...Hepatitis-C is an infectious disease primarily affecting the liver. It is spread through blood-to-blood contact, generally associated with intravenous drugs, transfusions, or badly sterilized medical equipment. Hepatitis-C is the leading cause of liver transplants. Routine screening for hepatitis C is not typically performed unless you think you have come in to contact with a person infected with hepatitis C or if you were born between 1945 and 1965 (baby boomer screening). (WebMD, 2014). Treatment requires close monitoring with frequent blood tests and may require additional medications to combat side effects. Treatment is usually provided by someone experienced with treatment of hepatitis C, such as a hepatologist or infectious diseases specialist. However, due to the increasing number of people infected with Hepatitis C, more and more primary care doctors are being trained to manage Hepatitis C. People who may be at risk for hepatitis C are those who: * Have been on long-term kidney dialysis * Have regular contact with blood at work (for instance, as a health care worker) * Have unprotected sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis C (this risk is much less common than hepatitis B, but the risk is higher for those who have many sex partners, already have a sexually transmitted disease, or are infected with HIV) * Inject street drugs or share a needle with someone who has hepatitis C * Received a blood transfusion before July 1992 * Received a tattoo...
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...bringing to the forefront is Hepatitis C. It is an infection of the liver, which has many forms, type 1 being the most common in the U.S. I will start by introducing the history of the disease and give a description of the disease and it’s affects to the body.1. “The hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the family flaviviridae.”1. “HCV replicates in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes””1. Persistent infection appears to rely on rapid production of virus and continuous cell-to-cell spread, along with a lack of vigorous T-cell immune response to HCV antigens” Anatomy To better give a clear understanding of the failing organs I will address the body systems. I will further explain the anatomy of the systems that are involved. Transmission & Cause 1.“The transmission of HCV is primarily through exposure to infected blood. Risks for transmission include blood transfusion before 1992, intravenous drug use, high-risk sexual activity, solid organ transplantation from an infected donor”2.” the fact that the genetic information of the virus is stored in RNA, not DNA, has important consequences in the life cycle of the virus, and gives hepatitis C its dangerous ability to mutate.”2.” Hepatitis C, as an RNA virus, has a powerful reproductive strategy. Because it stores its information in a "sense" strand of RNA, the viral RNA itself can be directly read by the host cell's ribosomes, functioning like the normal mRNA present in the cell.”2. Hepatitis C is not spread through casual...
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...Hepatitis C Non-A hepatitis; Non-B hepatitis Hepatitis C is a viral disease that leads to swelling (inflammation) of the liver. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). People who may be at risk for hepatitis C are those who: * Have been on long-term kidney dialysis * Have regular contact with blood at work (for instance, as a health care worker) * Have unprotected sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis C (this risk is much less common than hepatitis B, but the risk is higher for those who have many sex partners, already have a sexually transmitted disease, or are infected with HIV) * Inject street drugs or share a needle with someone who has hepatitis C * Received a blood transfusion before July 1992 * Received a tattoo or acupuncture with contaminated instruments (the risk is very low with licensed, commercial tattoo facilities) * Received blood, blood products, or solid organs from a donor who has hepatitis C * Share personal items such as toothbrushes and razors with someone who has hepatitis C (less common) * Were born to a hepatitis C-infected mother (this occurs in about 1 out of 20 babies born to mothers with HCV, which is much less common than with hepatitis B) Symptoms Most people who were recently infected with hepatitis C do not have symptoms. About 1 in 10 have yellowing of the skin (jaundice) that gets better. Of people who get infected with hepatitis C...
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...Hepatitis c is a blood born virus that affects the liver. The disease was discovered in 1989. The virus infects others when an infected person comes in contact with an infected person. There are several ways a person can be infected by hepatitis, sharing needles, blood transfusion, piercing, tattoos, from mother to infant, and intercourse. Hepatitis is a single stranded RNA virus that is enveloped virus.” Binding to the cell surface, HCV particles enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis.” That is how the virus enters and invades, there is no known fact on where the virus originated. “There are at least six major HCV genotypes and more than 50 subtypes of HCV.” The book describes how the genotypes are categorized by different locations....
