...Book Citation Pomeroy, Sarah. Women in Hellenistic Egypt: from Alexander to Cleopatra (New York: Schocken Books), 1984. Author’s Goal The author’s goal in writing this book is to inform people about ancient women, focusing more on Egypt and sounding areas in the earliest centuries, from 2nd century through the 4th. Women were not very popular in ancient times; therefore people know less about them compared to men. Because of this lack of information many people argue about the status of ancient women. That is why Pomeroy wrote this book, she wants to provide as much information about ancient women as she could, to inform her readers. Pomeroy also tends to focus on the women who achieved great goals in life, as to say that even women in...
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...I will be analyzing several schools of philosophy that emerged from the Hellenistic period. The Hellenistic civilization was known to be the final phase of ancient Greek philosophy. This civilization lasted from approximately 399 BCE to 200CE. These philosophy’s came about after Alexander’s attempt at a new descended upon the Greek population. After being alienated from the Centre of government, the Greek society realized that they were no longer in control of their own political destiny. For this reason, they decided to develop what would later be called a philosophy of retreat. During the Hellenistic times, philosophical questions were primarily ethical and centered around how to live well in difficult circumstances....
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... BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 HELLENISM DURING THE INTERTESTAMENTAL PERIOD Introduction As the Old Testaments ends, the book of Malachi presents a hopeful message of a Messiah. There are more than four hundred years between the close of the Old Testament and the beginning of the New Testament. Some refer to these four hundred years as the “time of darkness” or the “centuries of silence.” The New Testament opens in a scene that has had a dramatic change from a biblical Israel to post-exilic Judaism. The pervasive and lasting impact of the Greek culture on Syro-Palestine was due primarily to brilliance and character of Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE). This influence came to be known as Hellenization. Jerusalem Jews adopted the term “Hellenistic” as a hostile description during the second century as “going Greek.” Although many Jewish communities resisted the effects of Hellenization, it still had a significant impact on the culture, language and ideas of the people. ALEXANDER THE GREAT Alexander was the king of the Macedonians, which was a tribe from northern Greece. He became king at the young age of twenty, after his father’s death. Enemies surrounded the nation on every side, and Alexander’s advisors suggested that he surrender Greece altogether without going to war. However, Alexander chose to go the opposite route. He launched into battle and defeated one empire after another. He was a tireless general who drove his army from Europe to Asia. He then proceeded to...
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...How were the Greeks similar and different to the Hellenistic empire? The Greeks and the Hellenistic empire were similar in dependence on slave labor, where in Hellenic era, “ virtually every household had a few” (Sherman & Salisbury, 2013), and “every household had one or two domestic slaves, and most manufacturing and other labor was done by slaves” (Sherman & Salisbury, 2013), which in both eras, “it was customary to enslave losers in battle” (Sherman & Salisbury, 2013). On the other side, the differences could be found in the status of women living in either era. As the textbook suggests in the Greece chapter: “While respectable women stayed carefully indoors, some women – slaves or foreigners – who had no economic resources or family ties became prostitutes and courtesans who shared men’s public lives at dinners and drinking parties” (Sherman & Salisbury, 2013). The Hellenistic World chapter, “It suggests that women worked and earned money instead of staying carefully guarded within the home. It also shows a loosening of the tight family ties that had marked the Greek poleis and the ancient Middle East civilizations” (Sherman & Salisbury, 2013). Athens supposedly experienced “a developing democratic form of government… that allowed them to run and control the growing city” (Sherman & Salisbury, 2013), while during Hellenistic era, ”Society, economy, and politics all played out on a larger scale, and kings, rather than citizens, now ruled… It indicates people’s view of...
