...head: Study Of Heat Heat and Temperature Marcus A. Bullock SCI 110 Intro to Physical Science The Study Of Heat and Temperature Heat is a function of the velocity of all the molecules of a substance. Kinetic theory and heat transfer are both in motion, in Kinetic theory all states of matter are in vigorous motion and heat transfer is associated with the motion of atoms or molecules. The kinetic theory of matter says that all matter is made of particles that are in constant motion. Matter is made of constantly moving particles, which tells us how the matter in solids, liquids, and gases behaves. The reason heat relates to the kinetic theory is because, gases consist of great numbers of molecules moving in all directions, that their impact on a surface causes the gas pressure to rise. Heat study is explained through the movement of warmer and cooler objects, the changing of temperature. It is not a theory of sorts like kinetic theory of matter is. Scientist state that heat is defined as “something” that moves between objects when two objects of different temperatures are brought together. The more heat that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance it has. Temperature on the other hand, can be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Temperature is the measure of the average heat or thermal energy of particles in a substance. The relationship between heat and temperature is described as...
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...Heat relates to the gases that consist of great numbers of molecules moving in all directions. When they impact on the surface they cause the gas pressure to move, this is what we feel as heat it is basically kinetic energy of motion. Heat is made up of massive numbers of small particles of single atoms or molecules in continuous motion. It’s the behavior of matter in an object and the movement that heat produces. It’s also the connection between pressure, temperature and volume properties of gas. Heat is energy. It moves in waves like other forms of energy, and can change the matter it touches, by heating up which starts molecules moving. It is what happens to matter that is in motion. The atoms and molecules move back and forth hitting each other causing a form of energy that is in all matter. Heat is a measure of the total inner energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one body to another. Heat is a form of energy that is measured by temperature. Although heat and temperature are used interchangeably, heat and temperature are not equal. Heat is used in chemical reactions to give energy to reactants. Chemical reactions lose energy to the system in the form of heat, which is described as entropy in the Laws of Thermodynamics. If there are any changes in it create changes in temperature Temperature is the degree how hot or cold something is. It is not energy, it is something that could be measured, it also refers to how fast the molecules and atoms are moving a...
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...The Study of Heat, Kinetic Energy Theory of Matter, and Temperature Name University Physical Science Professor 17 July 2011 Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the similarities and differences between heat, temperature, and the kinetic energy theory of matter. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the study of heat relates to the kinetic energy theory of matter. It will also discuss what the study of heat is. I will then explain what temperature is. I will follow this by then explaining what the relationship between both heat and temperature are. Next, I will give the difference in both heat and temperature. I will then give examples of the various properties of a substance that will determine its heat capacity. Lastly, I will give the various sources of heat. How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? The study of heat is explained through science. It is not a theory of sorts like kinetic theory of matter is. Heat is what makes kinetic energy. The more heat that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance is or has. The kinetic energy theory of matter is a scientific theory that states that matter consists of small particles in a rapid random motion. The kinetic energy theory gives the differences of three states of matter; solids, liquids, and gases. The result of heat in these three states of matter has different effects on each. For instance, if you gave the same amount of heat off for all three...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The project ‘Heat Transfer Studies on a 7.5 Watt LED Lighting Load using Finite Element Analysis’ is mainly concerned with the heat generated by an LED lighting load and its dissipation to the surrounding such that the LED junction temperature is maintained low. The LED chosen for this project is 7.5 Watt, which has a maximum operating temperature of around 80°C, exceeding which the LED will fail. The LED is best operated at room temperature conditions and may be just above. The project implements a specific method of cooling or rather maintaining the LED junction temperature as low as possible by using a Thermo Electric Cooling device, more specifically known as the Peltier device. The project looks into the various methods by which a Peltier cooler can be implemented such as, with or without a fan or simply a fan would provide sufficient cooling for the LED module. A Heat sink is a necessary component which is always associated with cooling electronic components. Before getting into the depth of the project detailing we will look into the basic components that have been used in the project setup which include: a. LED Module b. Peltier Cooler c. Heat Sink d. Cooling Fan 1.1 Light Emitting Diode: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are small but powerful devices in terms of their diverse applications. LED lights assume greater significance in the context of need for electrical energy conservation and pollution control world over. LED is basically...
