...Introduction Coronary heart diseases (CHDs) are a common disease in the world. Coronary heart diseases are the most common disease in the United Kingdom. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 150,000 people were death from coronary heart disease in the United Kingdom per year (Martin et. al., 2011). The mortality rate of coronary heart disease is increased in Hong Kong. Heart disease is the third high mortality rate, special coronary heart disease (Anon, 2014d). Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are the high risk groups of coronary heart disease. Diet as a factor is affected the risk of coronary heart disease (Anon, 2014c). Coronary heart diseases are caused by fatty material, such as saturated fat and trans-fat. The fatty material is made the vessel lumen became narrow. The blood pressure of coronary vessel increased (David et. al., 2012). The aging of blood vessel is loss the elastic and became hard and thick. It is caused not enough blood supply to the heart. Omega-3 is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid. It is included alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). World Health Organization suggested that 1-2 servings of fish per week and a serving need to provide 200-500 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Anon, 2014b). Omega-3 can control many of...
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...Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects found in children, with an incidence of approximately 9 in every 1000 live births worldwide (van der Linde et al., 2011). Children with complex congenital heart disease are living longer due to dramatic advances in medical procedures and surgical techniques, as well as the increase of pediatric heart transplant recipients, and the decrease in the death rates from CHD (Pillutla, Shetty, & Foster, 2008). Background Information Children with CHD have been noted to have increased rates of mental health comorbidities, which include depression and anxiety. Depression and mood disorders in this population have been positively correlated with lower physical and psychosocial quality...
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...At the age of 72-years-old, Frank suffers from several health issues due to his lack of exercise. However, if Frank sat aside time each day designed for a walking program, he could potentially improve his physical and mental health. For starters, Frank had a cardiac arrest and also suffers from arthritis in his knees and several other joints. However, if Frank participated in a walking program he would be able to benefit from the cardiovascular aspects of it. For example, if Frank started walking he would be able strengthen his heart muscles and decrease his chances of getting a heart attack. He would also reduce his risk of a coronary heart disease and increase the efficiency of his heart and lungs. Frank’s muscle and bone condition would...
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...SIM AI A STATISTICAL STUDY OF INCREASED MORTALITY AMONG WIDOWERS A STATISTICAL STUDY OF INCREASED MORTALITY AMONG WIDOWERS Have you ever wondered what it really means when someone tells you they have a “broken heart”? Most people understand that having a “broken heart” references a state of extreme grief or sorrow, typically caused by the death of a loved one or the ending of a romantic relationship. But is there any additional truth to this saying? This study examines the medical implications of having a ‘broken heart’ by establishing a correlational relationship between the loss of a romantic partner and the mortality rates of widowers due to heart-related diseases. By tracking the mortality rates of 4,486 widowers of 55 years of age and older, over a period of 9 years, the researchers made some interesting findings: that within the first 6 months of bereavement, the mortality rate for widowers was 40% above that for matched controls, and that the greatest increase in mortality during these first 6 months came from heart-related diseases. No significant conclusions could be made about the relationship between the cause of wife’s death and the cause of her widower’s, nor about the impact of social class on widower’s mortality rate. We also examine the study’s methodology and provide reasonable recommendations to some of its shortcomings. One practical application of statistics and probability is...
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...used to help better understand a diseases process, how they work, and how they are transmitted. This helps us to better treat the disease. The process of epidemiology is lengthy but must be followed accurately to ensure correct diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiology is used when a new disease is found and when a disease reappears in high numbers. A common disease in the elderly is congestive heart failure (CHF). The epidemiology process can be used to better understand the disease, what causes it and how to treat it. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations, such as surveillance and descriptive studies that can be used to study distribution and analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2011). Epidemiology tries to determine what causes disease and what people can do to prevent disease. Epidemiology was first used when scientists tried to discover causes of diseases, such as smallpox and polio (Cornell University, 1993). Epidemiology is no longer limited to transmissible diseases. Epidemiology usually cannot prove a cause of a disease; it can only show certain risk factors that correlate with a higher rate of a specific disease. For example, epidemiology could...
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...Do Bioprosthetic Heart Valves Pose a Greater Risk than Mechanical Heart Valves in the Development of Infective Endocarditis? Prosthetic heart valves are, undoubtedly, one of the most profound innovations to be introduced into the medical community. In 1961 the Starr-Edwards ball and cage mitral valve became the first commercially available mechanical heart valve. In 1969, the Bjork-Shiley tilting disk valve emerged, which was then followed by the St. Jude Medical bi-leaflet valve in 1977. In addition to the creation of mechanical valves, bioprosthetic valves were also being developed; and in1968 the Hancock and Carpentier-Edwards porcine mitral valve became a popular alternative to the mechanical valve (Wheatley and Will, 2005, p.1). Over the...
