...Bed to Bench ©2012 RIGLD, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases CASE PRESENTATION Depression in patients with chronic hepatitis B: an experience on individual solution- focused therapy Jinous Arvand1, Abdollah Shafiabadi2, Mohammad Reza Falsafinejad3, Nosratollah Naderi4 1 Faculty of Human Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2 Faculty of Human Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran 3 Faculty of Human Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran 4 Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT Hepatitis B, as a chronic disorder that may be associated with several psychiatric disorders, such as depression, and decrease quality of life of affected patients. One of the most important consequences of psychiatric problems is reduced patient compliance with prolonged therapeutic regimens. Psychotherapy, such as solution– focused therapy, may help these patients to resolve psychiatric problems, increase quality of life and completion of therapeutic regimens. Solutionfocused therapy is effective for patients when developing effective coping responses to the stressors associated with chronic diseases. In this study, the process and effects of solution-focused therapy on depression of 2 patients with chronic hepatitis B have been described. They received solution focused therapy for 5 sessions, each session...
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...Hepatitis c is a blood born virus that affects the liver. The disease was discovered in 1989. The virus infects others when an infected person comes in contact with an infected person. There are several ways a person can be infected by hepatitis, sharing needles, blood transfusion, piercing, tattoos, from mother to infant, and intercourse. Hepatitis is a single stranded RNA virus that is enveloped virus.” Binding to the cell surface, HCV particles enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis.” That is how the virus enters and invades, there is no known fact on where the virus originated. “There are at least six major HCV genotypes and more than 50 subtypes of HCV.” The book describes how the genotypes are categorized by different locations....
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...effective have harm reduction interventions been in reduction of Hepatitis C incidence among Injecting Drug Users in the UK? 1.0 Introduction The prevalence of Hepatitis C (HCV) internationally is largely unknown mainly due to the fact that most individuals have no symptoms in the early stages of the infection. The WHO estimates the figure at 170 million people infected with HCV and it is estimated that approximately 3-4 million people are newly infected each year . Injecting drug users (IDUs) are at greatest risk from HCV through the sharing of injecting paraphernalia. In the UK estimates from the Health Protection Agency (HPA) data has the number of people chronically infected with HCV at 216000 of which 90% are attributable to IDUs with over 40% of the IDU population being HCV antibody positive . Some estimates of numbers with HCV in the UK suggest about 500000 . In 2010, new HCV infections diagnosed in the UK was 10,381 of which there were 7384, 106, 2129, and 312 in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales respectively . There appears to be higher rate of transmission among IDU now than a decade ago; 23% compared to 12% in 2000 Although UK is classified as a low prevalence country for HCV; The HCV poses numerous challenges for public health in terms of potentially preventable mortality and morbidity. According to NICE guidance, it would cost the NHS about £1.6 billion to treat all Hepatitis C patients. The cost therefore of failing to diagnose and treat...
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...Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Shrunda Young HCS/457 March 25, 2015 Dr. Janice Chilton Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is a communicable disease that is a contagious liver infection. In 1989, hepatitis C virus was discovered. Previously, it was related with blood transfusion and was called non-A and non-B hepatitis because virus was not identified. Hepatitis C disease varies from one person to another. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread through contact with blood of an infected person. Hepatitis C can be “acute” or chronic”. Identify the environment factor related to this disease. People that contract the Hepatitis C virus age range are from 18-72 years old. Patient exposed to Hepatitis C virus used injectable drugs, body piercing, shared razors and toothbrushes, occupation exposure such as needle stick, and exposure to major amount of blood such as from working in an emergency room or administering first aid. Hepatitis C can be contracted through sexual intercourse and oral. In many case studies, people that have Hepatitis C tends accelerate the disease by smoking cigarettes marijuana and alcohol. This tend to be a threat in the environment by reducing the rate Explain the influences of lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and disease management. The influence of lifestyle, socioeconomic status and disease management with hepatitis c is watching diet and alcohol consumption. Alcohol with people with Hepatitis is very dangerous due to it affecting...