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...HEAT 4.1 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 1. Define: The measure of the degree of hotness of an object. (a) Temperature Measured in SI unit Kelvin, K A hot object is at a higher temperature than a cold object. Form of energy, measured in Joules, J (b) Heat Heat is transferred from hotter object (higher temperature) to colder object (lower temperature) When an object is heated, it will absorb heat energy and the temperature will increase. When an object is cooled, it will release heat energy and the temperature will decrease. (c) Thermal Two objects are in thermal contact when heat energy contact can be transferred between them. (d)Heat transfer When two objects with different degrees of hotness come into thermal contact, heat energy is transferred between the two objects. (e) Mechanism of Thermal Equilibrium Energy is transferred at a faster rate from the hotter object to the colder object. Energy is also transferred from the colder object to the hotter one, but at a slower rate. There is a net flow of energy from the hotter object to the colder object. (f) Thermal When two objects are in thermal equilibrium, there is Equilibrium no net flow of heat between them. Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature 60 The hotter object cools down while the colder object warms up . After some time, energy is transferred at the same rate between the two objects. There is no net heat transfer between the objects. The two objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium...
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...Heat Conversion Name Institution Heat Conversion Matter refers to any substance that occupies space and has weight. It comprises of atoms and molecules that are constantly in motion due to energy that they possess. Energy is present in all matter mostly in form of heat energy. Energy takes various forms and can change from one form to another form. Other than heat energy, various forms of energy include electrical, light, mechanical, chemical, sound and nuclear energy. These different forms of energy can cause a substance to heat up by simply increasing the speed of the molecules in the matter. Molecules therefore, have characteristics of warmth and coldness depending on the form of energy they possess. Since the particles are constantly moving, they possess kinetic energy, which is also one of the various forms of energy. Relationship between heat and kinetic theory of matter Kinetic theory of matter explains that, matter is in a constant random movement. Applying heat on molecules cause the particulars to move in a random motion. Heating transfers heat to nearby molecules in a substance, which becomes excited and then stimulates the surrounding molecules into motion. The process of molecules excitation continues until all molecules move in a vigorous random motion (Goswami et al., 2010). In this process of molecules excitation, the kinetic theory of matter links together with heat. Heat Heat is the transfer of energy that results from temperature...
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...maintaining a body temperature within a certain field. An internal environment means the environment inside an organism. Negative feedback ensures that, in any control system, changes are reversed and returned back to the set level. The negative feedback keeps our body temperature at a constant 37°C. If we get too hot, blood vessels in our skin vasodilate (become larger) and we lose heat and cool down. If we get too cold blood vessels in our skin vasoconstrict (become smaller), we lose less heat and our body warms up. Negative feedback makes sure this happens. The other factors also controlled in the body by negative feedback are: blood oxygen levels and salt levels. The body loses heat through: * Evaporation of water from your skin if it is wet (sweating). If your clothing is wet, you will also lose some body heat through evaporation and through respiration (breathing) when the body temperature is higher than 99°F (37°C). During intense exercise, the body loses 85% of its heat through sweating. * Radiation (similar to heat leaving a woodstove). This normal process of heat moving away from the body usually occurs in air temperatures lower than 68°F (20°C). The body loses 65% of its heat through radiation. * Conduction (such as heat loss from sleeping on the cold ground). Heat is lost in air temperatures lower than 68°F (20°C). The body loses about 2% of its heat through air conduction. However, water causes more heat loss from the body than air does, so heat can be lost from...
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...THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from a hotter to a colder region by one or more of the following methods conduction, convection and radiation. When heat is given to a body one or more of the following may happen (i) Increase in temperature (ii) Increase in length ( area, volume) (iii) Change in state of the body Solid Liquid Liquid Gas (iv) Change in chemical composition (v) Change in electrical properties (vi) Change in colour TEMPERATURE. Temperature is a measure of the Heat energy that a body contains or a measure of the Kinetic energy of the molecules of the material. By heating a material the kinetic energy of the molecules of the material also increase. The temperature also controls the direction of flow of Heat Energy. Heat Energy always flows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature. S.I. Unit of temperature is Kelvin. The Kelvin scale and the kelvin are named after the Scottish physicist and engineer William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907). Unlike the degree Fahrenheit and degree Celsius, the kelvin is not referred to as a "degree" it is written K. The Kelvin and the degree Celsius are often used together, as they have the same interval, and 0 Kelvin is -273.15 degrees Celsius. Thermometer. A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature. To calibrate a thermometer two temperature called FIXED POINTS are chosen...
