...Anti-Cancer Drug Cost Regulations- Cost-Containment for the Pharmaceutical Companies Brenda Roberson University of Maryland University College Abstract Drug development is a long, inefficient, and expensive process and takes 10 to 15 years for development at a cost of about $1.3 billion (Nelson, 2014). When speaking of research and development (R&D) for new drugs; a large number of drugs that go through research do not make it to the FDA or the marketplace. Critics of pharmaceutical companies point out that only a small portion of the pharmaceutical companies’ expenditures account for research and development (R&D). The majority of the money’s spent in marketing and administration. There is also controversy over the $1.3 billion figure as an actual cost. Reported by Nelson (2014) Dr. Kantarjian of M.D. Anderson disputes the $1.3 billion figure for development; he believes this figure to be inflated to cover ancillary expenses, salaries, bonuses, stock market returns, and other indirect costs not related to R&D. The cost of cancer drug therapy is becoming impossible to justify or rationalize for both patient and society. New cancer drugs being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are typically costing upwards of $100,000 per year and many times used in combination with other agents (Bunnell, 2012, p. 932) increasing the cost even more. These high priced anti-cancer drugs achieve only marginal benefit for the patient. Benefits achievements of...
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...Health Disparities in Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes of Women in the United States The Health Resources and Services Administration, defines health disparities as “population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care” (Mandal, 2014). This paper will focus on the health disparities existing within the United States between women of various ethnicities. Specifically, the disparities we will discuss incorporate preterm births, low birth rates, and infant deaths. First, a brief background will be presented, followed by two solutions to combat the issue, and finally I will conclude with my recommendations for the foremost beneficial approach to combat these distressing disparities. Background...
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...Health Disparity as a Public Health Initiative A Public Health Initiative involves all the activities whose establishment points towards improving the present and forthcoming defines in the health sector. The significant aim of PHI encompasses from the provision of essentials that assists given countries to adhere to the practice of healthy policies. In the long run, it will in turn lead to the creation of various opportunities including research and training of health workers. One of the health initiatives involves the Health Disparity. There exists a broad discrimination in the event in which various patients receive health services. It, therefore, puts health disparity as one of the public health initiatives. In this regard, this paper discusses more health inequality and its relevance to the health sector (Barr, 2014). Health disparity is a standard issue in the present world. It is a matter that arises due to the distinctiveness in the ethnic background, the color difference of individuals and the even difference in the language spoken. However, in the event of finding a solution to the given disparity, there exist certain principles of economics for evaluating and assessing the need for health inequality. The first principle advocates for the equal treatment of everybody in need of medical attention. It is a principle whose aims majors in equity (Bayer, 2012). Regardless of an individual’s ethnic background, each and every person dwelling in the planet earth deserves...
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...gov/ehrmeaningfuluse/introduction.html You and your partner will work together to answer the following questions. Submit your completed assignment via the weekly dropbox. 1. What is Meaningful Use and when was it introduced? (2 points) Meaningful Use is when you use certified electronic health record technology. It was introduced on February 17, 2009. 2. List the 5 pillars in which the concept of Meaningful Use is based on. (5 points). * Improving quality, safety, efficiency, and reducing health disparities * Engage patients and families in their health * Improve care coordination * Improve population and public health Ensure adequate privacy and security protection for personal health information 3. List the three stages of Meaningful Use and give a brief description of each stage. You may need to research this further. (10 points) * Stage 1: electronic data capture and data sharing using an EHR technology * Stage 2: introduces new objectives and measures, as well as higher thresholds, requiring providers to extend EHR capabilities to a larger portion of their patient populations. * Stage 3: aims to simplify the program, drive interoperability between electronic health records, and improve patient outcomes. 4. What must an organization do to receive grants or funding to ensure they are compliant in Meaningful Use? (3 points). Organization must demonstrate that they are attempting to adopt, implement or upgrade certified HER technology...
