...The purpose of this experiment was to determine the specific heat of an unknown metal we were give. With this specific heat of the unknown metal we can then determine what the unknown metal is. As for the acid-base reaction experiment we will also be conduction in this lab we will use this acid-base reaction to determine the enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid-base reaction. By following these precise guidelines in this experiment we can then determine the energy released per mole of water formed in this acid-base reaction. 3. Introduction: For this lab experiment, I sought out an objective to prepare and to determine the specific heat of my unknown metal #36. As I sought out to find the specific heat of my metal I also tried to find the specific heat in another experiment of an acid-base reaction....
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...Laboratory Reports Name : Ellene C. Gabane III-Malinis Group mates Name : Date : March 14,2014 Hazel Gubuan Searl Paul Escalona Rachel joy Canilas Jhon Rex Benico Rochelle Lasic Katherin Mendoza Karen Jeane Banatao Activity #1 Evidences of Chemical Change Name : Ellene C. Gabane III-Malinis Group mates Name : Date : Feb. 13 , 2014 Hazel Gubuan Searl Paul Escalona Rachel joy Canilas Jhon Rex Benico Rochelle Lasic Katherin Mendoza Karen Jeane Banatao Introduction This report refers to the changes that occur when substances undergo chemical change. A chemical change involves the formation of new substances. The properties and composition of the new substances vary greatly with those of the original substance. Physical changes involve changes in physical properties, such as size, shape, and density, or changes in phase (solid to gas, liquid to solid) without undergoing a change in the composition of the substance. This experiment is where the substance in original appearance was changed into another form of substance or solution. The objective was to observe the three solutions when there was a change in chemical...
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...EG2002 Process Engineering Continuous Assessment Report Heat Exchange Laboratory By Thomas A. Lindie 51011245 School of Engineering University of Aberdeen Kings College 2011-12 Table of Contents Contents Table of Contents I List of Figures II List of Tables II Symbols and Abbreviations III 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1 1.3 Structure of the Report 2 2. Background Theory 3 3. Experimental Methodology 6 4. Results 8 4.1 Tables of Co-Current and Counter-Current flow taken from Result Table 8 4.1.1 Table of Co-Current Flow at Steady State 8 4.1.2 Table of Counter-Current Flow at Steady State 8 4.2 Log Mean Temperature Different (LMTD) Calculations 9 4.3 Calculating the Duty of the HEX and the Efficiency 10 4.4 Graphs of Results for Co-Current and Counter-Current Flow 12 5. Discussion and Analysis 13 5.1 Log Mean Temperature Different (LMTD) Calculation Analysis 13 5.2 Efficiency of the Heat Exchanger 14 5.3 Errors in Laboratory 14 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 15 Bibliography 16 List of Figures Figure 1: 3D View of Shell and Tube heat exchanger taken from http://www.secshellandtube.com/ 3 Figure 2: Shell and Tube heat exchanger flow pattern taken from http://www.cheresources.com/content/articles/heat-transfer/specifying-a-liquid-liquid-heat-exchanger 3 Figure 3: Screenshot taken from co-current experiment on Armfield Programme 7 Figure 4:Graph of Co-Current Flow 12 ...
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...Neutralization Reactions Goals 1. To measure the amount of heat released in acid-base neutralization reactions. 2. To determine the molar enthalpy change for each acid-base neutralization reaction. 3. To validate Hess’s Law using the experimental results. Background Information Acids and bases react together to produce a salt and water as shown in the following reaction. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) This type of reaction is called a neutralization reaction. When a neutralization reaction occurs, heat (q) is released to the surroundings, and the temperature of the surroundings rises. In aqueous acid-base neutralization reactions the surroundings are the solution itself, which is mainly composed of water. The amount of heat released by the reaction can be determined by measuring the temperature change of the solution during the reaction. At constant pressure, the heat released by a reaction is the reaction enthalpy (∆Hr). The units for reaction enthalpies are kJ mol-1; in reactions that don’t have a 1-to-1 ratio of all reactants and products, we need to specify per mol of which species. In this experiment, the heat released by each reaction will be used to determine the reaction enthalpy for each chemical reaction per mole of acid reacted. (Note that this may or may not be the same thing as “per mole of acid added;” you will need to think about limiting reagents.) During the experiments the temperature change that occurs in solution will be monitored using a temperature...
