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AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 2 (APRIL-JUNE) 2009, pp. 205-210
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AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 2 (APRIL-JUNE) 2009

An Experimental Study on Hypolipidemic effect of some selected Rûksha Guna drugs
SANGRAM MISHRA *

R. R. DWIVEDI**

B. RAVISHANKAR*** B. K. ASHOK****

Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar.

ABSTRACT : Âyurveda as well as Philosophies accepted the Guna as the basic entity of the Srishti.
Gunas can be classified under various categories like Âdhyâtmika Guna, Gurvâdi Guna, Parâdi Guna,
Vishistha Guna. For the treatment purpose Gurvâdi Gunas are widely used. Among them the Snigdha
Guna and Rûksha Guna are widely used in the Samhitâs. This study has been carried out to establish the
Rûksha property drugs on animals as a hypolipidemic effect on induced hyperlipidemia animals. The drugs selected were having Rûksha property by Rasa panchaka. The drugs were Vachâ (Acorus calamus
Linn), Kushtha (Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke), Haridra (Curcuma longa Linn), Daruharidrâ (Berberis aristata
DC), Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica), Karanja (Pongamia pinnata Pierre). All the drugs are having Lekhana property and Srotosodhaka karma due to Rûksha property. Based on this promise the test drug (Rûksha
Guna) had been studied on various experimental models such as body weight, weight of liver, heart and kidney, food intake and faecal out put, water intake, total faecal fat content etc. The selected drugs are the representative of highest magnitude of Rûksha property which are able to influence Dîpana and Pâchana property and the test drug was administered with the simultaneous administration of hyperlipidemia inducing diet, but the biochemical values are found under control.
Key words : Hyperlipidemia, Rûksha Guna, Dîpana, Pachana, Experimental models.

INTRODUCTION
The Âyurvedic term “Bheshaja Pariksha” can be considered as equivalent to the term drug examination and evaluation. In Âyurveda, the drugs which are not scientifically explored have been totally condemned, for example Charaka says, “A drug that is not understood perfectly is comparable to poison, fire or the thunderbolt, while the drug which is properly understood is comparable to ambrosia. (Cha.Su.1/124)1.”
In this clinical science, all concepts are having their practical utility. One of the concepts is Guna, which has multifold meanings according to its use, like in social, cultural, philosophical and literary field2. The concepts of Âyurveda are expressed with Gunas3 .
Gunas can be classified under various categories like
Âdhyâtmika Guna, Gurvâdi Guna, Parâdi Guna,
Vishishta Guna. For the treatment purpose Gurvâdi gunas are widely used. The functional property of
Snigdha is Sneha, Mrudutâ (softness), Ârdratâ
(malleability)4,5.It stimulates Kapha and normalizes
Vâta and also increases Mala Similarly the functional property of Rûksha is dryness. It increases Vâta and normalizes Kapha, decreases Bala, Varna (normal colour). In the general treatment two principles are
*
**
***
****

Ph.D. (Ayu.), Dept. of Basic Principles.
Professor & H.O.D - Basic Principles.
Head -Pharmacology Laboratory.
Senior Research Fellow (CCRAS) - Pharmacology
Lab.

adopted i.e. Santarpana & Apatarpana. The increased elements are treated by opposite Guna6 . So if Rûksha
Guna is increased, then it is to be managed by Snigdha
Guna and vice-versa. So diseases can be treated by applying the two Gunas and drugs for the required patient can be selected by applying these Gunas7 .
The aim of the present research work is to observe the effect of Rûksha Guna on Snigdhatâ of animals by providing some selected Rûksha Guna d rugs after increasing the Snigdha Guna in the animals. It was thought worthwhile to supplement the concept with experimental studies in laboratory animals. There are chances that certain factors like status of Agni (metabolic activity) and changes in organs with biochemical parameters may be assessed more specifically with objective manner in animals.
Aims and Objectives:
The present study was undertaken with the following aims and objectives17:
1. To assess the effect of Rûksha Guna through various experiments in the animals.
2. Pharmacological evaluation of test drug formulation to assess its effect on lipid profile of albino rats for possible use as hypolipidaemic agent.
3. To assess the action of test drug on Dîpana Pâchana activity in experimental animals.

