood and can be excreted as urine. Carbon dioxide is carried away by the blood and excreted through the lungs. The energy in the muscles is needed for contraction and some energy is turned into heat for bodily warmth. An example of this is a long distance runner, who over time wouldn’t need to take in as much oxygen as before, this is because the energy created becomes enough to fuel the body for the running as compared to someone who isn’t used to running as they may not have enough energy in their body which then causes the build-up of lactic acid and oxygen debt due to not getting enough oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration is where muscles need a lot of energy, quickly such as sprinting. Anaerobic respiration takes over from aerobic respiration when oxygen can’t reach the muscles fast enough. The glucose then makes energy, there is less energy from the same amount of glucose as it is produced faster. Some energy is used for muscle contraction and some is used for heat (bodily warmth). Glucose also gives us lactic acid. Lactic acid builds up in the muscles and after a few minutes of exercise, it can make the muscles tired and painful, if the exercise didn’t stop then the individual would lose consciousness due to the lack of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration took over from aerobic respiration and this caused oxygen debt. This is when the muscles need extra oxygen to get rid of the lactic acid, the ‘extra’ oxygen is known as oxygen debt, this is why after running people gulp air into their lungs. Finally, the majority of the lactic acid gets turned into carbon dioxide and water.
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis is a series of chemical reactions in which molecules are brought into contact with one another and chemical bonds are broken and then reformed. The base sequence in a DNA molecule, represented by the letters A T C G, make up the genetic code. This code determines the type of amino acids and the order in which they are joined together to make a specific protein. The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function. The function of the ribosome is to bind the tRNA molecules and then move through the ribosome. As the tRNAs are moved, the ribosome’s configuration brings the amino acids into contact and then severs the bonds between tRNA and amino acid. Collagen, which is a structural protein found in various connective tissues, provides the framework for the ligaments that hold bones together and the tendons that attach muscles to the bones.
How mammals make use of the energy released as heat
Warm-blooded animal species can maintain a body temperature higher than their environment. In particular, homoeothermic species maintain a stable body temperature by regulating metabolic processes. The only known homeotherms are mammals and birds. Other species have various degrees of thermoregulation. Energy, in the form of glucose, is made available to cells by the breakdown of food molecules. The process of releasing energy from glucose is called respiration. The energy in glucose can be released in a single reaction. When this happens heat energy is released as glucose burns. This is combustion. During respiration glucose is broken down gradually by a series of reactions, each catalysed by a different enzyme. This releases energy in small amounts so that it can be used by cells. Around 60% of the available energy is converted to heat rather than to ATP. In most organisms, this heat is simply lost to the environment. However, endothermic homeotherms (the animals generally characterized as "warm-blooded") both produce more heat and have better ways to retain and regulate it than other animals. They have a higher basal metabolic rate, and also a greater capacity to increase their metabolic rate when engaged in strenuous activity. They usually have well-developed insulation in order to retain body heat, fur in the case of mammals and feathers in birds. Mammals use the heat from energy to obtain the optimum body temperature
In conclusion, the human body cannot function without energy as it is vital for many bodily functions such as retaining heat, muscle action and protein production in the body.
Bibliography
http://www.biocab.org/Metabolism.html http://biology.about.com/od/cellularprocesses/a/cellrespiration.htm http://biology.about.com/od/cellularprocesses/ss/protein-synthesis-translation.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21603/ http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/archive-2013-2014/animal-survival-in-extreme-temperatures.html