...Western and indigenous models of health and healing? Discuss with reference to at least two ethnographic examples. Matriculation number: 1002122 1 Introduction Different varieties of models of health and healing have come into an increasing degree of contact over the last 120 years, facilitated by broad economic and socio-cultural trends such as globalization and the construction of world views of healthcare standards and organization (Keane, 2010: 235-236. Whyte & Geest, 1988: 9-11). That is to say, that through the growth of the mass media and global markets in pharmaceuticals as well as the establishment of world health organizations and projects, such as WHO, models of health and healing (especially the Western model based in the clinical institutions of biomedicine) have been transmitted around the world. Localized concepts of health, and consequently, the cultures, societies and bodies of which those concepts are a vital part, are increasingly understood and shaped through their relationship with foreign models of health and healing. Indeed, Whyte & Geest (1988: 8) argue that Western and indigenous medicines ‘contextualise’ one another. The critical point, however, is that medical anthropologists have found that this relationship is not symmetrical. The interaction of Western and indigenous models of health and healing is structured by power relations of various sorts which usually result in the enforcement of Western health imperatives on an indigenous...
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...environmental and ethical issues and sustainability, products satisfaction through products innovation, but also to think about competing pressures and ways to increase revenues. I. Analysis Uniliver is trying to build its reputation as an organisation committed to: * Environmental and sustainability issues * Improving health and well-being * Maximising values to create profits II. Objectives The objectives provide the overall course of the program and what should be achieved. Uniliver has got three objectives which will be stated in terms of program outcomes rather than inputs. 1. To encourage a challenging, worthwhile, and fulfilling work environment for our employees by building mutual respect, self-belief, and confidence in our personal relationships based upon commitments to truth, frankness, and competency; but also to provide tools to support constant delivery of the brand promised with every point of contact to reinforce brand experience. 2. To be an asset to every community we work in by undertaking thorough researches and developing programs designed to developing new products geared towards health , well-being and nutrition, but also by lending effort and support to worthy cases, encouraging efforts in the direction of making communities better places to live and work in. 3. To...
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... Community Psychology 3 3. Public Health Approach 4 4. Conclusion 5 5. References 6 2 1. Introduction Worldwide most developed countries are marked by a holistic proactive community oriented social services backed by an efficient public health services, ultimately such effective social structures impact positively on the country citizen’s life expectancy and vibrant workmanship which in turn enhance the economic status of the country and relief the social security burden off the country’s welfare system. 2. Community Psychology Community psychology was formalised as a discipline in 1965 however continued to be characterised by the mental health reform movements from its inception in the United States of America with the primary objective to care for the mentally ill. The most three prominent movements were established in the early 1800s to 1960s each movement led to establishment of institutions. As mentioned Seedat, Cloete, & Shochet (1988) that “the mental health model, which has its roots in the community mental health movement is based on the explicit intention to prevent mental illness each of the movement was aimed to treat mental illness” as a societal rather than an individual problem and to foster prevention rather than cure. The models of community psychology allows the discipline to be proactive and holistic towards approaching community impediments, such as the mental health model proactively takes into account the...
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...P1 In this assignment I will be explaining three different approaches to health education. I will also be giving examples of each approach being used and lastly I will also be explaining the role of the health educators in these approaches. The three approaches I will be talking about are as follows; social marketing approach, two way communication and community development approach. Health education is usually used to give information and advice of the knowledge and skills that the professionals have gained in their sector in order to change the behaviour that affects health an example of this could be using social marketing by putting posters up in busses about eating healthy. Health educators come from a wide range of professions including teachers in schools, social workers who work with adults and young children, practice nurses in wards and hospitals and even care homes, health visitors that come out to individuals and leisure centre staff who work in gyms. Health education uses different approaches to promote health education and some of the approaches that are used and are being used I will be talking about within this assignment. Prescriptions were introduced 1952 smoking and cancer link introduced 1954 2000 NHS walk in centres introduced 2007 smoking ban introduced This time line links in with my campaign and shows how health improved over the years within drugs and other substances for an example smoking ban in public bases resulted in...
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...these questions you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. GJ74914/Jan12/SCLY2 6/6/6 SCLY2 2 Choose either Section A or Section B and answer all the questions in that section. Section A: Education with Research Methods You are advised to spend approximately 50 minutes on questions 0 1 0 6 to 0 4 . 9 . You are advised to spend approximately 30 minutes on question You are advised to spend approximately 40 minutes on questions 0 5 . to 0 Total for this section: 90 marks Education Read Item A below and answer questions 0 1 to 0 4 that follow. Item A According to some sociologists, cultural factors are the most important cause of social class differences in educational achievement. In their view, there are deep-rooted differences between working-class and middle-class subcultures. For example, they argue that working-class subculture encourages fatalism and collectivism, whereas middle-class...