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...Introduction The molar heat of combustion of a substance is the heat liberated when 1 mole of the substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen at standard atmosphere pressure with products being CO₂ and H₂O and also releases heat in this process. The heat of combustion is commonly measured experimentally, where the combustions are always exothermic reactions. During combustion hydrocarbon bonds are broken and new ones are created for example; when ethanol combusts with the 3O₂ molecules it breaks the C-H bonds and the other hydrocarbon bonds that are in the ethanol molecule also break resulting in the release of energy and on once these bonds are broken and new molecules are formed and these new molecules are the products of the ethanol...
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...Lab Report for Experiment #4 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes Student's Name __________ __________ Date of Experiment ___ _________ Date Report Submitted _________________ Title: (copy from lab, 1 point) Purpose: (copy from lab, 1 point) Changes to the Procedure by Instructors: 1. Do not test the odor of the samples. 2. In this lab the test tubes can get very dirty and cleaning is difficult. Your test tube may break, but don’t worry about it you will not need them again this term. Dispose carefully in the trash. Have you made any changes to the procedure? Please explain: Fill out the data sheet (page 3) for the experiment and answer the questions. Note: read the lab introduction for clarification on the difference between physical and chemical changes. Remember that a physical change often occurs during a chemical change, but a chemical change does not always happen when a physical change occurs. If you still have questions ask your instructor. From experiment # 1 we learned that a chemical change results in a color change, the formation of bubbles, the formation of a precipitate, or a change of temperature. Keep that in mind when you are deciding whether a physical or chemical change has occurred. Data Table (8 points) Read carefully before you begin your experiment! Be complete when writing your observations. One word observations are not usually complete. If there is a color change, include the color before and after. For...
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... |End Date: | | | | | | |Group 1: 5.10.15 |Group 1:19.10.15 | | |Group 2: 6.10.15 |Group 2: 20.10.15 | |Assignment Title: Scientific Reports and Communication |Assignment Ref (if used): 1.3 | |Assessment Criteria |Achieved |Evidence Location |Comments/feedback from assessor | |P7 – Carry out a practical investigation into the |Yes/No |Scientific Report | | |calorific value of different fuels | |submitted for P9 | | | | |as well rough | | | |...
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...Lab Report By: Steven Setya 11B Hess’s Law: Determine Heat Formation of Magnesium Oxide Aim: To find Temperature difference/forming between MgO metal and Mg metal Hypothesis: My hypothesis is if Magnesium oxide has a heat formation due to the reaction with HCl, then Magnesium Metal will have a greater temperature difference. Variables: Independent: Amount of HCl Dependent: Temperature increase Controlled: Amount of Mg metal and MgO metal Manipulation Variable: The independent variable is the amount of HCl being reacted with Magnesium Metal and Magnesium Oxide. The more the amount of HCl the faster is the reaction and we can see the amount of heat change produced from the reaction. While the Dependent is the temperature increase during the reaction from the original room temperature of the solution. When Mg or MgO is reacted with HCl, reaction occurs and temperature increase will be there. What I control is the amount of Mg and MgO that will be reacted with HCl. If there is too much the reaction won’t be a fine reaction nor vice versa. Materials: 1 Bottle with hole in lid Beaker with 100 ml of 1 mol of HCl 0.10-0.15 grams of Magnesium 0.3-0.5 grams of Magnesium Oxide 1 Stopwatch 1 Thermometer (in Celcius) 1 Big Beeker with A lot of Cotton 2 10 ml Beeker Procedure: Experiment 1: 1. Take 0.15 grams of Magnesium Metal 2. Weigh the bottle and lid 3. Add 50ml of HCl to bottle and record new mass 4. Measure the temperature of HCl inside...