206

Hypolipidemic effect of Rûksha Guna Drugs : Mishra S. et. al.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Procurement of test drug : T he test formulation “Medicinal group A” contains following drugs viz. Vachâ, Kushtha, Haridrâ 1 0,
Dâruharidrâ, Chîtraka 8, and Karanja7, 11,12 in equal amount. All the drugs were procured from Pharmacy of I.P.G.T. & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, finely powdered and processed with Karanja tvak decoction and tablets of 500mg each were prepared by adopting standard procedure.
Animals : Wister strain albino rats of either sex weighing between 170-290g were selected for the study from the animal house attached to the institute.
They were housed at 22 ± 2ºC with constant humidity
50 - 60%, on a 12th n atural day and night cycles.
They were fed with diet Amrut brand rat pellet feed supplied by Pranav Agro Industries and tap water ad libitum. The experiments were carried out in accordance with the directions of the Institutional
Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC).
Dose selection & schedule : The dose of the test drug was calculated by extrapolating the human dose to animals based on the body surface area ratio by referring to the standard table of Paget & Barnes,
(1969)9. The test drug was suspended in tap water
(360mg/ml) and administered orally at a volume of
0.5 ml/100g body weight.
Statistical analysis : The data generated during the study was subjected to students‘t’ test for unpaired data to assess the statistical significance. A ‘p’ value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Experimental procedure : The experiment was carried out by the method designed by Ravishankar
B. et al. w ith slight modifications 13, 14 ,15, 16. It is carried out in two phases viz. Phase I and Phase II.
Phase - I : Preliminary study :
The selected rats of either sex were assigned to 3 groups. The first group receiving tap water served as normal control group, second as cholesterol control group to which only hyperlipidaemic diet (The hydrogenated vegetable oil and cholesterol extrapure powder made in to suspension (20%) in coconut oil in the dose of 0.5 ml/100 g body weight) was administered and the third group was administered with test drug along with hyperlipidaemic diet . Initial weights of selected animals were taken and they

were placed in individual metabolic cages used which had special arrangements for preventing admixture of food with the faecal material. Also faecal material could be collected as the urine was drained out with the specific arrangements.
Phase - II : Therapeutic study :
This phase of the study was started on 6 th d ay and continued till 16th day. At this phase also the food consumption, faecal output and water intake were assessed as mentioned in preliminary study and hyperlipidaemic diet was continued (given at evening hours). The test formulation was administered
(morning hours) from 6th d ay and continued up to
15th d ay. On the 16 th d ay after overnight fasting, the rats were sacrificed by stunning and severing of jugular vessels, blood was collected and sent for biochemical investigations. From the sacrificed animals, liver, kidney and heart were dissected out and weight was noted and transferred to (including aorta) fixing solution (10% formalin). The tissues were processed for histo-pathological examinations following standard procedure 2 3 t o note down cytoarchitectural disturbances if any. Other parameters studied were changes in body weight, weight of liver, heart and kidney, food intake and faecal out put, water intake and total faecal fat content and also serum biochemical parameters like serum total cholesterol21, serum triglyceride21, serum
LDL cholesterol 21, Blood sugar 18, serum urea 19 , serum creatinine22, and serum alkaline phosphatase20 activity. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
The results obtained in the present study are given in the form of consolidated statement in the following table. (Table No. 1)
Table No. 2 shows the effect Medicinal group
A on food consumption, food conversion ratio and faecal output in Wistar rats. The data presented by
Mean ± SEM where 6 animals in each group. A ‘p’ value less than 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Table No. 3 shows the effect Medicinal group
A on various biochemical parameters of Wistar rats.
The data presented by Mean ± SEM where 6 animals in each group. A ‘p’ value less than 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. A ‘p’ Value less than 0.001 is considered as statistically highly significant.

