...Helium is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions. Helium is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant element in the observable universe, being present at about 24% of the total elemental mass, which is more than 12 times the mass of all the heavier elements combined. Its abundance is similar to this figure in the Sun and in Jupiter. This is due to the very high nuclear binding energy (per nucleon) of helium-4 with respect to the next three elements after helium. This helium-4 binding energy also accounts for its commonality as a product in both nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. Most helium in the universe is helium-4, and is believed to have been formed during the Big Bang. Some new helium is being created currently as a result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars. Helium is named for the Greek God of the Sun, Helios. It was first detected as an unknown yellow spectral line signature in sunlight during a solar eclipse in 1868 by French astronomer Jules Janssen. Janssen is jointly credited with detecting the element along with Norman Lockyer during the solar eclipse of 1868, and Lockyer was the first to propose that the line was due to a new element, which he named. The formal discovery...
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...[pic] Name: Neon-Ne Discovery / history: The name neon derives its name from Greek word (meaning 'New One'). It was discovered by scittusg chemist William Ramsay in 1898 and English Chemist Morris W. Travers in London, England. Neon was discovered as a chilled sample of the atmosphere, until it turned out to a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the fresh gases as they boiled off. Properties: Chemical Properties Neon is an inert element because it has 8 valence electrons and is completely stable, the only reason elements react is to form a stable octet, since neon has a stable octet, there is no reason for it to react. Although neon is classified as inert, it can form an exotic compound with fluorine under extreme laboratory conditions. While it is not known for sure, some evidence suggests that this compound may be able to form naturally. Neon gas also has the ability to form an unstable hydrate when it reacts with water.2 Physical Properties Neon is the tenth element of the periodic table, in group 18, making it a noble gas. It is an odorless, tasteless, nontoxic gas without the ability to form stable compounds. Neon is very light and colourless under normal conditions, however, it glows a reddish-orange colour when in a vacuum discharge tube, as it is excited electrically. Neon has the smallest liquid range of any element from the periodic table...
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...Noble gases do not have all the properties of nonmetals because they react chemically. A few compounds that have noble gases have been created. Each element has filled an outer energy level of electrons. The level of helium is filled with two electrons, but the rest of noble gases have eight electrons. Group 18 was originally called inert gas group because it was thought that elements could not produce stable compounds. Also because their valence levels are full and normally noble gases do not add more electrons. Fluorine can have a high attraction to electrons that it attracts electrons from some noble gases and causes them to have a positive oxidation state. Only some reactivity is seen. Argon and xenon are the only ones to produce stable compounds. Neon has been wheedled into reactions under bead conditions of temperature and pressure. Helium has not shown an activity. Noble gases are nonpolar and that means they hold in the liquid and solid phases by van der Waals forces. Helium with the fewest electrons has the lowest boiling point. In this group, the boiling point increases from top to bottom. Helium was discovered by Janssen in 1868. Helium’s atomic number is 2. Its symbol is He. Also, it has a weight of 4.002602. Helium is a light, colorless gas. Helium has one of the lowest melting point. It’s the only liquid that cannot be made into a...
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...* Question 1 Needs Grading | | | What is the helium fusion reaction, and why does it require much higher temperatures than hydrogen fusion? | | | | | Selected Answer: | Helium fusion reaction is the transformation of 3 Helium nuclei into one carbon nucleus. It requires much higher temperatures than hydrogen fusion because it has a greater positive charge (two protons), which requires a strong force to deal with electromagnetic repulsion. | Correct Answer: | The helium fusion reaction is the "triple alpha process". In this process three helium-4 nuclei (the alphas) are converted into one carbon-12 nucleus.The triple alpha process requires higher temperatures than proton fusion because the Coulomb barrier is larger. | | | | | * Question 2 Needs Grading | | | What happens to a low-mass star after it exhausts its core helium? | | | | | Selected Answer: | The low-mass star dies after exhausting its core helium. | Correct Answer: | The process of fusing helium creates carbon. Eventually the core will run out of helium, leaving an inert carbon core surrounded by a helium fusing shell (still surrounded by a hydrogen fusing shell). Both shells will contract, creating higher temperatures forcing the star to expand to a double shell-burning giant. The double shell burning will last a few million years or less. The star will never again achieve equilibrium like it had on the main sequence. Instead the star will undergo thermal pulses where the...