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...Ida R. HS150 World Civilizations I Assignment 2_02 Alexander the Great 01/15/2013 Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was only twenty when he became King of Macedonia. After his father Philip’s assassination he moved quickly to assert his authority, securing the Macedonian frontiers and following his father’s dreams to invade the Persian Empire. In the early stages of Alexander’s reign, Alexander had to deal with the Greeks along with the Illyrians and the Thracians, because they saw a chance to reaffirm their independence after Philip died. In this small, but meaningful conquest, Alexander marched an army to Athens and Thebes where he forced the cities to accept him as the leader in his father’s place. In this conquest he easily defeated the Illyrians and the Thracians in less than a few weeks. During Alexander’s conquest to invade the Persian Empire, entering Asia with an army of 37, 000, men he still knew he was taking a chance, which almost caused him his life, but ended in a major victory. In twelve years, Alexander continued to conquered vast territories, dominating lands from west of the Nile to east of the Nile, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Syria, Bactria, Anatolia, Judea, Phoenicia, and Gaza. He was able to extend his empire as far as India. He brought the Persian Empire, Egypt, and much of the Middle East under his control. Alexander made clear his determination to continue marching east to conquer more of India, but his soldiers refused and Alexander...
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...Art History Introduction The Conquests of Alexander the Great culminated to the establishment of Hellenistic Kingdoms in South-West Asia from 323 BC to 146 BC. This led to the spread of Hellenistic cultures to these regions. The Hellenistic civilization and culture encompasses a blend between the Ancient Greek culture, religion and art and the South-West Asia art, culture and religion. The Head of Bodhisattva contained in the Cantor Museum encompasses the head of a Buddhist being that easily attained Buddhahood, but forgoes his Nirvana with the aim of aiding those in the world to walk in the Buddhist path. This Head was created in the Gandhara Ancient kingdom located in South West Asia. This Head was created using the Gandhara or Greco-Buddhist art that was highly influenced by Hellenistic Art. The Head of Alexander the Great encompasses an art created during the Hellenistic Civilization that spread after the Conquests of Alexander the Great. The fact that both The Head of Alexander the Great and The Head of Bodhisattva were created under Hellenistic and Greco-Buddhist art, cultural, religious and artistic connections can be identified between them. Cultural Connections Both Heads were created during the Hellenistic civilization whose major characteristic was the Hellenistic culture. This culture was however influenced by the indigenous cultures of the conquests culminating into the Greco Buddhist culture. During the creation of both heads the main language utilized in Alexandria...
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...concerned with what people say, but rather what they do. Further, it was their contention that emotions such as fear, envy, or passionate love, etc. were the products of false judgement, which a sage, or a person who has attained moral and intellectual perfection (Baltzly). Moreover, the stoics hold true that the sage is “...utterly immune to misfortune and that virtue is sufficient for happiness” (Baltzly). The stoic philosophy was and is still is very popular for many people. The stoics had a particular way of thinking that affected their thoughts on philosophy and life, physical theory, logic, and ethics. It is here where we will explore these concepts, and how they were manifested by stoic philosophers. Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic Philosophy which was founded by Zeno of Citium in the early third century, BCE. The basis for the stoicism curiosity derives from the relationship between determinism and human freedom. Determinism, essentially meaning a cause and effect relationship, or basically, that events are bound by causes and determined by prior events. This kind of philosophy was seen as a way of life, and a way to live positively with nature, as opposed to a non-implantable philosophy. Philosophy, according to the stoics was a kind of practice “in the expertise concerning what is beneficial” (Baltzly). Stoic logic has become something of its own study, as it departs from traditional Aristotelean logic. This new kind of logic was termed, “propositional...
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...Death and the Soul—Epicureanism and Stoicism Introduction What happens at death and the idea of the afterlife put human logic and science to a test. However, ancient philosophers, such as Plato, Aristotle, Zeno, and Epicurus, use the science of thought in order to understand complex ideas of the nonexistent. As David Lund, put it philosophy can suspend the facts of death in order to help search for life after death (Lund, 6). The ambiguity that science sees can be approach and open-minded thinkers. Life’s mysteries are evaluated by philosophers as results and the phenomenon of death on the physical plain is clear where science is not. The question as to whether or not life is simply a finite experience that disappears and fades to dust, or something more than this, falls into the disciplines of both philosophy and religion. In addition to death itself, the aspect of the soul is likewise a topic of considerable dispute and discussion within these two areas of study. The debate over whether or not human beings are purely physical in nature or something more is inherent within this ongoing discussion. Epicureanism and Stoicism will be explored to this end to better illustrate the varying theoretical and philosophical perspectives that are in place regarding both death and the element of the soul. In doing so, the acts of creativity that are relevant to this, for example, art, architecture, history, literature, music, and religion, will also be explored to better illustrate the...