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...2015 Solubility of Salt Lab Report Question: How does the temperature of water affect the amount of table salt (NaCl) that can be dissolved in it? Hypothesis: A higher temperature will increase the solubility, because the heat will cause the ionic bonds of the salt to be broken faster. Also, the molecules will be moving faster, so there will be more of a chance that the ions and water molecules will bond. Materials: Table salt (NaCl) Tap water Digital scale Hot plate Small beaker Paper cup Thermometer Plastic spoon Procedures: Fill the beaker up with 20 mL of water. Place it on the scale and zero it out. Fill the cup with salt. Use the spoon to drop salt into the beaker, and to stir the solution. When no more salt can be dissolved, record the number on the scale. Repeat steps 1-5, but heat the water to 50°C on the hot plate beforehand. Data Table: Trial # Temperature (°C) Amount of Salt Dissolved (g) 1 18°C 1g 2 50°C 3g Average 34°C 2g Graph: Observations: Hard to tell whether...
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...Kristina Eskola BL 1020 L01 Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report (Dialysis) Introduction: Dialysis Tubing is a membrane made of regenerated cellulose fibers formed into a flat tube. If two solutions containing dissolved substances of different molecular weights are separated by this membrane, some substances may readily pass through the pores of the membrane, but others may be excluded. We will be investigating the selective permeability of the tubing to reduce sugar, glucose, starch, and iodine potassium iodide. We will test this by placing a solution of glucose and starch into a dialysis tubing bag and then place this bag into a solution of iodine potassium iodide (I2KI). Prediction: The I2KI solution will turn blue when adding Benedict’s reagent. Hypothesis: The solution of water and I2KI will be the most permeable because they will mix and react with Benedict’s reagent and the heat so the cell membrane only allows certain molecules to enter and leave the cell Materials and Methods: In the experiment we will be using two tests. In the first test, we will be using I2KI to test for the presence of starch. When I2KI is added to an unknown solution, the solution will turn purple or black if starch is present. If there is no starch in the solution, it will remain pale yellow. In the second test we will be using Benedict’s test for reducing sugar. When Benedict’s reagent is added to an unknown solution and the solution is heated, it will turn green, orange or orange-red...
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...Lopez Experiment 6: Fractional Distillation. Separation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Abstract: A mixture of cyclohexane and toluene were separate from one another by fractional distillation in order to measure the composition of each fraction and prepare the sample for gas chromatography. Introduction: Distillation has been used since antiquity to separate the components of mixtures. This method has been used to manufacture different organic chemicals but the most recent application is the refining of petroleum in order to produce fuels, lubricants and petrochemicals. In this experiments, the separation of 2 distilates were carried out using the differences in boiling points and the data was used for a gas chromatography test. Objectives: Separation of an equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene by fractional distillation Materials: Equimolar mixture: cyclohexane/toluene Water Distilling columns Column packing Thermometer heat source flasks heat source Structural Formulas: toluene Description: The fractional distillation apparatus was checked for any moisture before it was set up to ensure proper distillation method. A mixture of cyclohexane and toluene was obtained, 40ml of an equimolar mixture was obtained and transferred into a 100ml round bottomed boiling flask which contained boiling chips, and the distilling column was packed with metal sponge. The distillation apparatus was assembled and a heat mantle...
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...School of Mechanical and Design Engineering Dublin Institute of Technology Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 2 Plate Heat Exchanger Assignment Robert O’Donovan Student Number: C12756051 Due Date: 24/10/2014 Lecturer: Jim Ffrench Dublin Institute of technology Bolton Street, Dublin 1. I. Abstract Heat exchangers are a piece of process equipment used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat conducting partition. In this experiment, we analysed the working principle of parallel and counter flow. We observed different fluid temperatures, fluid flow rates and how this affected the heat exchangers performance. Calculations were needed to determine the variation of the two configurations. There are some possible percentage errors that need to be considered in the experiment, these include the tube changeover from parallel to counter flow, the fluid loss will have an effect on the readings. Also if the unit is not allowed enough time to stabilise when changing the flow rates, the readings will not be accurate. 1"Vh"(L/min) Parallell"flow Counter"flow Vs U"= U"= 3"Vc"(L/min) 2.9"W/m 2 K 3.5"W/m 2 K The percentage difference between the U values is 20.6 %. II. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ...............
