...The Effect of Hearing Loss on Auditory Perception and Behavior Three basic types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. These categories are according to which part of the auditory system is damaged. Conductive hearing loss happens when the sound is reduced due to problems with the outer ear canal, eardrum, or tiny bones (ossicles) in the middle ear. There is often an inability to hear faint sounds. Fluid in the middle ear, ear infections, allergies, perforated eardrum, impacted earwax, and “swimmer’s ear” are some of the most common causes of conductive hearing loss and can be corrected either medically or surgically. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) happens when there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea), or the nerve pathways between the inner ear and the brain. This type of hearing loss is usually permanent whether it is the inability to hear faint sounds or unclear, muffled sounds. This hearing loss is often caused by genetics (hereditary), illnesses, certain types of drugs, aging, head trauma, or exposure to loud noise. There are times when there is a combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss, it is known as mixed hearing loss. According to Joseph Nadol, hearing loss is “among the most common chronic neural impairments in the U.S. population” (Nadol, 1993). Damage to the outer, middle, or inner ear or auditory nerves can be present. Auditory perception means...
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...In the linguistic evolution, the child must go through to achieve a good language, starting from babbling to first words or phrases. This process frequently appears in the first months. However, that time or specific age at which a child begins to talk may vary depending on many factors. One of the most important is hearing, but it is not the only factor, there are many other factors that influence such as sex (girls tend to improve their language skills, cognitive abilities and general development long before the boys) and among the most important is the stimulation that is given to the child. Hence, the family plays a very important role in the emergence and development of verbal language of the...
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...Sensation, Perception, and Attention Sensation, Perception, and Attention The abilities for sensation, perception, and attention vary from person to person. Many obstacles to communicating successfully are comparable from person to person, once these obstacles are perceived, steps can be taken to avoid these obstacles. Some people can attend a cocktail party and listen to multiple conversations at once while comprehending most of what is said. Other people can only hear one or two conversations and make any sense of them. These personal thresholds will differ according to environmental and personal factors. Some people can control their environment by minimizing noise, obtaining enough sleep and taking care of themselves in general, attending to these needs first will help a person to focus on what is perceived as important, whether it is at a conference or a cocktail party. Many students listen to classical music when studying, Mozart being the first choice. Studies have shown that listening to classical music helps one to concentrate on the task at hand, and helps to eliminate minor outside distractions. Amanda Rivera Part A: It is important to minimize distractions when reaching an auditory threshold. It is very hard for me to be able to hear anything when there is a lot of noise or distraction. When I try to work on my assignments for class, I have to make sure that my son is in bed, the television is cut off, and the only sounds are the air conditioner humming...
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...Are Intelligence and Personality Stable Across Adulthood and Into Old Age? Kristin K. Lilienthal PSY101: Introduction to Psychology Instructor: Tiffani Edmunds Are Intelligence and Personality Stable Across Adulthood and Into Old Age? Before a child is born the process of learning begins. A child learns to react to the sound of its parent’s voice, music, and even his mother’s feelings, and a little personality starts to develop. Once a child is born every moment of its day becomes a learning experience as he or she uses his senses to explore the world. How someone learns, retains what is learned, and one’s personality is shaped by life experiences and the knowledge gained from those experiences. Although there may be some changes in cognitive skills and personality as a person moves from middle to late adulthood, the reason for the change is not based on physical age, the changes are the result of the experiences of the individual. As an individual ages there are some natural stages and changes they often go through. Adolescence and young adulthood is a time where an individual starts to explore their identity and lifestyle and assert their independence from the family unit. Individuals may often enter this period under a “cognitive apprenticeship.” A cognitive apprenticeship is “an instructional model wherein parents, siblings, other adults, and especially teachers serve as a combination of model, guide tutor, mentor, and coach to foster intellectual growth among...
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...typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue. Neuroma- another term for neurofibrousa Paralysis- the loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury. Tay sachs- disease (also known as GM2 gangliosidosis or hexosaminidase A deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Tension headache- headaches are the most common type of headaches among adults. They are commonly referred to as stress headaches Chapter 11 Chapter Assesment: Terms: Alzheimer’s disease- progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the most common cause of premature senility. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- a progressive degeneration of the motor neurons of the central nervous system, leading to wasting of the muscles and paralysis. Anencephaly- is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. It is a cephalic...
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...sensation. What happens if people are denied on this contact, if they deprived of stimulation form the senses? However, recent research has made it more difficult to draw a clear line between sensation and perception. That research shows that the process of interpreting sensations begins in the sense organs themselves and continues into the brain. Even previous experience can shape what you sense, causing you not to notice. Sensory Systems The senses gather information about the world by detecting various forms of energy, such as sound, light, heat, and physical pressure. For example, the eyes detect light energy, the ears detect the of sound , and the skin detects the energy of heat and pressure. Humans depend primarily on vision, hearing, and the skin senses to gain information about the world: they depend less than other animals on smell and taste. There are also senses that provide information to the brain from the rest of the body. All of these senses must detect stimuli, encode them into neural activity, and transfer this coded information to the brain. Steps in Sensation At each step, sensory information is processed in some way: the information that arrives at one point in the system is not the same as to the information that goes to the next step. In some sensory systems, the first step in sensation involves accessory structures, which modify the stimulus. The lens of the eye is an accessory structure that changes incoming light by focusing it; the outer part...