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...alexander_the_great This is a great source because this museum has the actual piece of art. The website includes some history about the piece as well as Alexander himself. Also, the last paragraph includes a breakdown of facial and hair features on the piece. Van den Heuvel, Niki. "Gandharan Region: Head Of A Bodhisattva." Artonview 50 (2007): 43. OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Article. 20 Nov. 2013. I chose this as a source because this museum has the actual piece in question. The article goes about where the head status came from, history behind it, as well as its relation to Buddhism. What stroked me as interesting was that this piece as also has connection to Greek, Bactrian and Indian styles as well. Burn, Lucia. “Hellenistic art: from Alexander the Great to Augustus.” J. Paul Getty...
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...Statuary art had come a long ways from the stiff, frontal statues of ancient Egypt, and with the onset of Classical Greece came the arrival of idealized and perfectly-proportionate bodies. However, this idealism would soon turn into realism as the late Classical and Hellenistic Period emerged: an era filled with strife, instability, and disillusionment. The changes that occurred in these cultures would soon manifest themselves in the art of that time, most notably statuary art. Two sculptures, the Classical Doryphoros by Polykleitos and the Old Market Woman from the Hellenistic period, effectively illustrate this stylistic development. The Doryphoros, a statue of a spear bearer, embodies the mindset of the Classical period: a striving toward the ideal, ultimate body portrayal. Its perfectly-proportioned, muscular body, carefully balanced contrapposto, and harmonic "motion at rest" quality serve to portray the perfect male statue. The athlete's serene, slightly-smiling gaze and calm expression further emphasize the aim toward perfection and order in that intellectual culture. This form of portrayal would soon change, however, with the onset of the Peloponnesian War, and later, the beginning of Roman conquest. The political upheaval and tumultuous chaos would have a profound impact on the pysche of the Greeks. Previously focused on the ideal world of perfect beings and bulidings, the strife and disillusionment caused by the cultural upheaval would bring an end to the serene...
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...Classical Societies. Maria HUM/205 There is an incredible amount of artwork from the Classical societies, which inspired artists and artists today. Art can reveal an extensive amount of information regarding the culture and background of the society, which it was created. To examine artwork in relation to the culture of the each society, the artwork must be analyzed in variety of ways. The artwork that will be examined will be the Parthenon from the Classical Greece period, The Scraper from the Hellenistic Period, and the tombs from the Etruscan Civilization. The Parthenon is a great example of the Doric style of architecture from the Classical Greek period, as shown in Figure 1. The Parthenon was built by Perikles, the great Athenian leader. It was built on the highest point and was the largest building on the mainland. (Benton & DiYanni, 2008, pp. 66-121) The Parthenon was made of marble and was built in 447-432 BCE. Parthenon is a temple dedicated to the Goddess Athena. ("The Parthenon") An image of Athena made out of gold and ivory stands in the Parthenon. (Benton & DiYanni, 2008, pp. 66-121) The Greeks believed she helped them defeat the Persian Empire during the Persian Wars. The Parthenon is known to symbolize wealth and power of the Athenians. Tax money of the people was used to pay for the building. Ironically, the building was used as a state treasury, which held tax money that the Dalian League collected. The society was proud of its culture and political...
