...Horizontal Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Table of Contents: Nomenclature. Pg. 3 Introduction and Background Pg. 4 Experimental Methodology Equipment and Apparatus Pg. 6 Experimental Procedures Pg. 7 Results Pg. 8 Analysis and Discussion……………………………………………………………………..Pg. 11 Summary and Conclusions Pg. 12 References Pg. 13 Appendices Pg. 14 Nomenclature Symbol | Term | Units | A | Heat transfer surface area for the tubes | Inches2 (in2) | Cp | Heat Capacity | J/(mol*K) | F | Correction Factor | __ | | Heat | W | c | Cold Side Heat Duty | W | H | Hot Side Heat Duty | W | Shell Side | Hot Side | __ | T | Temperature | Celsius | ∆T | Change in Temperature | Celsius | Tube Side | Cold Side | __ | ∆Tlm | Log mean temperature difference | Kelvin (K) | U | Heat Transfer Coefficient | W/(K*in2) | V | Volume | L | ṁH | Hot water flow rate | L/min | ṁC | Cold water flow rate | L/min | 1.0 Introduction and Background A heat exchanger is a device designed to efficiently transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another fluid, which can be a liquid or a gas [1]. These fluids do not mix or come into direct contact with each other. Even though all heat exchangers do the same job of passing heat from fluid to fluid, there are various types that work in many different ways. The two most common types of heat exchangers are the shell-and-tube...
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...Turbulence 10 References 13 Abstract The fires problem is one of the hazard pose a threat to life and property. Flames behave differently under various conditions which include: the oxygen available, combustible material, orientation of surfaces, etc. this a complex phenomena which is influenced by multiple factors that includes ignition, heat release rate, flame spread and the generation of different products of combustion like carbon IV oxide and carbon II oxide. The research was performed by studying various sources in the library and in the internet and also performing experiments to simulate a real life situation. Introduction The Fire Problem The flammability of a material is a complex event which is influenced by multiple factors that includes ignition, heat release rate, flame spread and the generation of different products of combustion like carbon IV oxide and carbon II oxide. In order to better protect the people and property from risk posed by the unwanted fires, it become necessary to understands all these factors under different conditions. Babrauskas and Vytenis 1992 suggested that heat release rate is the main variable in fire hazard; but Kashiwagi and Ito argued effectively that, the flame spread over the surface of combustible material such a wall and a floor is the main variable responsible for the growth of fire at the initial stages of fire. In addition, the angle of orientation of the combustible material has been found to contribute...
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...The Changes of Heat in Calorimetry Summary The purpose of this experiment is to learn how heat flows into and through an unknown substance while using a calorimeter to measure the temperature. In this set of experiments we will focus our attention upon one particular area of thermodynamics, calorimetry, a technique used to measure heat flow into and out of matter. This is really simple procedure. The unknown metal is placed into a container called a calorimeter that separates it from everything else. As changes occur, we can follow the movement of heat from one portion of the matter to another by the temperature changes. The container we use as a calorimeter should insulate the metal, it should prevent matter from entering or exiting once our measurement has begun, and it should allow for easy measurement of temperature changes. A reasonable calorimeter can be constructed from a pair Styrofoam cups with lid on top to limit heat transfers into and out of the cups. Introduction The amount of heat, Q, required to raise the temperature of a solid body at constant pressure depends on the change in temperature, ∆T, of the body, its mass, m, and a characteristic of the material forming the body called its specific heat, C. This relationship is expressed by the equation Q = mC∆T and the dimensions of C are thus heat per unit mass per unit temperature change. The values of C do depend on temperature with those of the unknown metal. Specific heat can be considered to be the amount...
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...Introduction For the purpose of studying combined radiation and free convection heat transfer, this experiment measured the surface temperature of two aluminum flat plates during heat-up. Both plates' lower surfaces were well insulated. For comparison, one plate was considered to be ideal blackbody, which is a perfect absorber and emits; the other one was polished, yielding different radiant properties. According to the procedure, both plates were heated under the lamp from room temperature; plates' temperature was measured with a thermocouple and recorded with LabView Program. To analyze the results, appropriate assumptions were made and correct conservations of energy were chosen. Results and Discussion Based on the data collected in the experiment, Temperature vs Time were plotted for both plates, as shown in figure 1 and figure 3. Our plates were exposed under the lamp for a longer time than claimed in the procedure to reach a relatively steady state, because the lamp we were using was weaker than normal ones. Figure 1, Temperature vs Time for Blackbody Plate Energy terms in the energy balance equation were also calculated and plotted as shown in figure 3 and figure 4. Equations that used to do all the calculations can be found in Appendix A and Appendix B. All the calculations were done using Microsoft Excel. Figure 2, Energy terms vs Time for Blackbody Plate Irradiation, Gtot was calculated to be 1456.95 W/m2. Since the initial temperature of plate surface...