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...Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Shrunda Young HCS/457 March 25, 2015 Dr. Janice Chilton Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is a communicable disease that is a contagious liver infection. In 1989, hepatitis C virus was discovered. Previously, it was related with blood transfusion and was called non-A and non-B hepatitis because virus was not identified. Hepatitis C disease varies from one person to another. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread through contact with blood of an infected person. Hepatitis C can be “acute” or chronic”. Identify the environment factor related to this disease. People that contract the Hepatitis C virus age range are from 18-72 years old. Patient exposed to Hepatitis C virus used injectable drugs, body piercing, shared razors and toothbrushes, occupation exposure such as needle stick, and exposure to major amount of blood such as from working in an emergency room or administering first aid. Hepatitis C can be contracted through sexual intercourse and oral. In many case studies, people that have Hepatitis C tends accelerate the disease by smoking cigarettes marijuana and alcohol. This tend to be a threat in the environment by reducing the rate Explain the influences of lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and disease management. The influence of lifestyle, socioeconomic status and disease management with hepatitis c is watching diet and alcohol consumption. Alcohol with people with Hepatitis is very dangerous due to it affecting...
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...Your Liver and Hepatitis. The Liver Facts . One out of every 10 Americans is affected by liver disease. Liver disease is one of the top 10 causes of death in the United States. There are more than100 liver diseases. The good news is we can help prevent the liver diseases and keep it healthy. Overview of the liver. The liver is the second largest organ in the body and is located under the cage on the right side. It weighs about three pounds and is shaped like a football that is flat on one side. The liver performs many functions in the body. It processes what you eat and drink into energy and nutrients that your body can use. The liver also removes harmful substances from your blood. Functions of the liver include: • Filters your blood • Makes proteins, including blood-clotting factors (needed to help you heal) • Stores vitamins, sugars, fats, and other nutrients • Helps regulate hormones • Releases chemicals and nutrients into the body when needed • Makes bile needed for digesting fats Liver damage can lead to swollen, shrunken, hard, or scarred liver tissue. Such livers do not work well, and the person can get very sick, or even die, if the liver stops working altogether. Symptoms of liver disease Acute (When symptoms occur suddenly it is categorized as acute process) Tiredness or weakness Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin) Fever Nausea and vomiting Dark urine or very pale colored...
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...Background of the study Hepatitis is a very significant global concern, several different viruses have been identified (Hepatitis A B C D and E), which collectively, account for the majority of viral hepatitis in humans. They afflict more than half a billion people worldwide, and are responsible for over a million deaths a year. Hepatitis-A is a condition characterized by the inflammation of the liver. Symptoms of this viral infection are not always present and this includes jaundice, stomach pain and dark color of urine. Since this virus cannot be killed, treatment consists of relieving only the symptom’s, while the body fights the infection. Ones the person is infected with the virus, they will not be infected again. The cause of Hepatitis A is a single stranded RNA virus from the family picornaviridae and genus hepatuvirus. This virus only affects human. Hepatitis-A is most commonly spread by eating, drinking or using utensils that has been contaminated with the stool of a person infected. This type of transmission is called “fecal-oral” transmission. For this reason, the virus is more easily spread in areas where there is poor sanitary condition or where good personal hygiene is not observed. According to the staff nurses interviewed at the Bontoc General Hospital, there are few cases which have been confirmed to have this disease. They believe that the common acquisition of the disease of the patients of Bontoc General Hospital is through ingestion of contaminated...
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...Key Issues & Economic Pressures Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry in 2015 Presented to: Dr. Siamack Shojai Economic Analysis 6090, William Paterson University December 15th, 2015 The pharmaceutical industry has experienced tremendous growth over the past few decades, with a substantial change in the market dynamic from a provider, healthcare plan & patient perspective. Medical advancements coupled with research & development efforts have expanded the product base in terms of a variety of new treatments across numerous therapeutic classes. As depicted in the illustration below, the total global pharmaceutical sales reached $1,057,000,000 in 2014; based on the past 10 years we can expect the forecast to show a similar increase over the next few years. IMS Health Market Prognosis, May 2015 Of all the changes visible within the pharmaceutical market, there are a few that are truly revolutionizing the market: US healthcare reform, emergence of specialty product markets, price strategy & mergers & acquisitions. The healthcare market has changed under Obama, opening healthcare coverage to more patients & bringing forth treatment & medication to a larger population. The emergence of specialty products pose an entirely new challenge to the market in terms of the doctor’s prescribing habits, healthcare plan coverage & out-of-pocket cost to the patient. This along with other economic pressures brings an entirely new perspective to pharmaceutical...
