...Preterm births and low birth weights are an ongoing problem in today’s society. Such births have a negative consequence on a multitude of different groups. The families of the child are directly affected but also society. In both developed and developing countries, birth weight is one of the most important if not the most important factor affecting neonatal morality. According to the WHO low birth weight is defined as weight less then 2500g. About 9% of births in the US are considered low birth. Preterm births before 37 weeks also play a major role in neonatal mortality. (Kramer, 1997). Low birth weight and preterm births are not limited to a select group of people but are a problem all groups of people face. Preterm births can be a result of substance abuse, alcohol, smoking, and hypertension just to name a few. Poverty is a big factor and is seen more frequently in minority groups. (Rawlings et al, 1995). Lack of nutrition and lack of access to healthcare are two leading causes among minorities. Low birth babies will have an impact on the family and society. Hospital costs will be high as well as future costs if complications occur later on in life. Not only will there be financial cost and burden but also psychological. Short term there will be high levels of stress. New parents will have a difficult time coping with and preparing to deal with future complications. Problems can include complications with the lungs, neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy,...
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...Hepatitis B- Benchmark Brandy Barlow Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V-O508 January 11, 2015 Hepatitis B- Benchmark Hepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver and is caused by the hepatitis B virus. It can cause both acute and chronic disease within the body. Hepatitis or Hep B is an infection of the liver that can be deadly. It causes inflammation of the liver and is a major health problem all over the globe. Chronic liver disease and chronic infections put people at higher risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and or liver cancer. The majority of people with Hep B do not have any symptoms during the actual infection phase. There are those however, that experience jaundice (yellowing of the skin), dark colored urine, increased fatigue, nausea, with or without vomiting, and abdominal pain. Symptoms of hepatitis B may not show up for 6 months after the initial infection. Early onset of symptoms may include: loss of appetite, fatigue, low grade fever, muscle and joint pain. An infected person may have no symptoms, they may feel sick for a day up to weeks, or they may become very ill very quickly. This is called fulminant hepatitis. (Hepatitis B, 2013, pg. 1). Complications may arise in some people causing a chronic liver infection that can become cirrhosis or liver cancer. At least ninety percent of healthy adults that contract the Hepatitis B virus recover and are rid of it within six months. Hep B can be transmitted to others even if the infected...
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...A. DOCTORS & 1. NEEDLE STICK INJURY COLLEAGUES: 2. COLLEAGUE WITH HEP B, HEP C & HIV INFECTION 3. PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT IN A COLLEAGUE 4. INCOMPETENT COLLEAGUE This is a gift of a scenario. In this scenario for once you have to have your facts right because otherwise you wont be able to suggest anything. There is a standard way to go about this and after discussing that a short description will be given regarding the different aspects of safety and post exposure prophylaxis. 1. Greet the patient and say that you have come to know about the incidence. 2. Come the doctor by sayong something like, “ I know that you are anxious but I can assure you that there are lot that we can do to minimize any risks that is involved.” 3. Ask him/her when did it happen and what did he/she do immediately after that. 4. If the immediate 1st aid is correct, acknowledge that and say that it has already reduced the risk of transmission of any infection by 95 % 5. Enquire about the exact circumstances in which the needle prick has happened [pic] Was he or she wearing gloves? Single or double? [pic] Has she been pricked by a hollow needle? [pic] Was the needle inside a vein or artery of the...
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... Culture & Disease Paper Hepatitis is a viral disease that affects people of all ethnic groups, races and various religious backgrounds. However, compared to the other racial or ethnic groups’ Asian population are more likely to be a higher risk to inheriting the disease than any other racial or ethnic group. The subject of discussion in this paper is how Hepatitis propagates making the Asian population in particular at risk to this disease (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2012). What is Hepatitis? Hepatitis is the swelling of the liver that makes it to stop working well. There are five main types of known Hepatitis, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D and Hepatitis E (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2012). Liver is organ of the body that is responsible for the variety of functions such as Detoxifications, store vitamins, maintain production of the biochemical needed by one’s body for digestion, and maintain the proper glucose levels in the body. The liver is also responsible in production of certain hormones required by the human body, and production of urea the main substance present in the urine. Hepatitis is a viral infection caused by a virus that attacks the liver leading to inflammation and demising its ability to perform the required functions. The individuals that carry the Hepatitis virus have no symptoms and can take decades to show up when the liver...