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...Heat Transfer Course Paper Name Institution Date Introduction To explore and work in space, the astronauts must carry their environment because there is no oxygen and atmospheric pressure to sustain life. The spacesuit is more than clothes an astronaut puts on in space. It’s really a small spacecraft. Its main work is to protect the astronaut when in space. Astronauts needs to put on spacesuits at any time they leave a spacecraft and are exposed to the surrounding space. In space, air to breath and air pressure is not available. Space has dangerous radiation and is extremely cold so without protection, an astronaut would rapidly die in space. The design of spacesuits is such that it protect astronauts from the radiation, cold and low pressure in space and furthermore provide air to breathe. Wearing a spacesuit permits an astronaut to be able survive and work in space. They also keep the astronaut from getting hurt by the space dust. The space dust always travel at a very high speed and may cause hurt to the astronaut. Moreover the suits holds drinking water for the astronaut. The spacesuit is made up of many parts that perform different roles. One of the parts protect the chest, another part covers the arms and connects to gloves and the helmet protects the head. The last part of this suit covers the astronaut’s feet and legs. Other parts of this suits are made up of many layers of material. The layers each performs different roles; some protect the astronaut from space...
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...ENGINEERING COLLEGE HEAT & MASS TRANSFER LAB MANUAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT HEAT & MASS TRANSFER LAB MANUAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT LAB INSTRUCTIONS 1. No late submissions 2. If you miss the submission time, you will be marked zero in that lab 3. If cheating or plagiarism is observed in the lab report, zero will be marked in that lab. 4. Detailed calculations should be shown. 5. Neat work will earn good marks. 6. Graphs should be made by hands. MS excel graphs will not be accepted. LAB MARKS DISTRIBUTION LAB REPORT/ ATTENDENCE | 50% | LAB PERFORMANCE | 10% | MID TERM ASSESMENT/QUIZES | 10% | FINAL LAB ASSESMENT | 30 % | TOTAL | 100% | TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO | DATE | OBJECTIVE | PAGE NO | SIGNATURE | 1. | | To show that the intensity of radiation on a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from the source of radiation | | | 2. | | To show the intensity of radiation various as fourth power of source. | | | 3. | | Determination of barrier temperature gradient between two different metals in end to end pressure contact. | | | 4. | | To perform energy balance on air flowing throw a duct heated by cylindrical rod | | | 5. | | To perform energy balance on air flowing throw a duct heated by cylindrical rod using DAQ | | | 6. | | Determination of a mean surface heat transfer coefficient for tubes in...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The project ‘Heat Transfer Studies on a 7.5 Watt LED Lighting Load using Finite Element Analysis’ is mainly concerned with the heat generated by an LED lighting load and its dissipation to the surrounding such that the LED junction temperature is maintained low. The LED chosen for this project is 7.5 Watt, which has a maximum operating temperature of around 80°C, exceeding which the LED will fail. The LED is best operated at room temperature conditions and may be just above. The project implements a specific method of cooling or rather maintaining the LED junction temperature as low as possible by using a Thermo Electric Cooling device, more specifically known as the Peltier device. The project looks into the various methods by which a Peltier cooler can be implemented such as, with or without a fan or simply a fan would provide sufficient cooling for the LED module. A Heat sink is a necessary component which is always associated with cooling electronic components. Before getting into the depth of the project detailing we will look into the basic components that have been used in the project setup which include: a. LED Module b. Peltier Cooler c. Heat Sink d. Cooling Fan 1.1 Light Emitting Diode: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are small but powerful devices in terms of their diverse applications. LED lights assume greater significance in the context of need for electrical energy conservation and pollution control world over. LED is basically...