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...HELIUM Your name Your institution Author note. Assignment submitted by [Your Name] for [Your course] Introduction Helium is a colourless element that is chemically inert. Although helium is the second most abundant element in the universe after Hydrogen, most of it is found outside the earth atmosphere. Since it is chemically inert, Helium is used in arc welding and in preparation of silicon and germanium where a non-reactive environment is required. The inertness of helium gives it the ability to be used to prevent sparking, ignition or explosions due to rubbing in environments abundant of oxygen. (Karasik, Messins, Cooper, & Heald, 2001, p.400). Raw Materials Helium comes as a direct result of radioactive decay of some elements. After radioactive decay has occurred helium escapes from this elements and mixes with the natural gases that form there. Since it’s extremely light, Most of it escapes out of the earth’s atmosphere into the space (Vardiman 1986). Therefore there are two sources of helium; air and natural gases. This means that there also two ways through which Helium can be produced; through liquefaction of air and the processing from natural gases. The later is preferred because the significant amount of helium in natural gas and the fair cost of production compared to liquefaction. The Manufacturing Process The composition of natural gases is mainly methane, propane, butane, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and helium (Bakar...
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...Objective: Analyzing three of the fraction samples from the previous lab: “Separation, Extraction, Fractional Distillation & Gas Chromatography” to determine the contents purity Equations: Area of peak=1/2HxW % composition= (Area of peak/Total area of peak(s)) x 100 Properties: Diethyl ether 1,2-dimethoxy ethane Formula C4H10O3 ClCO(CH2)8COCl Melting Point −116.3 °C -58°C Boiling Point 62 - 64 °C 82 - 83°C Density 1.005 g/cm3 1.121 Physical Properties Clear, colorless liquidSweet, ether-like odor Clear, colorless liquidSharp, ether-like odor Hazards Extremely flammableIrritant Flammable liquid and vaporMay cause irritation to skin Procedure: 1. Use a syringe to obtain 0.5uL of fraction 1 2. Insert syringe as far as possible into the Gas Chromatography (GC) 3. Quickly press plunger to release fraction sample into GC 4. Press “Start” on the integrator 5. Remove syringe 6. At the end of process, approximately 3 minutes, press “Stop” on integrator 7. Press “shift” and “enter” keys to feed paper through integrator 8. Clean syringe with cleaning solvent 9. Repeat steps 1-8 using the other fraction samples 10. Determine the percent composition to each of the fractions Data & Results: Glass Beads: Run Time (min) Area (%) Fraction 1 Ether 0.7 70 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.2 30 Fraction 6 Ether n/a n/a 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.1 100 Fraction 10 Ether n/a n/a 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.1 100 Raschig...
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...Section 14: Supplier Relationship Management Process Your organisation will be required to undertake a Supplier Relationship Management Programme, which consists of the below 5 elements. This process will coincide and form part of the Supplier Review Meetings to be held as stipulated in Section 6: Specification, point 6.6.1. Element 1: Supplier Qualification In accordance with Section 8: Pre Qualification Questionnaire, our evaluation team have developed and implemented a strategic criteria for vendor assessment that is consistent across all suppliers. This element mandates that vendors are in possession of the relevant procedures and or certificates to operate the contract. A review of all elements with a view to obtain updated information will be required. Element 2: Supplier Segmentation Aspects of the contract are typically segmented, however this element complements and involves many aspect points towards the end of the contract period. Element 3: Supplier Performance Measurement Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) or described as the Evaluation Criteria stipulated within Section 3: point 3.21 cover the mission critical elements of the service requirement. The service provider will be assessed Pre, Present and Post contract. Element 4: Supplier Assessment Suppliers are measured on whether they are meeting the previously established KPIs and metrics. Review meetings are conducted bi- annually. Element 5: Supplier Relationship Optimisation The final element...
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...The purpose of this experiment was for the student to be able to perform the dehydrobromination of meso-stilbene dibromide in order to produce an alkyne, diphenylacetalyene. The dehydrobromination of meso-stilbene dibromide requires removal of two hydrogen bromides—in other words, a double elimination. In order for the elimination of the halogen to happen, the hydrogen being attacked and the leaving group need to be on the same plane. More specifically, the molecule has to be in an anti-periplanar orientation in order to have the elimination reaction happen more efficiently. Even though a molecule in a syn-periplanar orientation also has the hydrogen and leaving group in the same plane, the fact that both groups are on the same side makes the molecule sterically hindered. The staggered conformation of the meso-stilbene dibromide is orbitally more favorable than the eclipsed conformation making the anti-periplanar orientation the more favorable orientation for an elimination reaction. Fortunately, the fact that meso-stilbene dibromide had a single bond allowed for this molecule to develop the anti-periplanar orientation by having rotated the bond until the hydrogen and the leaving group were on opposite sides of the molecule. When producing alkynes, there are two steps involved in the reaction: the formation of an intermediate alkene with a vinyl halide followed by the elimination of the halide to result in an alkyne. For the creation of the intermediate vicinal bromide in this...