207

AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 2 (APRIL-JUNE) 2009

TABLE NO. 1 : CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF THE OBSERVATION AND RESULTS :
Parameters
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Cholesterol control*

Medicinal group A**

—NSE
NSE
SI

NSI
NSE
NSE
NSE

SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
NSE
—NSE
NSE
NSE
—-

NSE
NSE
NSE
NSE
NSE
NSE
NSE
NSE
NSE
NSE
NSE
NSE

Body weight
Liver weight
Heart weight
Kidney weight
Biochemical parameters
a. Blood sugar
b. Serum triglyceride
c. Total cholesterol
d. Serum creatinine
e. Serum uric acid
f. Alkaline phosphatase
g. Serum total protein
Total lipid content in faecal matter
Food conversion ratio
Food consumption
Faecal output
Water intake

*- In comparison to normal control group; ** - In comparison to cholesterol control group
NSE - No significant effect;
SI- Significant increase
TABLE NO. 2 : EFFECT OF TEST DRUG MEDICINAL GROUP A ON FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD CONVERSION RATIO AND
FAECAL OUTPUT :
Parameters

Control

Cholesterol control

Test drug

Preliminary phase

17.86 ± 00.66

13.46 ± 02.38

14.31 ± 01.95

Therapeutic phase

16.40 ± 00.85

14.41 ± 02.01

15.59 ± 02.32

Food consumption (g)

Faecal output (g)
Preliminary phase

02.81 ± 00.14

02.52 ± 00.51

02.95 ± 00.49

Therapeutic phase

02.31 ± 00.10

02.10 ± 00.38*

02.38 ± 00.47

Food conversion ratio
Preliminary phase

06.41 ± 00.31

06.08 ± 01.03

05.41 ± 01.19

Therapeutic phase

08.41 ± 00.52

07.99 ± 01.41*

07.92 ± 01.38

: Decrease, * p < 0.05,

Data : Mean ± SEM

TABLE NO. 3 : THE EFFECT OF TEST DRUG MEDICINAL GROUP A ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS :
Parameters

Control

Cholesterol control

Test drug

S. Triglycerides(mg/dl)

64.66 ± 04.77

107.50 ± 09.91** 

100.08 ± 04.39 

S. Cholesterol (mg/dl)

64.16 ± 06.56

88.67 ± 06.35* 

79.80 ± 06.83 

S. Creatinine(mg/dl)

00.66 ± 00.03

00.87 ± 00.04 ***

00.82 ± 00.03 

S. Uric acid (mg/dl)

01.28 ± 00.06

02.12 ± 00.17*** 

02.28 ± 00.32 

ALP activity(IU/L)

149.83 ± 12.59

245.00 ± 20.23** 

232.80 ± 33.48 

: Decrease, : Increase, * p < 0.05,

** p< 0.01,

*** p< 0.001

DISCUSSION
Experimental models have been selected based on the presumption that the Agni is the main factor for the conversion of Snigdha to Rûksha. For assessment of role of Rûksha Guna the Dîpana - Pâchana activities were considered appropriate. For this purpose three experimental models were selected viz. food

consumption ratio, water intake and faecal output.
These three models were suggested earlier by Dwivedi
R. R., Dixit U. D. and Ravishankar B. to assess the effect of test drug on Agni and the same has been incorporated in this present study to assess the functions of Pitta in general as well as on Agni too. As Agni is related to Dîpana and Pâchana effect of body, so the

Hypolipidemic effect of Rûksha Guna Drugs : Mishra S. et. al.