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...Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (8), pp. 1643-1650, 20 April, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Medicinal plants used for the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis based on socio-economic documentation Arshad Mehmood Abbasi1, Mir Ajab Khan1, Mushtaq Ahmad1, Muhammad Zafar1*, Hamayun Khan2, Niaz Muhammad2 and Shazia Sultana1 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Pakistan. 2 Department of Sociology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. Accepted 14 November, 2008 The present study deals with socio-economic documentation of medicinal plant species against jaundice and hepatitis. A total of 30 plant species belonging to 24 families were reported by local practitioners for the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis. The most important plant species are Adiantum capillus, Boerhaavia procumbens, Equisetum debile, Carissa opaca,Cucumis sativus, Hordeum vulgare, Justacia adhatoda, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Phyllanthus emblica, Phyllanthus niruri, Plantago ovata, Prunus domestica, Punica granatum, Raphnus sativus, Rhus chinensis, Saccharum officinarum and Tamarandus indica. Key words: Medicinal plants, jaundice, hepatitis, Socio-economic documentation. INTRODUCTION From the very beginning of human existence, man has familiarized himself with plants and used them in a variety of ways throughout the ages. In search of food and to cope successfully with human suffering...
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...Journal of Correctional Health Care http://jcx.sagepub.com/ Substance Use and Sexual Behavior Among Men Prior to Parole Revocation: Prevalence and Correlates David Wyatt Seal, Michelle Parisot and Wayne DiFranceisco J Correct Health Care published online 14 March 2012 DOI: 10.1177/1078345811435322 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jcx.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/03/12/1078345811435322 A more recent version of this article was published on - May 10, 2012 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: National Commission on Correctional Health Care Additional services and information for Journal of Correctional Health Care can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jcx.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jcx.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Version of Record - May 10, 2012 >> OnlineFirst Version of Record - Mar 14, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from jcx.sagepub.com by guest on January 2, 2013 Substance Use and Sexual Behavior Among Men Prior to Parole Revocation: Prevalence and Correlates David Wyatt Seal, PhD1, Michelle Parisot, MA1, and Wayne DiFranceisco, MA1 Journal of Correctional Health Care 00(0) 1-9 ª The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1078345811435322 http://jcx.sagepub.com Abstract Men’s risk behavior during a 3-month period prior...
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...According to an article entitled “Addressing rural area drug addiction key to reducing spread of hepatitis C” by Don Sapatkin, a Philadelphia Inquirer staff writer, new cases of hepatitis C rose one hundred and fifty percent between 2010 and 2013 nationwide, and even more in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. By far the highest rates of new cases were among teenagers and young adults who inject drugs - predominantly in rural areas. After building up a tolerance, users have begun to crush up pills and inject directly into the vein, which requires use of a much larger gauge needle, increasing the possibility of transmitting Hepatitis C. (Sapatkin, 2015) Most rural counties don't have any of the services, from testing to outreach and treatment, which are taken for granted in big cities. It was determined that the main goal is to educate those in rural areas of the effects of sharing dirty needles and also to aim to reduce addiction in the first place, but financial additions need to be made in order for this to be possible. (Sapatkin, 2015) The second article, deals with mental health both in America overall, and in Philadelphia, specifically. The article is entitled “Philadelphia succeeds without ‘asylums’”. This article attempts to show that, even though there has been a movement to attempt to bring back asylums, there is not a necessity for this because of all the programs that have been developed to help with mental illness in Philadelphia. (Evans, Jr, Matlin, Hurford, 2015) ...