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...HONEY Honey, though very sticky, can actually highlight your hair. You can apply honey straight to your wet hair and leave on for two hours. An alternative method is to mix equal parts of honey, lemon and water in a spray bottle. Apply to damp hair and spend an hour in the sun. You will need to wash your hair twice to get out all the honey. Honey gives hair a lot of bounce and natural highlights. CHAMOMILE TEABelieve it or not, brunettes can get natural golden highlights this summer with chamomile tea. Boil a pot of chamomile tea and allow it to cool completely. Wash and condition your hair normally, then rinse your hair with the tea. Relax outside in the sun with your tea-drenched hair for 30-60 minutes. Repeat every other day until your hair has beautiful natural highlights. OLIVE OILYou may know that olive oil is a fabulous hair conditioner but many people don't realize it can be used as a natural hair lightener too. Comb a generous amount of olive oil through your hair. Spend about an hour in the sun and then wash out the oil. Your hair will not only be naturally highlighted, it will be moisturized too! Repeat three days a week until you achieve the desired highlights. LEMONThe best known of the natural hair highlighters is lemon. Mix 1/4 cup of fresh squeezed lemon juice and 3/4 cup of water in spray bottle. Spritz lemon water onto your hair but do not saturate scalp. Leave mixture on your hair for 2 hours, spending at least 30 minutes of that time in the sun. Be...
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...Element Brochure For this assignment, you will be creating a brochure about an element that you decide to do. Use the internet to collect information about your element. Include all the required information and do your best! Your brochure should be fun and interesting to read. The assignment is due 20/09/1998, at the end of lesson 1. When you have finished this assignment, email me a copy and give me a print out. Information should include: * The element name * The element symbol * Draw or provide a colour picture of it. (You may need to be creative here. Show a picture of its use if you cannot draw how the element occurs in nature.) * Properties. For instance: * The atomic mass * The atomic number * Who discovered the element * When it was discovered * How it was named * What its natural state is * Its melting point * Its boiling point * The group it belongs to in the periodic table (noble gas, metal, and so forth) * Some of its characteristics, such as: * colour, odour, whether it’s dangerous—explosive, radioactive, or noxious * Any interesting facts about the element * Describe the uses of your element * The number of electrons are in each shell around the nucleus * An electron shell diagram * Future uses * Bibliography Remember to check over your brochure after you have finished it. Check for the following: • Is the brochure neat and easy to read...
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...Argon was discovered by William Ramsay, an English chemist, in 1894. The name Argon originates from the Greek word ‘Argos’ meaning inactive. Argons symbol is Ar and it’s located in period 3, group 18 of the periodic table. It’s a noble gas. It has 18 electrons and protons, and 22 neutrons. Argons electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p6. Argon is a colorless, odorless gas present in the atmosphere. It’s known to not form true chemical compounds. It’s heavier than air, but less reactive than N2. Argons atomic number is 18, its mass number is 39.948, it has 8 valence electrons, it’s molar mass is 39.95, it’s ionization energy is very high, but still less than neon, it’s melting point is -189.3 c, and it’s boiling point is -186.0 c. Argons density is 0.00178 grams per cubic centimeter. Argons is a gas at room temperature. The electrical conductivity of Argon is very low, and the flammability is zero, you cannot burn Argon, it can’t burn because it is inert and it won’t react with Oxygen to create what is known as fire. It can be heated and used to weld, but even then it’s not necessarily burning. Argon doesn’t react with any other element because it’s a noble gas, so there is no reactivity from Argon with water or Oxygen. There are several common uses for the element Argon such as the following. Argon is used in fluorescent tubes and usually emits a blue light. It extinguishes fires without damaging the equipment that is burning, it’s used in museums to protect old documents...