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...Convection Current Lab by: Kamil Ahmed Draft Title: The Effect of Convection Current on Plate Tectonics Problem: How Do Differences in Temperature Cause Convection Currents? Background Information: * The earth is made of up different layers (crust, mantle, outer core, inner core). Each of these layers has distinct properties. * The continents are part of large lithospheric plates that have moved over geological time and continue to move at a rate of a few centimeters per year. One theory is that convection currents within earth’s mantle drive this plate motion. * Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking, and then heating and rising again. This cycle is repeated over and over. The movement from convection moves the crustal plates on top. Hypothesis: If two temperatures are together then the warmer temperature will rise because it is less dense thus it will cause convection to reaction. Variables: Independent variable – Temperature of h20 Dependant variable - Movement of the water (rising and falling.) Materials: Warm water, cold water, 2 plastic cups, 1 plastic syringe, 1 plastic cup with circular depression, 1 small vial with 2 holed cap, 1 bottle of red food coloring, paper towels, and/or a sponge. Procedure: 1) Fill two plastic cup one with warm water and the other with cold water. 2) Snap the small vial (cap-side up) into the base of the...
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...Thermodynamics Practical B: Thermometric Properties PART 1 1. Objective: A well-insulated container filled with purified water is used in coherence with a heating element to access the properties of different thermometer. The objective of this experiment is to reflect on how different thermometers and their reading would compare to a precise temperature reading of the water, and then determine if there are certain trends as to which would perform better at different temperature intervals and then conclude which specific thermometer would be best for a certain temperature zone. 2. Schematic of Experimental facility: 3. Description of experimental facility: A well-insulated container filled with purified water sit on a table. Inside the container, a heating element with a stirrer is found which is used to increase the temperature of the water uniformly. A removable plate is found at the top of the container onto which the different thermometers are found. 4. Experimental procedure: We start with a well insulated container filled with purified water at a starting temperature of 23.61 °C The water is then heated using a heating element while being mixed by a stirrer The water is heated in 5 °C intervals After the 5 °C the heating element and stirrer is switched of and the readings of the different thermometers are taken This process is repeated until a final temperature of 95 °C is reached 5. Experimental Data and Results: ...
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...CHAPTER 4 SI UNIT PROBLEMS SOLUTION MANUAL SONNTAG • BORGNAKKE • VAN WYLEN FUNDAMENTALS of Thermodynamics Sixth Edition Sonntag, Borgnakke and van Wylen CONTENT SUBSECTION Correspondence table Concept problems Force displacement work Boundary work: simple one-step process Polytropic process Boundary work: multistep process Other types of work and general concepts Rates of work Heat transfer rates Review problems English unit concept problems English unit problems PROB NO. 1-19 20-30 31-46 47-58 59-70 71-81 82-94 95-105 106-116 117-122 123-143 Sonntag, Borgnakke and van Wylen CHAPTER 4 6 ed. CORRESPONDANCE TABLE The new problem set relative to the problems in the fifth edition. New 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 5th 1 2mod new New New 3 4 new New new New New 18 27 new new 5 new New 13 new new New New New 22 45 mod 8 12 14 New New New New 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 5th new 19 20 33 mod 37 36 15 30 6 New 32 7 9 34 10 New New 26 39 New 40 New New New New 58 59 60 61 New New New New New 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 5th new new new 43 new New new new New 47 HT 48 HT 49 HT 50 HT mod 51 HT mod 52 HT 53 HT 54 HT 55 HT 56 HT 57 HT 31 mod 11 16 17 23 21 mod 28 29 24 44 35 th Sonntag, Borgnakke and van Wylen The English unit problem set...
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...HEAT STRESS Heat stress can be a serious problem in hot working environments. The body temperature for a human must be maintained all the time, regardless of work load or adverse environmental conditions. A drastic increase in body temperature can result in death. The body initially responds to heat by sweating and by circulating blood closer to the skin's surface to lower the main body temperature. High temperatures, high humidity, sunlight, and heavy workloads increase the heat stress. Too much heat can also make workers lose their concentration or become fatigued and thus increases the chance of accidents and injuries. This heat stress may lead to the following: Heat Rash: Is an early signal of potential heat stress. It is commonly associated with hot, humid conditions in which skin and clothing remain humid. Heat rash may involve small areas of the skin or the entire upper body Heat syncope: Is characterized by dizziness or fainting while standing still in the heat for an extended period. Heat Cramps: Symptoms include painful cramps or spasms in the legs, arms, or abdomen. Heat cramps are often caused by a temporary fluid and salt imbalance during hard physical work in hot environments. Heat Exhaustion which results from the reduction of body water content or blood volume. The condition occurs when the amount of water lost as sweat exceeds the volume of water drunk during the heat exposure. The victim of heat exhaustion may have some or all of the signs or symptoms:...