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...these questions you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. GJ74914/Jan12/SCLY2 6/6/6 SCLY2 2 Choose either Section A or Section B and answer all the questions in that section. Section A: Education with Research Methods You are advised to spend approximately 50 minutes on questions 0 1 0 6 to 0 4 . 9 . You are advised to spend approximately 30 minutes on question You are advised to spend approximately 40 minutes on questions 0 5 . to 0 Total for this section: 90 marks Education Read Item A below and answer questions 0 1 to 0 4 that follow. Item A According to some sociologists, cultural factors are the most important cause of social class differences in educational achievement. In their view, there are deep-rooted differences between working-class and middle-class subcultures. For example, they argue that working-class subculture encourages fatalism and collectivism, whereas middle-class...
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...5S\~t Controversial advertising has become more significant. Discuss in the context of the rise of so-called Post Fordism. (Figure 1) The two adverts depicted above highlight a development in what we have (as a nation) come to consider 'controversial'; the term itself refers to "A debate or dispute on a matter of... contrary opinions. 11f These adverts (Figure 1 and Figure 2) have this in common, at the time of each of these campaigns a flurry of controversy shrouded the message that the advert was aiming to present. In 1969 Saatchi and Saatchi presented a poster (on behalf of the Health Education Council) depicting a pregnant man (Figure 1) challenging the nation, particularly men, to think differently when taking precautions of a sexual nature. When one considers the current social issues at the time, the significance of the controversy increases; this campaign was rife during the early stages of the Women's Liberation Movement at which point such acts as the 'Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act' were coming into effect thus guarantying the wife a share of the family assets on dissolution of the marriage 2 , entailing that historical context leads the advert to carry stronger social implications then at first may appear particularly from a 21 st century perspective. This Post-Fordist society highlighted J11 SS\~\ that "one threat of [this] consumer culture was the way in which is appeared to offer women forms of independence that undermined their traditional...
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...national AIDS awareness campaign for the people of Mexico which will create social awareness regarding AIDS prevention and treatment and also make social norms that will induce them to adopt AIDS preventive measures(Objective) so that they can save from Aids (Success Measures) even that they are infecting by Aids on a regular basis (Constraints). 2. Central Issue of the Case: The central issues of the case are given in the following matrix: Importance High Low Urgency High • Identify the potential target audience. • Determine the appropriate communication program which will break the barriers to HIV/ AIDS social marketing in Mexico and will create awareness to them irrespective of their sex, literacy, and geographic location. • Design an effective AIDS awareness message which is simple, believable, appealing and forceful to the target adults and will instigate public dialogue • Determine whether to use only advertising tool or integrated marketing communications tools to reach most adults. • Establish social norms through the AIDS awareness program so that adults do not view AIDS as stigma, feel free to have open sex-discussion and get encouraged to become aware of AIDS and preventive measures as a part of their lives Low • Identify the possible barriers in properly getting the message to the right people. • Create awareness regarding intravenous drug users. 3. Case Problems • Language, cultural and religious barriers – Campaign needs to be designed in Spanish...
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...COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS FACED BY MALACCA HEALTH DEPARTMENT (MHD) ON ANTI SMOKING CAMPAIGN INTRODUCTION Communication refers to the act, by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages that are distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback. All communication takes place in a context that has at least four dimensions: physical, cultural, social psychological and temporal. Communication always has some effect on one or more person involved in the communication act. For every communication act, there is some consequence. For example, we may gain knowledge or learn how to analyze, synthesize, or evaluate something. These are intellectual or cognitive effects. Or we may acquire or change our attitudes, beliefs, emotions and feelings. These are effective effects. We may even learn new bodily movements, such as throwing a ball or painting a picture, as well as appropriate verbal and nonverbal behaviours. These are psychomotor effects.Communication behaviours, whether they involve verbal messages, gestures, or some combination thereof, usually occur in “packages” (Pittenger,Hockett,& Danehy 1960). Communication is transactional (Barnlund 1970; Watzlawick 1977, 1978; Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson 1967; Wilmot 1987). One implication of viewing communication as transactional is that each person is seen as both speaker and listener, as simultaneously sending and receiving messages. Each person in a communication transaction...
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...Communication in the Health Care Context The World Health Organizations’ first International Congress for health promotion produced the Ottawa charter (1986) and stated health promotion as being “the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health”. The promotional poster in this report has been developed for the physical activity health area, with a segmented target audience of women aged 40 to 60 years. The poster aims to communicate and reinforce the benefits of physical fitness. Whilst evaluating the poster approach to health communication, other forms of health communication, and their effectiveness, are also discussed. The Wanless report (2004) described the “Fully Engaged Scenario” whereby unless there is substantial support of the public in pursuit of their health and well-being, the cost of treatment of chronic conditions by the National Health Service will become untenable. Current Welsh Government policy promotes physical activity in line with the report of the 2004 White paper. The recommended level of physical activity should be 30 minutes of moderate activity on at least 5 or more days per week. Research conducted by Sport Wales (2012), in their “state of the nation” paper, indicate that by age 45, only 36% of women are physically active and continue to be 14 percentage points lower than men until after age 65. Therefore, based on a needs assessment developed from the respective reports, the promotional poster for this assignment...