study was done with the relation to Dîpana and Pâchana.
This protocol is in use for more than over a decade and is considered as a good model for assessing Dîpana and
Pâchana effects there by helpful in assessing the status of Agni13,14,15,16.
Effect on body weight : A moderate increase in the body weight was observed in test drug treated group in comparison to cholesterol control group but it is not up to significant level due to variation in data. The test drugs are Rûksha by Guna and Lekhana and Pâchana in nature.
It also indirectly indicate the increase in the Pâchana effect on the food consumed (Table-2). In normal conditions, Pâchana property increases the food assimilation, leading to increase in body weight, but in hyperlipidaemic conditions the Pâchana drugs will act on excessive fat, the net result is comparative decrease in the rate of body weight gain. Thus in the present study a
19.62% higher body weight gain rate was observed in test drug administered group in comparison to cholesterol control. Enhanced food intake is considered to indicate increased Dîpana property. Decreased faecal out put without concomitant increase in the food conversion ratio
(Table -2) is considered to indicate increase in the
Pâchana property. Dîpana property is mainly concerned with food breakdown and digestion. If there is decrease in food digestion, there may be reflex inhibition in food intake. Pâcana property is concerned with assimilation of digested food into body constituents. Any change in it will be reflected by the changes in food conversion ratio and body weight.
Analysis of the data shows increase (08.94%) in food intake at therapeutic phase in the test drug administered group in comparison to cholesterol control group but the observed increase is not statistically significant. That means the test Drugs have a good
Dîpana property by which it could increase the food intake property. Faecal output : The perusal of the data generated shows that test drug administration decreased the faecal output up to 19.32% in comparison to cholesterol control group, but it was not sufficient to reach statistically significant level in both preliminary phase and therapeutic phase in comparison to cholesterol control group.
Decreased faecal output with concomitant increase in the food conversion ratio is considered to indicate increase in the Pâchana property.
This type of activity may be indicative of the
Rûksha Guna present in the test drugs. The increase in food intake without affecting the food conversion ratio

208

and decreasing faecal output (Table-2) is suggestive of the increased Dîpana. But since there was an increase in the weight gain pattern in hyperlipidaemic rats, the drugs were not able to act on metabolism to cause comparative body weight reduction with respect to normal rats. Effect on total lipid content in faecal matter :
A marginal to moderate 2.00% decrease in total lipid content in faecal matter was observed in test drug treated group at drug free preliminary phase and therapeutic phase respectively in comparison to control. It clearly shows the drug has moderate action on fat metabolism and it expels the fat through faeces showing an action of
Srotoshodhana and Sramsana activity with the assimilation activity of Pâchana property.
Effect on water intake : During preliminary phase a moderate and statistically non significant decrease in water intake was observed in test drug treated group in comparison to control group. Decrease in water consumption may be related to increase in the Snigdha property in the body.
Effect on organ weight : Analysis of the data shows increase in both absolute and (8.87%) relative liver weight in the test drug administered group in comparison to cholesterol control group, but the observed increase is not statistically significant. The test drug did not affect both absolute and relative weight of the heart and kidney to significant extent in comparison to cholesterol control group. The only inference which can be drawn on the basis of the available data is that Rûksha Guna has influence on organ's weights. As Snigdha property diet
(Cholesterol provocating diet i.e. Cholesterol and Ghee) administered simultaneously with the Rûksha Guna test drug and the Snigdha Guna developed in the organs would have been counteracted by the test drug.
Biochemical parameters : T he next set of parameters that was taken into consideration is the effect of Test Drug administration on the Serum Lipid Profile.
Administration of cholesterol along with coconut oil and hyderogenated oil lead to significant hyperlipdemic condition as reflected in the form of significant elevation in total cholesterol and triglyceride level in these rats in comparison to normal control. Test drug with sufficient magnitude of Rûkshatâ are expected to reverse this hyperlipidemic condition. If this presumption is correlated with findings of this study then this would be an ideal protocol to ascertain Rûkshatâ in a drug. Analysis of the result indicates that the test drug produced weak to moderate decrease in serum triglyceride (Table-3) and serum cholesterol (Table-3) levels. With the simultaneous