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...At Risk Identification Introduction: The image of the child with disability in India is many faceted. The perception, who is “disabled” and “who has the disability”, is influenced by the social context that the child lives in, and not necessarily by the nature and degree of child’s impairment. A child with a mild form of disability may face exclusion in her contact, while another one with severe form of disability may experience no discrimination. The reasons for such variability in response to disability, understandably, lie in the social, cultural, religious, economic, and demographic heterogeneity of the Indian society. Factors affecting child’s development. Child’s development is affected by three subsystems, which forms the crux of child’s environment. 1) Physical and Social setting in child’s daily life i.e. physical context and people who interact with the child in that setting. The Indian child is never alone when young. The child is usually in close physical contact with the mother, sibling, or other kin. 2) Customs of childcare & socialization- All communities and culturally distinct subgroups have fairly well understood set of customs and practices regarding childcare. The child with disability receives parental care underscored by these customs, the specifics being guided by caste, social class, and ethnicity. 3) Parental beliefs of behaviour expected of children i.e. familial & community experience in socialization of children. It is important...
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...myself and iBottom of Form The Scientific Method Psychology is, like any science, a branch of knowledge that deals with a body of facts systematically arranged and shows the operation of general laws. In all sciences, including psychology, a special procedure, the scientific method, must be used to collect data to answer a question or to solve a problem. The scientific method not only answers the question at hand but also is used to construct scientific theories. A theory is systematically organized knowledge applicable in a wide variety of circumstances. (The amount of information available in any science is too vast to be useful unless it is organized through the use of theories.) Theories are also used to predict events or to answer questions in a specific scientific discipline. In psychology, theories are used to organize and predict behavior and mental processes. The findings of a particular study may support or lead to the alteration of a theory.While the scientific method doesn't provide a step-by-step recipe for dealing with specific circumstances, it does provide general guidelines for the following procedures in any scientific data collection. Formulation of the problem, design of the study, collection of data, analysis of data, conclusions drawn from data. The description of a study, its procedures, and its conclusions is frequently published as an article in a scientific journal. Careful attention to following the scientific method allows a second investigator to replicate or refute the...
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...MILESTONES OF DEVELOPMENT | INFANCY & TODDLERHOOD | AGE | PHYSICAL | COGNITIVE | LANGUAGE | EMOTIONAL/ SOCIAL | Birth -6 Months | Rapid height & weight gain. | Engages in immediate imitation and deferred imitation of adults facial expressions. | Engages in cooing and babbling. | Shows signs of almost all basic emotions (happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust). | | Reflexes decline. | Repeats chance behaviors leading to pleasurable and interesting results. | Establishes joint attention with caregiver, who labels objects and events. | Social smile and laughter emerge. | | Sleep organized into a day-night schedule. | Aware of object permanence and other object properties in habituation-dishabituation tasks. | | Matches adults emotional expressions during face-to-face interaction. | | Holds head up, rolls over, and reaches for object. | Attention becomes more efficient. | | Emotional expressions become better organized and clearly tied to social events. | | Can be classically and operantly conditioned. | Recognition memory for people, places, and objects improves. | | I-self emerges. | | Habituates to unchanging stimuli; dishabituates to novel stimuli. | Forms perceptual categories based on objects and similar features. | | | | Hearing well developed; by the end of this period, displays greater sensitivity to speech sounds of own language. | | | | | Depth and pattern perception emerge and improve...
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...psychology Course Description Effective Fall 2013 AP Course Descriptions are updated regularly. Please visit AP Central ® (apcentral.collegeboard.org) to determine whether a more recent Course Description PDF is available. The College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is made up of more than 5,900 of the world’s leading educational institutions and is dedicated to promoting excellence and equity in education. Each year, the College Board helps more than seven million students prepare for a successful transition to college through programs and services in college readiness and college success — including the SAT® and the Advanced Placement Program®. The organization also serves the education community through research and advocacy on behalf of students, educators, and schools. For further information, visit www.collegeboard.org. AP Equity and Access Policy The College Board strongly encourages educators to make equitable access a guiding principle for their AP programs by giving all willing and academically prepared students the opportunity to participate in AP. We encourage the elimination of barriers that restrict access to AP for students from ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups that have been traditionally underserved. Schools should ...