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...Mike Voss PCT 105 Equipment April 5, 2012 Heat Exchangers There are many types of heat exchangers used in a wide variety of industrial applications including power plants, boilers for industrial steam, chemical plants, and many types of manufacturing facilities. Several different configurations are used to accomplish the function of transferring heat from one fluid to another without mixing the two fluids together. The two most common industrial heat exchangers, the shell and tube heat exchanger and the double pipe heat exchanger, along with information about spiral heat exchangers, flat plate heat exchangers, flat plate heat exchangers, fin-tube heat exchangers, and condensers. Calculations for heat exchanger design use heat transfer parameters such as convection heat transfer coefficients, overall heat transfer coefficients, and log mean temperature differences. These calculations are needed for shell and tube and double pipe heat exchangers, as well as other types. The flow pattern through a heat exchanger affects the required heat exchanger surface. A counter flow heat exchanger needs the lowest heat transfer surface area. It gives a higher value for log mean temperature difference than either a parallel flow heat exchanger or a cross flow heat exchanger. A heat exchanger can have several different flow patterns. Counter flow, parallel flow, and crosss flow are common heat exchanger types. A counter flow heat exchanger is the most efficient flow pattern...
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...are made up of methane, ethane, propane and nitrogen (Shukre,F and Wheeler,F 2004 pg 3). Firstly, the natural gas (fed stream) comes in from the top and goes through three mixed refrigerants cycles (red stream). The pre-cooling cycle (green stream) consists of a mixture of Methane and Propane which is compressed in C1 according to the below diagram. It then is liquefied (purple stream) in sea water cooler C1 and sub cooled (blue stream) in E1A (Forg,W, Bach,W, Stockmann,R… 1999 pg5). One part is then throttled to an intermediate pressure and used as refrigerant in E1A. The other part is further sub cooled in heat exchanger E1B, throttled to the suction pressure of compressor C1 and used as refrigerant in E1B(Forg,W, Bach,W, Stockmann,R… 1999 pg5). The liquefaction cycle is compressed in C2, cooled in sea water cooler CW2A/2B. It is then further cooled in heat exchanger E1A, E1B and E2 (Forg,W, Bach,W, Stockmann,R… 1999 pg5). It is then throttled...
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...different heat transfer surfaces Works with Typical screenshot of the VDAS® software • Self-contained, bench-top mounting • Includes three of the most common heat transfer surfaces – flat plate, pinned and finned • Simple and safe to use • Thermocouples and a sensitive anemometer measure temperatures and air velocity – shown on a digital display • Additional hand-held thermocouple probe included – to measure temperatures along the length of the pins and fins of two heat transfer surfaces • Variable speed fan and variable power heat source for a range of tests • Can connect to TecQuipment’s Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®) • • • • TecQuipment Ltd, Bonsall Street, Long Eaton, Nottingham NG10 2AN, UK T +44 115 972 2611 • F +44 115 973 1520 • E info@tecquipment.com • W www.tecquipment.com An ISO 9001 certified company VDAS is a registered trademark of TecQuipment Ltd DB/0411 Page 2 of 2 TD1005 Free and Forced Convection Description Experiments The bench-mounting equipment includes a vertical duct that holds the chosen heat transfer surface and all instruments needed. • Comparing free and forced convection for different surfaces TecQuipment include three different common heat transfer surfaces with the equipment: • A Flat Plate • Comparison of free convection from vertical and horizontal (finned) surfaces • Comparison of heat transfer surface efficiency • A Pinned Surface – similar to a tubular heat exchanger ...
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...de Nemours & Co. Electric Power Research Institute Ford Motor Company Frigidaire Company General Electric Company Harrison Division of GM ICI Americas, Inc. Modine Manufacturing Co. Peerless of America, Inc. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Army CERL Whirlpool Corporation For additional iriformation: Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Center Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept. University of Illinois 1206 West Green Street Urbana IL 61801 2173333115 INITIAL EVAPORATIVE COMPARISON OF R·22 WITH ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS R·l34a AND R·32/R·125 J.P. Wattelet, J.C. ehato, A.L. Souza, and B.R. Christoffersen ABSTRACT Initial R-22 alternatives were examined for conditions found in stationary air conditioning system evaporators. Heat transfer coefficients for both R-134a and a 60%/40% azeotropic mixture of...
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