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...OF HEART DISEASE INTRODUCTION Using a descriptive epidemiology approach, this paper will define heart disease and identify the problems of this disease on a local, state, and national level. The objectives of heart disease will be discussed and explored according to health data sources. Also, the impact of the effectiveness of the interventional programs that are designed and implemented to treat and prevent heart disease will be evaluated and discussed, as well. WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY? In layman’s terms, epidemiology can be defined as the study of anything that happens or befalls men. According to Stanhope & Lancaster (2010), “epidemiology is the science that explains the strength of association between exposures and health effects in human populations.” This study deals with distribution and determinants of health related states and the purpose of these studies are to control health. The goal of epidemiology is to identify and understand the casual factors and mechanism of disease, disability, and injuries so that effective programs and interventions can be designed to prevent the occurrences of these disease processes before they begin or progress, (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2010). 3 Epidemiology Part 1 DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY APPROACH OF HEART DISEASE Up to Date (2013) defines coronary heart disease as a pathological process that affects the coronary arteries and the entire arterial circulation. Coronary heart disease and...
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...explore the applications of stem cells while avoiding the ethical problems associated with embryonic stem cell research (Seki & Fekuda, 2015). One intriguing area in stem cell research is the potential applications for them in the treatment of cardiac diseases. Studies have explored the potential uses for stem cells for the treatment of heart disease (Yamakawa & Ieda, 2015). Additionally, stem cells have been explored for the treatment of heart failure and myocardial infarction (Rasmussen, et al., 2013). Stem cells and how they may be used for the treatment of various cardiac diseases is an exciting topic and has the potential to change future approaches to the treatment. This paper will examine the applications and significance of stem cells in relation to these common cardiac pathologies. Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries and currently there are few effective treatment options available (Yamakawa & Ieda, 2015). This it is important to research and make state of the art treatments available to address this issue. The use of stem cells may become an option for treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). One approach has involved the use of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In one study, EPCs were introduced into areas affected by ischemia and have been able to generate proliferation of new...
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...Case Study Two: HTN, CKD, & Hypothyroidism Managing Co-Morbidities in Primary Care Primary care providers treat many patients with co-morbidities. It is important for primary care providers to utilize the most current evidence-based research and guidelines to treat and manage patients with co-morbidities in order to reduce risk factors and improve overall health. The following case study will be utilized to apply current guidelines for the treatment and management of hypertension (HTN), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypothyroidism including patient education, monitoring, and clinical end points. Case Study A 45 year old African American male returns for a six month follow-up for blood pressure (BP) control. The patient complains of on-going symptoms over the past few months of dry cough, sleep disturbances, fatigue, constipation, weight gain, and dry skin. The patient denies pain, shortness of breath, edema, or sputum production. Pulse is 80 and regular, BP is 148/110, and BMI is 28. He is six feet tall and weighs 205 pounds. Labs reveal TSH of 5.2, free T4 of 0.8, free T3 1.8, Creatinine 2.1, BUN 22. Family history includes stroke, heart attack, and high cholesterol. Current medications are daily multivitamin, Lisinopril 10 mg once daily, over-the-counter (OTC) Robitussin, and OTC laxative as needed (University of Phoenix, 2014, Week Seven Case Study). The patient can be diagnosed with uncontrolled HTN, subclinical hypothyroidism, and may have chronic kidney...
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...Melanie Amento Professor Post SC-108-1 April 29, 2013 Progeria Progeria, also known as Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome, and Progeria syndrome, is an extremely rare genetic disease wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at a very early age. The Progeria come from the Greek words “pro” meaning “before” and “gēras” meaning “old age”. The disorder has a very low incident rate, occurring in an estimated 1 per 8 million live births. Those born with Progeria typically live to their mid teens and early twenties. It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation, and is rarely inherited. Although the term Progeria applies strictly to all diseases characterized by premature aging symptoms, and is often used as such, it is often applied specifically in reference to Hutchinson-Guilford Progeria Syndrome. At present there are 53 known cases of Progeria around the world and only 2 in the UK. There is a reported incidence of Progeria of approximately 1 in every 4 to 8 million newborns. Both boys and girls run an equal risk of having Progeria. Progeria appears to affect children of all races equally. Over the last 15 years the following countries have had reported cases - Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Puerto Rico, South Africa, South America, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, the US, Venezuela, Vietnam and Yugoslavi. Children with Progeria are born...