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...Public Health Hepatitis B Jorge Cruz Jr Grand Canyon University According to the Hepatitis B Foundation, the virus has infected about 2 billion people worldwide, which is about 1 person out of every three (Our Accomplishments, 2014). Hepatitis B virus or the HBV is a virus that can cause a lifetime of damage to the liver. “Hepatitis” on its own refers to the inflammation of the live, although there are many causes of inflammation of liver the family of the hepatitis viruses are the most common with Hep A, B, and C being most prominent of the family. Although the family of the hepatitis’ viruses are similar in structure, they differ in transmission and infection. For instances, Hepatitis A is transmitted fecal to oral, whereas Hepatitis B and C are transmitted through exchange of bodily fluids (Hepaitits B, 2008). Hepatitis B can be spread when infected blood, semen, or any other bodily fluid comes in contact with a non-infected person’s bloodstream. The CDC, provides possible situation when this occurs, for example, during birth (mother is infected could pass down to infant), during sex, or when sharing items that come in contact with a infected person’s blood like toothbrush, needles, or razors. Since it is spread through bodily fluid people at risk for infection are those who come close contact with other people’s bodily fluid frequently this includes but not limited to healthcare workers, men who have sex with men, infants of infected mothers, people with multiple sex...
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...Benchmark Assignment: The Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Andrea Elena Medina Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V Concepts in Community and Public Health Thursday, December 08, 2015 Benchmark Assignment: The Epidemiology of Hepatitis B A major global health issue impacting the international health community is Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is viral condition that injures the liver due to the attempt to eliminate the virus, leading to progressive liver disease and cirrhosis (Hepatitis B (HBV, Hep B), 2014). The incidence of cirrhosis developing in people with chronic HBV is 8-20% (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013; European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2012); the annual incidence of HBV-related liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, is 2-5% of people with cirrhosis (EASL, 2012). A person infected with Hepatitis B can transmit the virus to another person who hasn’t been affected by Hepatitis B in several ways. People can become infected with the virus when they come into contact with contaminated blood, semen and when other body fluids mix with the uninfected person’s body fluids. Examples of transmission occur from sexual contact, blood transfusion before the year 1992, sharing of needles or syringes, and from mother to baby at birth. Hepatitis B can be an acute, or short-term, illness for some people but for others, it can often lead to a lifelong chronic infection. The risk for chronic infection is related to a person’s age at the time of infection:...
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...“HEPITITIS B VIRUS” Daniella Braude CAUSE The Hepatitis B virus is the most common liver infection in the world and is caused by the hepatitis B virus. The hepatitis B virus enters the body and travels to the liver via the bloodstream. In the liver, the virus attaches to healthy liver cells and multiplies. This replication of the virus then triggers a response from the body’s immune system. People are often unaware they have been infected with the hepatitis B at this stage. The liver is the main site of hepatitis B viral multiplication. Hepatitis B infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer or liver failure if it is not diagnosed and managed. [1] TRANSMISSION Hepatitis B is found in blood and body fluids including saliva, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. The most common ways hepatitis B is spread include sexual contact, sharing of injecting equipment, needlestick injuries in the health care setting, reuse of unsterilised or inadequately sterilised needles, child-to-child transmission through household contact such as biting, sharing personal items such as razors, toothbrushes or nail clippers and Mother passing on to child. [2] HOST RESPONSE When a person is first infected with the hepatitis B virus, this is called an “acute infection.” Most adults will fight off the virus, and recover without any problems. If the virus remains in the blood for more than six months, a person is then...
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...they can be spread from one person or thing to the next. This writing will present hepatitis B and how it affects individuals and the community. The roll of the community health nurse will be discussed in regards to hepatitis B. Description of Hepatitis Hepatitis is simply an inflammation of the liver that is typically caused by a virus. It can be infectious or non-infectious. Viral hepatitis is contagious and is caused from a viral infection leading to liver inflammation. There are two types of hepatitis B. Acute hepatitis B is short lived, and chronic hepatitis B which produces long-term illness. Individuals who are exposed to hepatitis B in infancy or childhood likely will develop chronic hepatitis. Those who are exposed as adults will develop antibodies and typically have an acute hepatitis infection. Hepatitis B is contracted when a person comes in contact with infected blood semen or other body fluids enters their bodies. If a person has an exposure to hepatitis B, hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) can be given to suppress the development of the disease. In an acute infection, symptoms that can be experienced include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, dark urine, joint pain, jaundice, anorexia and clay-colored stools. The symptoms usually show up with in the first six months after the exposure and can last up to six months long. Chronic hepatitis B does not always illicit symptoms but...