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...Coalition (SIPC) was established in 2008. This coalition is comprised of a partnership of healthcare-related organizations that was created to with the singular goal of promoting safe injection practices across all healthcare settings in the U.S. In a broad context, the coalition consists of patient advocacy organizations, foundations, provider associations, and industry partners. The SIPC united with the CDC in an effort to consolidate efforts to halt unsafe injection practices. The coalition has since concentrated its efforts on the advancement and promotion of safe injection practices by providing information and educational opportunities to healthcare professionals and the general public with an emphasis in outpatient healthcare settings. Partnerships that have supported the coalition include: Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care, Ambulatory Surgery Foundation,...
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...EFFECT OF HEALTH PROMOTION IN TACKLING THE HEALTH OF BRITAIN AND THE RELATED ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS. Health promotion is a socially embodied "value field"; its mission is to promote a Sanitary culture, one that locates health at the top of a hierarchy of cultural values and social goals. It is concerned with the whole person, the relationships between individuals and their environments and the wider forces that shape health. However, this essay is going to focus health promotion on coronary heart disease .In this context, the role of health promotion is in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases like coronary heart disease. Heart disease comes in many different forms. The most common type of heart disease in Britain and in other Western countries is coronary heart disease (CHD). Coronary heart disease (CHD) also known as ischaemic heart disease, is the UK's biggest killer, causing around 82,000 deaths each year. About one in five men and one in eight women die from the disease. There are an estimated number of 2.7million people living with the condition and 2million people affected by angina, the most common symptom of coronary heart disease. In 1989, 92,480 men and 76,421 women died from coronary heart disease, an average of 460 people (the coronary prevention group, 1991). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries). The fatty deposits, called atheroma, are...
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...Social Marketing Campaigns and Children’s Media Use Social Marketing Campaigns and Children’s Media Use W. Douglas Evans Summary Media-related commercial marketing aimed at promoting the purchase of products and services by children, and by adults for children, is ubiquitous and has been associated with negative health consequences such as poor nutrition and physical inactivity. But, as Douglas Evans points out, not all marketing in the electronic media is confined to the sale of products. Increasingly savvy social marketers have begun to make extensive use of the same techniques and strategies used by commercial marketers to promote healthful behaviors and to counter some of the negative effects of conventional media marketing to children and adolescents. Evans points out that social marketing campaigns have been effective in helping to prevent and control tobacco use, increase physical activity, improve nutrition, and promote condom use, as well as other positive health behaviors. He reviews the evidence from a number of major recent campaigns and programming in the United States and overseas and describes the evaluation and research methods used to determine their effectiveness. He begins his review of the field of social marketing by describing how it uses many of the strategies practiced so successfully in commercial marketing. He notes the recent development of public health brands and the use of branding as a health promotion strategy. He then goes on ...
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...In Social Learning Theory, human behaviour is explained in terms of a three-way, dynamic, reciprocal theory in which personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior continually interact. A basic premise of Social Learning Theory is that people learn not only through their own experiences, but also by observing the actions of others and the results of those actions. In the 1970s, Albert Bandura published a comprehensive framework for understanding human behaviour, based on a cognitive formulation which he named the Social Cognitive Theory. That framework is currently the dominant version used in health behaviour and health promotion; however, it is still often referred to as Social Learning Theory. The impetus for this special issue on HIV came from a discussion a few years ago during which we established a shared interest in a revival of the sort of scholarly innovation that characterized the early years of the HIV epidemic. As far back as the early 1980s, social theorists, cultural, critics, artists and others created a vibrant body of work on HIV/AIDS. Working from various theoretical and disciplinary sites they steadfastly emphasized the ‘social’ for understanding the significance of AIDS and opened up new avenues for critiquing and re-imagining scientific, cultural and social responses to infectious disease. At its best, this work served also as an impetus for queer theory, various feminist critiques and a range of research under the rubric of science, medicine...
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...Social norms theory: this theory aims to understand the environment and interpersonal influences (such as peers) in order to change behaviour, which can be more effective than a focus on the individual to change behaviour. The social norm theory suggests our behaviour is influenced by the misperception of how people think. Ideal conditions for social norms marketing: the target market thinks “everyone is doing it” when in fact they are in the minority. The target market then engages in the desirable/undesirable behaviour using the justification “everyone is doing it” Misperception: it feeds itself and grows – if the norm is people are being safe, make the ‘norm’ more visible. Examples: Safe sex In reality people are being safe using condoms but people think that no one is using them. Drink driving: people believe its safer to not drink drive and not everyone drinks excessively – exception to the rule that if you make that more visible, people feel like they belong. The misperception is not reality – it’s appropriate to bring out the norm when the behaviour change (safe change) is the norm. The main idea is to make it more visible. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL: The health belie model is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviours. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals. Example Example of using health belief model – safe sex & HIV – what’s going to assist in likely behaviour change? Perceived susceptibility:...
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