209

administration of hyperlipidemic diet with test drug, it has been observed that the biochemical parameters were under control with decreasing result, which is not statistically significant. It shows the Test Drug tablet has a good magnitude of Rûkshatâ as a property.
The other important changes occurring during
Hyperlipedemic state are increased blood sugar level, increased serum creatinine level (Table-3), increased alkaline phosphatase activity and increased serum uric acid level (Table-3). These changes can be attributed to increased Snigdhatâ of the diet. In the present study as observed in the case of serum lipid level, marginal antagonism of elevation in most of these parameters was observed in test drug administered group. That is marginal reversal of the increase in the activity or level of the above parameters except serum uric acid. This can be taken to represent presence of Rûksha Guna in the test drug. Effect on serum creatinine : In hyperlipidemic rats moderate elevation in serum creatinine level is observed in comparison to normal rats. This increase is indicative of disturbance in the kidney functioning. This observation along with the fact that hyperlipidemia leads to increase in kidney weight would suggest that higher level of Snigdhatâ in the body is detrimental to the kidney function. In treated group a marginal decrease on serum creatinine level (05.74%) was observed in comparison to cholesterol control group. This may be considered to represent presence of Rûkshatâ in it.
Effect on Alkaline phosphatase : T he test formulation exhibited weak attenuation of Alkaline phosphatase elevation by combating the Snigdhatâ, indicating Rûkshatâ property in it (Table-3).
Effect on Serum uric acid : Effect of test drug on serum uric acid shows a marginal increase (07.54%) in test formulation treated group in comparison to cholesterol control group. The raise can be attributed to two reasons- as already mentioned it is indicative of increased metabolism of uric acid and the second is it reflects the status of kidney functioning. It can be suggested that increased Snigdhatâ influences purine metabolism and impairs kidney function. The changes in the weight of the kidney, increased serum creatinine level and the increased serum uric acid level are all indicative of disturbance in the kidney function too, of which are marginally reversed by the test drug indicating presence of Rûkshatâ in it which can counteract the Snigdhatâ property, which may be for improper kidney function.
Effect on total protein : The proteins are the chief solids of the plasma, an increase in total protein is called

AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 2 (APRIL-JUNE) 2009

hyperproteinaemia and it may occur due to high level of plasma globulins. The serum total protein level is increased during inflammation due to the increased protein synthesis. In test formulation treated group an apparent marginal decrease was observed in comparison to cholesterol control group. The decrease was found to be statistically non-significant. This indicates measurement of serum protein level is not likely to provide information about the Snigdhatâ or Rûkshatâ attributes in a test formulation. Histopathological study :
Mild micro fatty changes were observed in the liver sections obtained from rats fed hyperlipidemic diet.
In test drug administered group these changes were absent. Kidney sections obtained from different groups exhibited normal cytoarchitecture. There were no differences in the microscopic profile. The heart shows administration of hyperlipidemic diet leading to mild to moderate myocarditis as could be seen in cholesterol and coconut oil fed group. These changes were found to be attenuated in test drug administered groups.
CONCLUSION
The selected drugs are the representative of highest magnitude of Rûksha property which are able to influence Dîpana and Pâchana activity. The test Drug was administered with the simultaneous administration of hyperlipidemia induced diet, but the Biochemical values are in under control. It is indicative of Rûksha Guna which can counteract the Snigdhatâ of body. The test drugs were able to maintain the normal tissue profile of the organs though the hyperlipidemia induced diet was administered. Though the test drug conceptually, is supposed to have highest magnitude of Rûksha property, it was not found sufficient to antagonize the probable highest level of Snigdhatâ achieved through administration of hyperlipidemic diet. Nevertheless, tendency towards reversal of Snigdhatâ is observed in many biochemical parameters. Based on this premise it can be suggested that it may at least, moderately counteract to Vaikrita
Sneha in hyperlipidemia state.
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210

Hypolipidemic effect of Rûksha Guna Drugs : Mishra S. et. al.

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