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...Epidemiology by definition is the study of the distribution and patterns of health-events, health- characteristics and their causes or influences in well-defined populations. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine. Epidemiologists are involved in the design of studies, collection and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review).Major areas of epidemiological study include outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on a number of other scientific disciplines such as biology (to better understand disease processes), biostatistics (to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions), and exposure assessment and social science disciplines (to better understand proximate and distal risk factors, and their measurement). I would like to discuss elderly patients as my vulnerable population. There is no set age at which a person maybe under the care of a geriatric physician. The physician aims to promote health by preventing disease and disabilities in geriatric adults. A gerontologist specializes in the aging process. Adult medicine differs from the geriatric patient because the focus is on the elderly...
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...already have cardiovascular disease or diabetes with end-organ damage. The type of study used was a cohort study, most likely a prospective cohort study. The cohort studied patients who had no heart failure and were at a high risk for cardiovascular events. Alcohol consumption was determined by a questionnaire. Regular alcohol consumption was considered to be at least one drink/week of a standard glass of beer, wine, or shot. Moderate consumption was up to 2 drinks/day or 1-14 drinks/week for women and 3 drinks/day or 1-21 drinks/week for men. High consumption was more than 2 drinks/day for women and more than 3 drinks/day for men. Binge drinking was defined as having more than 5 drinks/day. The exposed group was the level of alcohol consumed. The not exposed group were those who consumed one drink/week or less. The outcome was whether or not the participant suffered an atrial fibrillation. The no-outcome group was those who did not suffer any atrial fibrillations. The measure of association used for this study was the incident rate, which is the number of incident cases divided by the person-time. The incidence rate of atrial fibrillation for the low-level alcohol consumption group was 14.2 per 1000 person-years. The incidence rate in the moderate drinker group was 17.5 per 1000 person-years. The incidence rate for high consumption group was 18.7 per 1000 person-years. The findings were considered to be statistically significant. Both the study and the article suggest...
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...Effects of Disease on the Health Care Industry: Cardiovascular disease HCS/245 Patricia Talbert Due: 03/16/2015 University of Phoenix Material Effects of Disease on the Health Care Industry: Cardiovascular Health Complete the table below for 2 diseases that you have chosen that affects cardiovascular health. In each box, you are required to list 3-5 bulleted statements regarding the heading of that box. Cite your sources using APA format. This section is due in Week Three. |Chosen Cardiovascular Disease |Treatment Modalities |Cultural Beliefs/Practices |Epidemiological Statistics |Available Consumer Resources |Impact on Society | |or Disorder | |Affecting this Disease | |(ex. financing, information, support) | | |Coronary Artery Disease |Quitting smoking and avoiding |Heart disease is a man's disease. |Cardiovascular diseases cause |The CDC addresses heart disease. Great |According to the Centers for Disease | | |secondhand smoke. |(MYTH) |nearly one-third of all deaths |source for researching information. |Control and Prevention, heart disease | | | | ...
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...young and old alike. According to the Medical News Today, the top three leading causes of death among Americans are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. (Medical News Today: Saturday April 15, 2006) Sadly, the cause, prevention and cure for cancer remains largely unknown. However, the first and third of these fatal diseases are both highly preventable. The roots of this prevention stem from making knowledgeable, health conscientious choices about the foods we consume on a daily basis. A twenty three year study was conducted by the World Health Organization from 1990 – 2013. The study suggests that by the year 2020, the heart disease and stroke mortality rate will enhance by a rate of 78% in woman and as much as 106% in men. The same study also concludes that by adhering to a “Mediterranean” diet, increasing ones intake of anti-oxidants, vitamins, potassium, and calcium, the probability of falling victim to these devastating diseases can be greatly reduced. Clearly a dedicated effort put forth to eating well promotes numerous advantages. Advantages which include a stronger, healthier heart, a more toxin free body, and a better functioning immune system; ultimately resulting in a longer and happier life! First and foremost, eating a healthy balanced diet promotes heart health and is key to protecting the heart against the onset of Heart Disease. Heart disease is caused by the formation of plaque built up within the arteries. This can cause restriction, reducing the flow...
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...Coconut water consumption reduces diastolic blood pressure (due to the presence of potassium).In the present work fresh coconut water, dilution 1:1(coconut water: distilled water), are used to evaluate cardiac activity on the isolated frog heart and are labeled as T1, & T2 respectively and compared with Digoxin (S1) as standard solution. It was found that sample T1(Undiluted coconut water) showed better response as compared to the diluted coconut water(T2).These preliminary studies confirm the cardiotonic activity of the coconut water(Cocos nucifera). Keywords: Physical properties, Jakekur, Water, Quality Introduction The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, spleen, and lymphatic system. The main function of this system is to maintain homeostasis by acting as a transportation system that carries needed materials to cells and removes waste materials from cells.1,2 The conduction system functions by Initiating the heart beat, Conducting messages around the heart, Coordinating beats between the atria and ventricles. Various diseases related to cardiovascular system are aneurysm, arthrosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, hypertension, myocardial infraction (heart...
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