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...First of all an article review is a writing giving your opinion on certain thing. It could be a product, a service, a movie, a book or even an article. Writing an article could be a little bit challenging for some people, but is not have to be hard. I am going to give you 5 tips on how to write an effective article review. 1. Research. If you going to talk about a service or product you have to know it well. Even the experience use in it would be very helpful. You have to know their uses. If you do not have used the product or service research about people who tried it. Writing about an article or movie well you know what you have to do, read it and see it. 2. Introduction paragraph. Give a brief overview of what is about, with no details. A few main points will be fine. 3. Give information. A description of what does, benefits or importance for the user. 4. Critique. This is the most important part of the article. Why did you recommend it? Why not recommend it? Give your opinion of why you like it or not. You can compare it to others similar to it as well. 5. Wrap it up. Make a conclusion of why you recommend it or not. There you have it. Follow this simple 5 steps and you can write effective article reviews and doing it fast. If you have questions or want to see some samples about articles review you can visit my blog. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/4513664 Here's an example of how a completed online article review looks, right out of our method; "The...
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...War on Drugs: Is It a Failure? Allen Overall COM/172 August 26, 2014 Denise Mclean Abstract The War on Drugs is a campaign of prohibition of drugs with the intent to define and reduce the illegal trade of drugs. The initiative includes a set of policies that intent to discourage the production, distribution and consumption of illegal drugs. Fundamental reforms in the National drug policy are required. The American War on Drugs has failed, with devastating consequences to societies and individuals. The consistent continued use of drugs and the increasing costs for controlling its usage is what makes this war a failure. More striking than the financial costs have been the broad societal implications: an attrition of civil liberties, a decreased ability to police violent crime, the inability to treat certain drugs as a health issue and denial of potentially effective medicine for patients. Introduction The United States has been through many great wars for many different causes, such as The American Revolutionary War, The American Civil War, The Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, The Vietnam War and the ongoing War on Drugs. The term “War on Drugs” was first used during President Richard Nixon’s 1971 term, when he officially declared the war. The War on Drugs” continues today, although drug use has been consistent throughout the forty three year period of the war. All drug use has remained steady despite the militarization of the drug war as the data below...
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...San Diego County Community Health Rhonda Mohler Western Governors University Community Health and Population Focused Nursing C228 Marc Gayol June 30, 2014 San Diego County Community Health San Diego California shares a border with Mexico and has an estimated population of 3,211,252. It is a diverse and multicultural population comprised of 32.7% Hispanics, 47.6% Whites, 11.6% Asians, and 5.6% are Blacks (State & County QuickFacts, n.d.). San Diego has a long history with the US Military; it has six Bases and one US Coast Guard Station ("San Diego Military Bases," n.d.). San Diego is the second largest city in California, is rapidly growing, and is known for its temperate year-round climate and sandy beaches. It has many parks with open space, lakes and reservoirs, recreation activities, senior citizens services, and community safety services. San Diego also has multiple public services, excellent public schools, state of the art hospitals and clinics, and public transportation which include trains and trolleys (Community Services, n.d.). Sam Diegans can go to a museum, an opera, and attend an NFL game all in the same day. San Diego is an amazing place to live and has a lot to offer its citizens, but steps need to be taken to identify and evaluate disease in the community in order to promote optimal health and ensure the well-being of all San Diegans. Epidemiology is the study of disease in the community and then evaluating the reasons why the disease or condition...
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...Windshield Survey Summary and Reflection Valerie Kwiecien Healthy Communities: Theory and Practice Nur 405 Karen Harriman March 18, 2013 Windshield Survey Summary and Reflection Define Community Community is defined as an organization of individuals whom live in a geographical area that has boundaries. These individuals may share the same culture and values. The individuals are arranged in a social structure as related to relationships, which the community has developed over a length of time. Common beliefs are shared and by doing this the members of the community acquire their own personal and identity within the society. The beliefs and values that have been developed by the community previously may be modified in the future (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Define Community Health Community health is defined as an ongoing series of changes that promote health (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). The changes occur within the community between the nurse and the community. Community health has three components. The status of the community, the structure, and the process of the community. The status of the community includes morbidity and mortality rates as well as risk factor profiles. The structure of community health is the services and resources within the community. The process of community health looks at how the communities solve problems. Define Community as a Client The community as a client is defined as a situation...