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...1. Clostridium difficile (C. dif) a. What is Clostridium difficile? Clostridium difficile is a gram positive bacteria of the genus Clostridium. C. difficile bacteria naturally reside in the body and this bacteria is capable of forming spores. b. What are the symptoms of C. difficile disease? Symptoms of C. difficile disease include watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal pain/tenderness. With the elderly population being more susceptible to complications of dehydration, this disease is of great concern for them. c. How is C. difficle disease transmitted? C. difficile is transmitted through contact. Infection can occur if surfaces become contaminated with feces and an individual touches that surface and introduces the bacteria into their mouth or mucous membranes. This is important to remember when using commodes, bath tubs, and rectal thermometers. All of these things can be reservoirs for C. difficile spores. d. How can one prevent the spread of C. difficile infection? Preventing the spread of C. difficile can be accomplished by being diligent with hand washing and by cleaning surfaces regularly with disinfectants. Hypochlorite based disinfectants have shown the most success in hospital cleansing routines. Hospitals must take special precautions when cleaning a room after a patient with C. difficile has occupied it. Patients with C. difficile will usually be on isolation precautions in a private room or be...
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...Liver: Largest internal organ and gland Gerontologic Consideration of Liver Disease * Increase liver disease rate with age because of liver structure changes with age * Decrease liver volume – Because liver size will change with age * Decrease in hepatobilary function * Decrease drug metabolism: which increases the vulnerability for drug-induced hepatitis and increase risk for drug interactions * Decrease ability to respond to injury Hepatitis Most common cause for liver inflammation is viral infection Acute Infection: * Inflammation causes damage liver cell and may develop into hepatic cell necrosis. * If there are no complications, the liver cells can regenerate and regain its normal appearance and function. Chronic Infection: * Last longer than 6 months * May persist for years * Continuous inflammation and damage done to the liver will slowly develop into liver cirrhosis, then liver failure, and then liver cancer. Clinical Manifestations: Acute Phase: 1-4 Months: Icteric Phase * Jaundice begins * Clay Color stools Convalescence Phase: Post-Icteric phase (healing phase) * Jaundice starts to disappear * Last about 2-4 months. * Major complaint is easy fatigue and malaise. Priority Nursing Diagnosis: * Activity Intolerance r/t decrease physical energy and strength. Recovery Phase: Most patients recover completely Chronic Infection/Condition: * Develops into: Chronic hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Hepatic Failure...
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...Invisible Hand Cheating and Punishment: Dealing with, and punishing companies who would price fix, during a natural disaster, or any time for that matter is a difficult task. The first task that would be needed to be completed would be to prove it, which can prove to be difficult with one company involved, let alone two large chains that are in a relatively stable market. The prices for certain goods that are sold by Lowes and the Home Depot tend to be relatively similar, and any discrepancies in price are usually made up by differences in the price of other goods. It is the nature of a market where only a few large chains dominate the market. The prisoner’s dilemma can be applied in this situation, where the Home Depot and Lowe’s could be in a position to set the market prices for their goods and go unchecked on the basis of a natural disaster and the inability to restock their goods in a timely manner to keep prices at normal levels. The manner in which these two companies could manipulate the prices could be deliberate, meaning both companies either colluded on the prices set or simply by accident. If someone were to raise concerns about price gouging during a natural disaster, Lowe’s and Home Depot may be able to hide behind power outages, flooding or other natural occurrences keeping supplies low, thereby raising prices, but will either company sell out their competition in hopes of saving face is the question. If they work together, they of course, can keep...