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...Conflict Between Research and Ethics Paper Conflict Between Research and Ethics Paper HCS/435 Katherine Rossiter September 12, 2010 Conflict Between Research and Ethics Paper This paper will share an opinion of the conflicts that exist between medical research and ethics in the subject matter of patients with mental retardation with medical condition such as hepatitis. In this paper the discussion of patient consent, benefits to patient, society, and medical professionals; therapeutic research; and research outcomes. Also this paper will discuss the potential role of institutional compliance and ethics committees, potential responsibilities of management, and the managerial approach one might have taken if one were in a position of power. When talking about patient consent there is many different types of consent. To name a few types of consent, incapacitated, decision-making capacity, surrogate healthcare decision maker, informed consent, expressed consent, and implied consent. When dealing with incapacitated consent this means that the patient is lacking the ability to make a reasonable medical judgment. In this type of consent there would be a surrogate decision maker appointed. Also in an incapacitated patient that has come in from an accident there would be an implied consent this would mean that the hospital staff would do whatever they had to do to sustain life. Decision-making capacity is one where the patient has full knowledge of what they want to be...
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...The immune system is the primary defense system in keeping out pathogens. A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. Chronic diseases often cannot be cured. “Any man who is intelligent, on considering that health is of the utmost value to human beings have the personal understanding necessary to help himself in diseases, and be able to understand and to judge what physicians say and what they administer to his body, being versed in each of these matters to a degree reasonable for a layman” (Hippocrates) Pathogens can infect unicellular organisms from out of the biological kingdoms. There are several substrates and pathways whereby pathogens can invade a host. There are many ways diseases are caused by blood-borne pathogens. A needle stick injury, in jury from a sharp instrument contaminated with blood or body fluids and intimate contract are some ways that people are exposed to these pathogens (environmental pathogens are defined as microorganisms that normally spend a substantial part of their lifecycle outside human hosts but when introduced to humans cause disease with measureable frequency. They are carried in the water, soil, air, food and other parts of the environment and can affect almost every individual on the planet.) The key difference between environmental pathogens and other human pathogens is their ability to survive and thrive outside the host. Their widespread occurrence in the environment makes...
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...Epidemiology: Hepatitis B T Ob Grand Canyon University: NRS-427v January 19th, 2014 There are a large number of scientific discoveries that have come about serendipitously. Dr. Baruch Blumberg may say that this was the case when he discovered the Hepatitis B Virus. Dr. Blumberg and his colleagues discovered the Hepatitis B virus in 1967, developed the blood test that is used to diagnose the virus and in 1969, invented the first Hepatitis B vaccine. In 1976, Dr. Blumberg was honored with the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery (HepB Foundation, 2013) Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). A blood test called Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is used to find the presence of the virus in the blood. When serum comes back with a positive HBsAg result it is indicative of active HBV infection that can be passed on to others (Mast & Weinbaum, 2009). Determining immunity to HBV can be done by the Hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) blood test. Having antibodies can mean prior HBV infection from which the person has recovered or that the person has received the vaccine. A positive anti-HBs test also means that the person is protected by the vaccine or their natural immunity and cannot become infected or infect others. Determining whether a person has had or currently has an active HBV infection can be done by the Hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) blood test. A positive anti-HBc test indicates the person can have a chronic infection and is also infectious...
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...Exchange Program is a social service created for intravenous drug users to be able to return their used needles in exchange for new, clean ones. It was initially funded by the federal government, but was banned in 1988, with a short reversal from 2009-2011. Currently there are 16 states and the District of Columbia that have provisions authorizing needle exchange programs. The programs have been shown to reduce the spread of HIV and Hepatitis C that occurs within the population of IV drug users sharing needles. There is controversy concerning the provision of paraphernalia to illicit drug users and some believe that it promotes the usage rather than people taking responsibility for an illegal habit with grave consequences they risk by choosing to use. The World Health Organization HIV/AIDS Program states that needle exchange programs are most effective when other services are offered that are targeted at IV drug users. Some of those would be HIV testing and counseling, education and treatment of STI’s, prevention and vaccination for Hepatitis B and C, antiretroviral therapy for HIV positive patients other interventions designed specifically for the risks of IV drug use. Advocates hold that those trapped in dangerous behaviors are often unable and/or unwilling to break free of them, and should at least be enabled to continue these behaviors in a less harmful manner. A tendency in the medical profession has been to treat drug dependency as a chronic illness like diabetes, hypertension...
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