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...The Determination of Boiling Points and Melting Points of Organic Compounds During this laboratory session, we will practice determining the boiling point of a liquid organic compound and the melting point (or we could call it the freezing point) of a solid organic compound. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor above a liquid equals the existing pressure. As we heat a liquid, the pressure of the vapor above the liquid slowly increases. When this pressure equals the pressure existing in the container, the liquid begins to boil– the liquid turns to vapor. If not contained, the vapor will “escape” into the atmosphere. In other words, the liquid evaporates. If the vapor is contained, and then passed through an area where the temperature is lower, the vapor will “condense” and enter the liquid state again. This would be a distillation. Atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg; i.e., the weight of a column of mercury measuring 1 mm2 and 760 mm tall. This equates to about 29.7 inches of mercury. If we reduce the pressure above the sample that we are heating, we can reduce the boiling point of the liquid. This is referred to as a vacuum distillation or carrying out a distillation in vacuo. For example, while water boils at 100oC (or 212° F) at 760 mm Hg, it boils around 22oC at 20 mm Hg. The boiling point of a liquid is a physical characteristic of a compound. Many factors go into the estimation of the boiling point of a liquid such...
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...One copy of the lab report Physics 1030L/ Section 2 Conservation of Momentum Lab performed: 2/18/13 Report submitted: 2/20/13 Sample Calculations Results The magnitudes of the masses for the gliders before the collision were: mass XA1 is equal to 0.107m, and mass XB1 is equal to 0.101m. The magnitudes after the collision of the masses were: mass XA2 equal to 0.0890m, and mass XB2 equal to 0.0820m. The momentum of the masses before collision were: mass PA1 equal to 0.3737 (kg m/s), and mass PB1 equal to 0.3551(kg m/s). The momentum after collision of the masses were: PA2 equal to 0.3109 (kg m/s), and mass PB2 equal to 0.2886 (kg m/s). When considering the direction of the vectors the area of uncertainty is small when considering the area of both parallelograms of uncertainty, because the overlapping of the parallelograms is only a small portion of each. The momentum was partially conserved within the error range of the parallelograms, or the portion where they overlap. Conclusions 1. It is necessary that they glide on a cushion of air, so that they can avoid any friction which would slow down their movement and could possibly keep them from colliding. The friction would differ for each mass, and would change all the predicted values. If the masses were not on an air cushion, it is impossible to predict that the two masses would ever collide because of the differing frictions for each mass. 2.If the masses were...
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...The Determination of Boiling Points and Melting Points of Organic Compounds During this laboratory session, we will practice determining the boiling point of a liquid organic compound and the melting point (or we could call it the freezing point) of a solid organic compound. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor above a liquid equals the existing pressure. As we heat a liquid, the pressure of the vapor above the liquid slowly increases. When this pressure equals the pressure existing in the container, the liquid begins to boil– the liquid turns to vapor. If not contained, the vapor will “escape” into the atmosphere. In other words, the liquid evaporates. If the vapor is contained, and then passed through an area where the temperature is lower, the vapor will “condense” and enter the liquid state again. This would be a distillation. Atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg; i.e., the weight of a column of mercury measuring 1 mm2 and 760 mm tall. This equates to about 29.7 inches of mercury. If we reduce the pressure above the sample that we are heating, we can reduce the boiling point of the liquid. This is referred to as a vacuum distillation or carrying out a distillation in vacuo. For example, while water boils at 100oC (or 212° F) at 760 mm Hg, it boils around 22oC at 20 mm Hg. The boiling point of a liquid is a physical characteristic of a compound. Many factors go into the estimation of the boiling point of a liquid such...
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