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...The Universal Protocol for Preventing Wrong Site, Wrong Procedure, and Wrong Person Surgery: UP.01.01.01 Elements of Performance: 1. Implement a pre-procedure process to verify the correct procedure, for the correct patient, at the correct site. Note: The patient is involved in the verification process when possible. 2. Identify the items that must be available for the procedure and use a standardized list to verify their availability. At a minimum, these items include the following: - Relevant documentation (for example, history and physical, signed procedure consent form, nursing assessment, and pre-anesthesia assessment) - Labeled diagnostic and radiology test results (for example, radiology images and scans, or pathology and biopsy reports) that are properly displayed - Any required blood products, implants, devices, and/or special equipment for the procedure Note: The expectation of this element of performance is that the standardized list is available and is used consistently during the pre-procedure verification. It is not necessary to document that the standardized list was used for each patient. 3. Match the items that are to be available in the procedure area to the patient. Element 1 Findings: * Nightingale Hospital has a Procedure Handoff Tool which deals with several of the main Elements of Performance as laid down in the JC standard UP.01.01.01. * There is a policy, Site Identification and Verification (Universal Protocol), in place which gives specifics...
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...Contents 1-Abstract 2 2-Introduction 3 3-Theory 4 3.1-Total and effective porosity: 4 3.2Primary and Secondary porosity: 5 4- Experimental Set-up and Procedure 5 4.1-Materials and equipment 5 4.2- Experimental set-up and procedure 5 5-Results and calculations 7 6-Discussion and conclusion 8 6.1- Discussion of the results 8 6.2- Conclusion 8 7- References 9 1-Abstract The aim of this report is to be familiar with the basic procedures of preparing rock samples and to measure the density of and porosity of rock samples. Firstly the rock size and mass was measured to determine the density and bulk volume using an electronic ruler and mass balance. Then using the helium porosimeter the grain volume of each core plug sample was measured. Each of these measurements were repeated three times and then averaged for precision sake. The porosity was then calculated by subtracting the grain volume from the bulk volume, to determine the pore volume, and then dividing by the bulk volume. The porosity results for all the samples were reasonable except for sample 1 and 6 for which the porosity is calculated to be in negative % and make no logic. These possible reasons for these inaccurate results are that the group made high errors in reading the measurements or did the experiment in a wrong method. 2-Introduction For the storage of oil and gas in any reservoir rock presence of porosity is vital. However, the degree of porosity in any rock depends upon...
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...GAS CYLINDER PIPING/TUBING ELECTRIC VALVE Hydrogen v Helium Hydrogen is lighter than Helium but the difference is ridiculous when you think about the risks. Hydrogen is extremely flammable whereas helium is an inert gas. Moreover Helium is easy to obtain and you do not need any special permits if you decide to start transporting several tanks of it around in your truck. Can be obtained from party stores/ welding supply stores The obvious issue is to link the small regulator’s mouth to the 3 cm wide balloon’s neck. You need to build the joint/adaptor yourself. You need: * A plastic tube (3 to 6 feet long) * A 1 inch PVC 90 degrees Elblow * A 1 inch female PCV tube * Some scotch tape To make sure the dimensions are correct, bring with you the balloon and the regulator when you go shopping. You can find the materials at Lowe’s or Home Depot. The reason you want to a long plastic tube is to be able to inflate the balloon on a clean plastic cover away from everything. The balloon’s neck is about 3cm (1.2 inch) wide, a 1inch wide PVC tube is large enough to keep it tight. Make sure to secure it with 2 tie wraps and a solid pair of hands. Since the inflating process can take up to one hour, the person responsible for the balloon can get very tired. The reason you want an Elbow shape is to attach the inflating balloon to something heavy to prevent it to fly away and to measure the lift. [http://www.beyond62.com/part-1-how-to-fill-a-near-space-balloon/] ...
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...ECO/ 365 Wednesday, March 13, 2013 William Mason Supply and Demand Simulation Paper In the simulation, Goodlife Management is a company who rents and leases two-bedroom apartments in the city called Atlantis. The simulation helped students understand shifts in demand and supply, the effect of a price ceiling on the quantity demanded and quantity of supplied two-bedroom apartments, and the equilibrium point as well. “Microeconomics is the study of how individual choice is influenced by economic forces” (Colander, 2010). Individuals in this case refer to both people and businesses. Two microeconomic principles that are apparent in the simulation are the supply of two-bedroom apartments for rent, and the demand for renting them. In all the scenarios, students were challenged to either increase or decrease rental rates on behalf of Goodlife Management, depending on how high or low the demand of two-bedroom apartments were. On the other hand, macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole and considers problems of inflation, unemployment, business cycles, and growth (Colander, 2010). The increase in population, or growth, had an impact on the apartments because there was a parallel increase in demand for rented apartments. The reason for an increase in population was the fact that a new business was opening up in Atlantis, thus creating job opportunities in the city. Because the employment rate in Atlantis was rising, the demand for renting apartments increased as well...
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