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...conceivable. The outbreak of Malaria is tolerated in most countries, but in Africa it is a widespread pandemic. This is an example of genetic variation. I believe 100 percent of us are genetic. We are created through genetic variation and the inheritance of variation. Natural selection is how we can cope with environmental changes. This is why certain individuals can deal with extreme temperatures better than others. The ability for each individual to go longer without water during times of extreme heat is an example. The first benefit of E. coli is that its presence reduces the chance of pathogens from colonizing in the intestines and causing illness. E.coli lives in our intestines and they produce important vitamins such as vitamin K and B complex vitamins. Vitamin K aids in the absorption of calcium into our bones and is necessary for effective blood clotting. Vitamin...
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...related to each other or to hepatitis B virus and they differ in their structure, also in the way they are spread among individuals, also in the severity of symptoms that they can cause along with the way they are treated. In the United States alone the rates of new infection were the highest among people aged 25to 44 years and lowest among those younger than 15 years of age. This reflects that the major of transmission of hepatitis B is through sexual transmission, illicit drug use, and exposure to infected blood. The good news is that there has been a 75% decrease in newly diagnosed cases of hepatitis B during the past decade. The decrease is attributed to increased vaccination and heightened public awareness of HIV/ AIDS this has resulted in safer sexual practices. When a person first gets hepatitis B this is an ‘acute’ infection. Most people are able to let the virus run its course and this will cure the infection. Then there are some which can not clear the infection this is called ‘chronic hepatitis B this usually life-long. Hepatitis B is spread mainly by exposure to infected blood or body secretion in the infected individual. The virus can be found in semen, vaginal discharge, Breast milk, and saliva. Hepatitis B is not spread through water, food, and or casual contact. The most common transmission is sexual contact, followed by using contaminated needles for injection of illicit drugs, tattooing, body piercing. Also Hepatitis B can be transmitted through sharing...
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... a biopsy (taking a tiny piece of the liver to be analyzed) of the liver can be recommended. Acute viral hepatitis is generally straightforward to diagnose. Patients who report symptoms of fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, darkening of the urine, and jaundice (a yellow appearance to the skin, and to the white portion of the eyes), are given a blood test to confirm viral hepatitis. Chronic viral hepatitis B and C, on the other hand, are commonly asymptomatic, or result in mild nonspecific symptoms such as chronic fatigue. Jaundice, for chronic viral hepatitis patients, develops only when the liver is considerably damaged. Thus, these patients can remain undiagnosed for years or even decades. The Situation Prior to Launch Background Prior to 1990: In 1963, a blood test to detect the Hepatitis B virus was developed; similarly, in 1973, an effective screen for Hepatitis A was approved. Still, there were many cases of the Hepatitis virus after 1973, from blood transfusion, that were neither Hepatitis A nor B. It is was believed that most of these negative Hepatitis-A and –B results were, in fact, Hepatitis C. It took a joint effort by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and Chiron to identify the Hepatitis C virus in 1989, and a year later, blood banks began screening its donors for the virus. It is believed that “300,000 Americans contracted hepatitis C through blood transfusions or blood products” prior to 1990. In the 1990s: Pharmaceutical companies began introducing medications...
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...Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world. Worldwide, about 350 million people are chronic carriers of HBV (Hepatitis B Virus), among these carriers, more than 620,000 die from liver-related diseases each year. In the United States, hepatitis B mainly affects adults aged between 20-50 years. About 800,000 to 1.4 million Americans are chronic hepatitis B virus carriers, and the disease causes about 3,000 deaths each year. The good news is that infection with HBV is usually preventable because there is an effective vaccine. Use of the vaccine has resulted in an 82% decrease in the number of new infections reported in the United States each year. (www.emedicinehealth.com/hepatitis/article_em.htm) Figure 1: Estimated and reported cases of hepatitis B in the United States. Rates have fallen significantly since 1991 when routine vaccination of children was started. (www.emedicinehealth.com/hepatitis/article_em.htm) Hepatitis B is an infectious hepatitis caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). This infection has two possible phases; 1) acute, 2) chronic. Acute hepatitis B refers to newly acquired infections. Affected individuals notice symptoms approximately 1 to 4 months after exposure to the virus. In most people with acute hepatitis, symptoms resolve over weeks to months and they are cured of the infection. However, a small number of people develop a very severe, life-threatening form of acute hepatitis called fulminant hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis B is an infection...
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