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...Summary * During the early 1970s, women of color were subjected to a sterilization abuse where social workers and the government would sterilize them without their consent. * Tubal ligation was formerly the most prevalent form of sterilization in the United States. * With technological advances, new forms of contraceptives have been developed and marketed by pharmaceutical companies. * Two temporary forms of sterilization were introduced and approved in the 1990s, which include Norplant and Depo-Provera. Norplant is a contraceptive that can sterilize a woman for up to five years. * The policy makers in U.S passed a bill that made Norplant contraceptive to be mandatory for women on public aid and mostly targeted women of color. * This raised a concern, as many believed that the government was using Norplant as a punitive racially targeted population control measure. * Such move was similar to the forceful sterilization that was popular in the 1960s and 1970s within the southern states. * Depo-Provera was introduced as a substitute for Norplant after the late was proven to have several side effects, and research shows that black and Hispanic women use the drug more than the white women do. * Slide 1 * Depo-Provera (DP) refers to an injection aimed at preventing ovulation for a period of three months, and it was introduced because of the many benefits it has to other contraceptives. * A single DP injection prevents conception for...
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...development of risk management and quality improvement. Historical Development (Name, Year) Founder of Event Nature of Development Importance to Development of Risk Management and Quality Improvement 1. The National Health care Quality Report, 2011 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality The nature of the development is to monitor and control nationally the quality of care in the United States. These reports measure trends in effectiveness of care, patient safety, timeliness of care, patient centeredness, and efficiency of care. In the 20th century new chapters on care coordination, health system infrastructures are put into place. The reports present, in chart form, the latest available findings on quality of and access to health care. According to Priority areas for national action: Transforming health care quality (2003), the committee decided a framework would be useful in helping to identify potential candidates for the priority areas.The framework encompasses four domains of care, they are the following; Staying healthy (preventive care). Getting better (acute care). Living with illness/disability (chronic care). Coping with end of life (palliative care) (Priority areas for national action: Transforming health care quality, 2003). 2. Health People 2010, 2010 Department...
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...Page 1 The World Health Organisation (World Health Organisation, 2008) states that the indigenous peoples of Australia are one of the most disadvantaged indigenous groups in the developed world. The health of the Indigenous population of Australia is an increasingly pressing issue. Current research and statistics reveals great inequality in many areas of health care and health status between the Aboriginal people and the general population of Australia. Couzos and Murray (2008, p. 29) report that the Indigenous population has “the worst health status of any identifiable group in Australia, and the poorest access to health systems.” This paper will examine the underlying historical contexts and contributing factors that have lead to the current disparity between the health of the Indigenous Australians and non-Indigenous Australians. Furthermore, the high prevalence of chronic health issues such as diabetes will be analysed and community health initiatives that are needed or currently being enacted will be identified. Many reasons for the current appalling state of health and wellbeing of the Australian Aboriginal people can be explained by examining their recent history to the devastating impacts of colonisation, genocidal policy, loss of land and years of oppression. These several hundred years of cultural destruction, dispossession and social and political upheaval have resulted in generations of trauma and grief (Burke, 2006, para. 4). As reported by Forsyth (2007, p. 35-36)...