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...Option 1 To what extent can cognitive development be understood in terms of specialisation of function in specific structures of the brain? INTRODUCTION In relation to what extent cognitive development can be understood in terms of specialisation of specific structures of the brain, this assignment will observe and use developmental cognitive neuropsychology which explains and seeks to understand a functional relationship between the human brain and its function. In this assignment I will produce two contrasting theories within regards to the functional specialisation, I will accomplish this with study and analysis while debating which brain functions contest and develop by exploring specific key concepts of brain development such as contesting influences that the environment may have upon a maturing brain. Throughout this essay not only will I be discussing concepts of brain development but I will also briefly present the function of language and that it is reliant upon specific structures “Cortical” and whether a pre-specified “particular region” of the brain may have a role in supporting cognitive functions and finally in-turn by using evidence based research within relation to the pre-frontal cortex I will conclude this assignment. In order to explain specialisation of function development of the brain, I will now associate functional specialisation and structural differentiation. There are particular cognitive functions and specific cortical areas in a typical...
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...Children’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment Functional Health Pattern Assessment (FHP) | Toddler Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Autonomy VS. Shame | Preschool-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Initiative VS. Guilt | School-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Industry VS. Inferiority | Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | 1) Good weight gain of four to six pounds per year with a growth in height of 2-4 inches per year. 2) Will have several teeth at this stage and will imitate parents while learning to brush their own teeth. | 1) Good perception of body parts and can name them. 2) Has no illnesses or allergies | 1) School age child may think that they are sick because they are being punished. 2) They are aware of their own body and how it functions | | 1) Decrease weight due to lack of nutrition at this age kids are easily distracted may not want to sit for a meal. 2) Tooth decay from nursing bottle syndrome when the toddler teeth are in frequent contact with sugary drinks, juices and milk. | 1) Dental caries due to no dental care 2) Child has not had any past history of medical evaluations or immunizations. | 1) They may not have good hygiene which can lead to infections. 2) May learn poor health habits from people around...
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...ARELLANO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING AN ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES AMONG THE ELDERLY AT BARANGAY PARANG, MARIKINA CITY Researchers Leader: Licopit Nicholle U. Members: Adriano, Gaylord Dabac, Aira Camille Enverga, Rika Giana Gabay, Niña Grace Lestor, Vincent Khalid Licopit. Nicholle Group IV/ BSN 4-C Nursing Research 2 CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Growing old is inevitable. It is part of life and it happens to everyone. Nobody can prevent himself/herself from getting old. The aging process entails new challenges such as failing health, loss of memory, graying hair, and life transitions like retirement, family relationships, lost career, cessation of social activities and maintaining ones standard of living. Nowadays, our elder relatives are still supporting their sons and daughter in caring for their grandchildren. This kind of situation is commonly seen in our country. Our elderly supports not only in caring but also financially. They tend to divide their budget from their pension to help their relatives. Presently, globalization and modernization have tremendous impact on the family system. The exodus of working age adults to jobs abroad has established a pattern of the older persons assuming surrogate parental ones. To them is entrusted the responsibility of providing parental care over their grandchildren whose parents have left for more lucrative jobs overseas. This poses undue strain on the psychological...
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...Barriers & remidies for effective communication Physical Barriers One of the major barriers to communication is the physical barrier. Physical barriers are present in the area surrounding the sender and receiver. Physical barriers include a work environment that has a lot of background noise, poor lighting or unstable temperature. These barriers can affect how individuals try to send and receive messages. If there is a lot of background noise than the receiver may not hear what the sender is saying. If the temperature in a work environment is too hot or too cold the sender may not be as focused on the message that they are trying to send. If people in the work place are separated by others, communication is not as effective. As long as people still have a personal space that they can call their own, proximity to others aids communication because it helps us get to know one another. Communication can face barriers and it can be due to delay, distortion and dilution. When the information gets distorted due to the faulty system or jealousy or faulty listening or inadequate vocabulary or baldly chosen words, it looses its meaning. There are psychological barriers which are caused by prejudice, preconceived notion, distrust of the communicator, misinterpretation of his intention and the things like. Dilution is caused by a person who is posing as a yes man as to what he expects to hear rather than presenting the actual feedback of the matter concerned. The reasons that...
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...Children’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment |Functional Health Pattern Assessment |Toddler |Preschool-Aged |School-Aged | |(FHP) |Erickson’s Developmental Stage: |Erickson’s Developmental Stage: |Erickson’s Developmental Stage: | |Pattern of Health Perception and Health |Toddlers can recognize not feeling well |Preschoolers have a concept of their |Understands health but the understanding | |Management: |but are unable what health means (Edelman|outer bodies and the functions. |is still not developed. Adolescents feel | | |& Mandle, 2010) | |invisible (Edelman & Mandle).Work on | |List two normal assessment findings that | |Able to state a few of the inner parts |health promoting like eating well and | |would be characteristic for each age |Toddlers will partake in health |to the body (Edelman & Mandle). |teeth brushing. | |group. |promotions that they have seen their | | | | |parents do such as, brushing teeth at bed|Can jump and kick a ball...
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