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...Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon, known as Alexander the Great (21 July 356 BCE – 10 or 11 June 323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon. He became king upon his father’s death in 336 BCE at the age of 20 and went on to conquer most of the known world of his day. He is known as 'the great' both for his military genius and his diplomatic skills in handling the various populaces of the regions he conquered. He is further recognized for spreading Greek culture, language, and thought from Greece throughout Asia Minor, Egypt, and Mesopotamia to India and thus initiating the era of the "Hellenistic World". His legacies of cities named “Alexandria,” Greek-style art and the use of government workers are just a few examples of his leadership. Alexander’s takeover of power upon the murder of his father included moving swiftly to secure his army and killing anyone that denied his claim to rule. Once Alexander destroyed the Greek city Thebes, it forced the Greeks to recognize him as his father’s successor. When Alexander had Greece under his power, it was his intent to move on to Persia just as his father had wanted to. Persia was not as powerful as it once had been, but still had a strong army that put invaders at a disadvantage. In 334 B.C.E., Alexander won his first victory at the Granicus River in northwestern Anatolia. Alexander’s battle strategies could not be matched with his quick countermeasures and his ability to plan and anticipate enemy moves made...
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... It is indisputable that in the novel Pankration, written by Dyan Blacklock, the main protagonist Nicasylus changes significantly throughout the story. From a self-centred and immature boy he changed to a self-sufficient, justice-seeking and courageous man. Nicasylus’ independence, resourcefulness and maturity had increased. His attitude, relationship towards slaves and physical appearance had changed immensely. Nic’s independence, resourcefulness and maturity had increased. At the beginning of the book he relied greatly on the slaves to care and look after him. He expected to be looked after at a very high standard and did not know how to look after himself as the slaves did everything for him. “… he was left to get himself ready for school, and unheard-of event.” Later in the novel Nic’s independence, resourcefulness and maturity increases as he learns how to occupy and care for himself. “He could ration his food so that the meagre provisions lasted for twenty-four hours…” Nic attained a resourceful and determined personality. For instance, when he was up in the mountains as a goat herder he was able to make a flute, a slingshot and a drum which demonstrates a self-sufficient quality in Nic. Hence, developing immensely and learning to be more independent, resourceful and mature. Nic’s’ attitude and relationship towards slaves had changed significantly. At the beginning of the story Nic was very selfish and showed no respect for slaves. He believed that slaves were...
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...what failing. As men the power we should be aware of is feminine power over us. Any man who loves a woman is under her power; in most cases he is not aware of it. In this art work which was done by Picasso, I see the power of women over men. As men we think we stronger than women. We can do lot things that women cannot do. In fact, they have the power to make us do what they want us to do. Demoiselle is oil on canvas painting done by Picasso. In this art work, I see Picasso painting five ladies. The painting is for young ladies. Picasso painted the ladies in cubic form which was the modern way to pain at that time. By looking at the painting, you see that all the figures inside have almost the same face but different size of the body. In my opinion, the women body is what put pressure on the man. Most of strippers in clubs have a nice, beautiful body; men are attracted to the body more that the soul. If the woman has a nice body, she more likely to have the man does what she wants in order for him to have a piece of the cake. In the painting, Picasso had drawn the women body parts in different ways. This indicates the different parts of the body that man likes in general. Some man likes the legs, others like the boobs. At the end, the women body is what allowing her to control man. One element that attracted me the most is why Picasso painted all the figures with eyes looking straight at the person who’s looking at the painting. These shows how confident the woman...
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...Women will always find themselves chasing an elusive identity and dream unless they embrace who God made them to be according to the Bible. Women must come to accept their femininity. God has made them different purposefully. Physically, they are different, being generally weaker and crafted to bear and nurse children, and they have different emotional needs as well. Peter exhorts husbands to treat their wives in an understanding way because they are different, being women, and men need to understand this (1 Peter 3:7). Women must come to define womanhood based not on the culture or even what well-meaning Christians might assert but on the Word of God. The Bible says that a woman does well if she bears children (Psalm 128), and it doesn’t condemn a woman as inferior if she remains unmarried, does not have children, or cannot have children (Matthew 19:12). The Bible says that women should be workers at home (Titus 2:5), but it also allows for them to do profitable business ventures (Proverbs 31:16). The Biblical ideal is for men to provide for their families and for women to stay at home to raise the children. Unfortunately, this will not always work out perfectly, and both men and women need to be willing to adapt and be flexible and understanding. If it is possible for a mother to be with her children and raise them, then there is no Biblical reason to excuse her from not doing so. Though a stay at home mother might feel at times like she is...
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