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...1 HLTH 21: Health Education Spring 2012 Course Orientation This course is all about what YOU want and need to know about personal, family, and community health with an emphasis on epidemiology of disease, nutritional behavior, communicable disease, disease prevention, mental health, and substance abuse. It's really up to you to decide how much you want to get out of this course in terms of meeting your personal and professional goals. Learning Outcomes By the end of this course, students should be able to: Assess health behavior choices, apply that information to everyday life for the improvement of individual, family, and community well-being. Identify preconceived ideas about knowledge, values, and behavior that affect health and compare with established research and accepted scientific evidence. How to be Successful in this Course Plan to spend at least 9 hours per week on this course. Login and keep up with readings, discussions, and quizzes on a weekly basis. Click on Course Map and get familiar with it. First, introduce yourself in the Discussion Forum. Before you begin with the Module readings, take some time to get to know your classmates. Click on the Discussion and Private Messages link to the left of your screen. Click on Discussion Forum titled: Introductions Post a message to tell us a little bit about yourself such as your major, degree plans, career goals, hobbies/interests, and why you are taking this course. Read your...
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...I E S IN T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S THE ECONOMIC BURDEN OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES Thomas A. LaVeist, Ph.D. Darrell J. Gaskin, Ph.D. Patrick Richard, Ph.D. September 2009 foreward Not everyone in the United States enjoys the same health opportunities. Studies show that minority Americans experience poorer than average health outcomes from cradle to the grave. They are much more likely to die as infants, have higher rates of diseases and disabilities, and have shorter life spans. As the U.S. Congress and the Obama Administration work toward enactment of legislation to reform America’s health care system, a central focus of the debate has been the projected cost of ensuring accessible and affordable health care to every citizen. While some have struggled with the premise that health care reform can actually reduce health-related spending, the experience of racial and ethnic minorities under our current health care system is a strong indication that improving opportunities for good health – and minimizing inequities in health care access and outcomes – may well be good for the nation’s fiscal health, as well. This study, commissioned by the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies and carried out by leading researchers from Johns Hopkins University and the University of Maryland, provides important insight into how much of a financial burden racial disparities are putting on our health care system and society at large. The researchers examined the...
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...signed by President Obama on March 23, 2010 as the means to enforce Health Insurance reform. Its main object is to make Health Insurance and Preventive care accessible and affordable to the American population. The Affordable Care Act The ACA major components include: Medicaid expansion, allowing states the opportunity to expand their existing Medicaid programs to include, (OPA, 1015) “individuals under 65 years of age with incomes up to 133% of the federal poverty level… (as well as) certain low-income adults without children” (Medicaid Expansion). Health Insurance Marketplace (HIM), available for access to individuals and small businesses enabling them to compare a variety of plans on the basis of price, quality and benefits and to choose the most affordable option according to their needs. The proposed three models are State Operated, State and Government Operated, and Federal Government Operated, for States that choose not to establish a program. Under the ACA, health services provided by all Insurance companies (participating or not on the HIM) are required to offer individuals and small businesses, affordable health Insurance plans that allow access to ten services identified as Essential Health Benefits (EHB). EHB services include, Ambulatory and Emergency services, Hospitalization, Maternity and newborn care, Mental health, substance use disorder, and behavioral health treatment, Prescription drugs, Rehabilitative and “habilitative” services and devices, Laboratory...
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...As public attitudes towards drugs begin to change, and the failure that is prohibition slowly dies, the populace is demanding a better drug policy from the state. The status quo of developed nations’ drug policies is prohibition, which has had minimal success to date. It continues to unfairly punish those who choose to use narcotics, and only harming themselves. In 2008, the United Nations estimated that globally, approximately 200 million people took illicit drugs at least once in the past year. The use of illicit drugs has proven to be nearly impossible to control, and the state would be better off allocating its drug enforcement resources to other sectors, such as drug treatment. Portugal portrays an accurate depiction of the effectiveness of a decriminalized state focusing on harm reduction. The state’s drug policy should be a total legalization of all drugs, with an emphasis on harm reduction, public health, and strict regulations. Prohibition has caused more harm than good for minorities and developing nations. For over a century, prohibition was believed to be the only effective method of controlling drug usage; this is no longer the case. Thus, the main objectives of prohibition are pointless to begin with. The current prohibition laws have created vast economic disparities for millions of minorities. The skewed enforcement of drug laws on minorities allows for discretionary arrest, making victimization is all too easy. Tougher drug laws are the reason why 29% of black...
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