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...Running head: HEAT 1 Heat Adrienne Branch Professor Olivia Uitto Science 110- Introduction to Physical Science April 27, 2012 HEAT 2 How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? The philosophers Democritus and Lucretius stated that matter is composed of particles. They also believed that these particles were in constant motion and in the state of solid, liquid, or gas (Gibbs, 2010). They called this theory the Kinetic Theory of Matter after the word kinema, which is Greek (Gibbs, 2010). In the study of heat we learn that whenever heat is added to a substance, molecules and atoms vibrate faster. Due to the quickly vibrating atoms, the area between the atoms get larger (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). The state of the matter of the particular substance is determined by the motion and space between the particles. The more an object expands, the more space it takes up (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). During this process, the mass of the particular object will not change. Solids, liquids, and gas all expand when heat is added. When an object cools, molecules vibrate at a slower pace. The atoms start moving closer together again and the matter begins to contract. During this process as well, the mass will remain the same (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). Several good examples of the Kinetic Theory of Matter relating to heat is with sidewalks and railroad tracks which are solids. They expand...
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...Heat, Temperature and the Kinetic Theory of Matter The Kinetic Theory explains the differences between the three states of matter. It states that all matter is made up of moving particles which are molecules or atoms. In solids, the particles are so tightly bound to each another that they can only vibrate but not move to another location. We also known there are different phases of matter the three are highlighted in are text, they are solids, liquids and gases. In liquids, the particles have enough free space to move about, but they still attract one another. In gases, the particles are far apart and can move about freely since there is much free space. Solids change into liquids, and liquids into gases, when the particles gain more kinetic energy, like when being heated and are able to move apart from one another. When the molecules vibrate more quickly upon heating, some of it escapes from the matter heat, measurement of energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature. If two bodies at different temperatures are brought together, energy is transferred—i.e., heat flows—from the hotter body to the colder. The effect of this transfer of energy usually, but not always, is an increase in the temperature of the colder body and a decrease in the temperature of the hotter body. A substance may absorb heat without an increase in temperature by changing from one physical state (or phase) to another, as from a solid to a liquid (melting)...
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...------------------------------------------------- Temperature controlled applications In a temperature control application, the inlet temperature of the secondary fluid to the heat exchanger may change with time. This means that in order to maintain a consistent secondary fluid outlet temperature, the heat supplied to the heat exchanger must also vary. This can be achieved by using a control valve on the inlet to the primary side of the heat exchanger, as shown in Figure 13.2.1. Fig. 13.2.1 Typical temperature control of a steam/water shell and tube heat exchanger A control valve is used to vary the flowrate and pressure of the steam so that the heat input to the heat exchanger can be controlled. Modulating the position of the control valve then controls the outlet temperature of the secondary fluid. A sensor on the secondary fluid outlet monitors its temperature, and provides a signal for the controller. The controller compares the actual temperature with the set temperature and, as a result, signals the actuator to adjust the position of the control valve. For a constant heating area and heat transfer coefficient, the rate at which heat is transferred from the steam to the secondary fluid for a particular heat exchanger is determined by the mean temperature difference between the two fluids. A larger difference in mean temperatures will create a large heat transfer rate and vice versa. On partially closing the control valve, the steam pressure and the temperature difference fall. Conversely...
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...“How does the study of heat relate to the Kinetic of matter?” Heat is transferred into motion. This is done by kinetic matter. It moves at a rapid motion, making the heat that’s being transferred combine with the motion of atom and molecules. Therefore, matter takes on changes when heat is constantly being applied. For this reason, the process is called the kinetic theory. Heat takes on 3 stages and they are solid, liquids and gases. Solids forms there shape by arrangements of molecules. For example, ice has a shape but, changes when melting. Solids form around a fixed close position fitting making it stronger and Causing solids to maintain its shape. Liquids are closer together but, will change its form because space is provided. Gases are higher and 10 times the distance between that of solids and liquids. Therefore, allowing the particles to move freely and use the space available to them. “What is heat?” Heat can be describing that something that move between object when 2 objects of different temperature are brought together or energy transfer that move between object of different temperature (energy transfer). For example, when you rub your hand together, then you will feel the heat (warm) in center of your hand. There are two kind of energy. It’s call “External energy” and “Internal energy”. External energy is define as the total potential and kinetic energy of an everyday-sized object. Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy...
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...NAVY ENGINEERING COLLEGE HEAT & MASS TRANSFER LAB MANUAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT HEAT & MASS TRANSFER LAB MANUAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT LAB INSTRUCTIONS 1. No late submissions 2. If you miss the submission time, you will be marked zero in that lab 3. If cheating or plagiarism is observed in the lab report, zero will be marked in that lab. 4. Detailed calculations should be shown. 5. Neat work will earn good marks. 6. Graphs should be made by hands. MS excel graphs will not be accepted. LAB MARKS DISTRIBUTION LAB REPORT/ ATTENDENCE | 50% | LAB PERFORMANCE | 10% | MID TERM ASSESMENT/QUIZES | 10% | FINAL LAB ASSESMENT | 30 % | TOTAL | 100% | TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO | DATE | OBJECTIVE | PAGE NO | SIGNATURE | 1. | | To show that the intensity of radiation on a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from the source of radiation | | | 2. | | To show the intensity of radiation various as fourth power of source. | | | 3. | | Determination of barrier temperature gradient between two different metals in end to end pressure contact. | | | 4. | | To perform energy balance on air flowing throw a duct heated by cylindrical rod | | | 5. | | To perform energy balance on air flowing throw a duct heated by cylindrical rod using DAQ | | | 6. | | Determination of a mean surface heat transfer coefficient for tubes...
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...Heat Transfer Course Paper Name Institution Date Introduction To explore and work in space, the astronauts must carry their environment because there is no oxygen and atmospheric pressure to sustain life. The spacesuit is more than clothes an astronaut puts on in space. It’s really a small spacecraft. Its main work is to protect the astronaut when in space. Astronauts needs to put on spacesuits at any time they leave a spacecraft and are exposed to the surrounding space. In space, air to breath and air pressure is not available. Space has dangerous radiation and is extremely cold so without protection, an astronaut would rapidly die in space. The design of spacesuits is such that it protect astronauts from the radiation, cold and low pressure in space and furthermore provide air to breathe. Wearing a spacesuit permits an astronaut to be able survive and work in space. They also keep the astronaut from getting hurt by the space dust. The space dust always travel at a very high speed and may cause hurt to the astronaut. Moreover the suits holds drinking water for the astronaut. The spacesuit is made up of many parts that perform different roles. One of the parts protect the chest, another part covers the arms and connects to gloves and the helmet protects the head. The last part of this suit covers the astronaut’s feet and legs. Other parts of this suits are made up of many layers of material. The layers each performs different roles; some protect the astronaut from space...
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...Introduction to Physical Science – SCI110 Assignment #2 Week 4 Melissa Garrett Assignment #2: Paper Due Week Four: In a documented essay of 900 - 1200 words please address the following issues, in your own words: * How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? * What is heat? * What is temperature? * What is the relationship between heat and temperature? * How are they different? * What are the various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity? * What are the various sources of heat? Conclusions about the structure of matter have been developed by physicists and chemists over the past 150 years. To understand it further let us look at the structure and the processes that occur to determine the state in which it exits. Matter typically exists in 3 common states or phases: solids, liquids, and gases. It is made up of molecules. “A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound or a gaseous element that can exist and still retain the characteristic properties of that substance” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross, F., Integrated Science 2009 Custom Edition, p.98). According to the Kinetic theory of matter, these molecules are in constant, random motion. Through the force of cohesion, molecules interact and attract each other. In the case of solids, which have a definite shape and volume, the molecules vibrate “in a fixed equilibrium position with strong cohesive forces” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross,...
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