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...Epidemiology: Hepatitis C in the Veteran Population NUR / 408 July 7, 2014 Deborah Nallo Introduction Hepatitis C (HCV) is highly prevalent within the Veteran population. HCV is a major public health concern because of the debilitating effects associated with the virus. HCV results in increased mortality and morbidity rates resulting from the acute and chronic effects of the virus. The most common transmission of HCV occurs through injection drug use, injuries resulting from needle sticks and the lack of infection control in healthcare facilities. The transmission of HCV can also occur through sexual contact between individuals who have the human immunodeficiency virus, and HCV virus, tattoos that were not professionally done and HCV infected mothers who have transmitted the virus to their newborn babies. The hepatitis C virus is the most common blood-borne virus in the United States. An estimated 3.2 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis C. Most are unaware of their infection. Each year, about 17,000 Americans become infected with hepatitis C ("Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", n.d.). The veteran population has a higher rate of HCV exposure and infection when compared to the general population. Many of the individuals who are infected with the HCV virus are unaware of their infection and therefore they do not receive the necessary treatment. Individuals with HCV are at increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinomas and other...
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...Gosport journal, Vol. 80, No. 7, Curing Hepatitis C: Not just a dream anymore, By Lt. Cmdr. Brent Lacey, Naval Hospital Pensacola. Addressing this non-symptom illness as one of the principal causes to chronic disease, risking people born between 1945 and 1965. For many years in the U.S. has been affected with the diagnosis of chronic Hepatitis C, people had no way to screen for the cure. This virus is easy to spread and hard to treat. However, many of the treatments available made people feel more sick, and made them have flu, with no other symptom this illness took several lives away. Right now, depending on the genotype of the virus people can achieve a cure. The Naval Hospital Pensacola has developed the first hospital screening program...
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...Hepatitis C (HCV) is a bloodborne virus that currently affects between 130 and 150 million people worldwide 1. Like other bloodborne infections, HCV is largely spread by needle sharing and organ/blood transplants where HCV screening is not commonly practiced. In addition, HCV transmission can also occur via unprotected sex as well as mother-to-child transmission (although it is much less common to be spread this way). While the majority of patients with acute infections show no symptoms, those who develop chronic HCV will commonly suffer fatigue, joint pain, and emotional depression and more serious, life-threatening symptoms could develop in a range of organ systems as infection persists 2. The only treatment option currently available for...
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...effective have harm reduction interventions been in reduction of Hepatitis C incidence among Injecting Drug Users in the UK? 1.0 Introduction The prevalence of Hepatitis C (HCV) internationally is largely unknown mainly due to the fact that most individuals have no symptoms in the early stages of the infection. The WHO estimates the figure at 170 million people infected with HCV and it is estimated that approximately 3-4 million people are newly infected each year . Injecting drug users (IDUs) are at greatest risk from HCV through the sharing of injecting paraphernalia. In the UK estimates from the Health Protection Agency (HPA) data has the number of people chronically infected with HCV at 216000 of which 90% are attributable to IDUs with over 40% of the IDU population being HCV antibody positive . Some estimates of numbers with HCV in the UK suggest about 500000 . In 2010, new HCV infections diagnosed in the UK was 10,381 of which there were 7384, 106, 2129, and 312 in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales respectively . There appears to be higher rate of transmission among IDU now than a decade ago; 23% compared to 12% in 2000 Although UK is classified as a low prevalence country for HCV; The HCV poses numerous challenges for public health in terms of potentially preventable mortality and morbidity. According to NICE guidance, it would cost the NHS about £1.6 billion to treat all Hepatitis C patients. The cost therefore of failing to diagnose and treat...
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...Since the hepatitis C virus is discovered recently relative to other viruses, there are still unknown and undetailed information to examine and explore. Thus, research related to HCV infection is still ongoing. However, there are some limitations that prevent more information from being discovered regarding the infection. There is a lack of availability of appropriate models that are used for HCV research. The experimental animals such as chimpanzees, Tupaiabelangeri, and tree shrews are susceptible to HCV infection.23 As a result, the data is difficult to interpret because of genetic variability and varying outcomes. Moreover, there are restrictions for continuous research due to the expensive cost of acquiring and maintaining animals, and chimpanzees not being accurate representatives of human beings for laboratory testing. Hence, these reasons...
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...Hepatitis C in Egypt Summary Cairo, May 2013 Suez Cement Title 1 Background Worldwide, 130–170 million persons are living with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection , which, if left untreated, can result in cirrhosis and liver cancer. Egypt has the largest burden of HCV infection in the world, with a 10% prevalence of chronic HCV infection among persons aged 15–59 years (*). HCV transmission in Egypt is associated primarily with inadequate infection control during medical and dental care procedures. In response, the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) in 2001 implemented a program to reduce health-care–associated HCV transmission and in 2008 launched a program to provide care and treatment. Infection control programs implemented in 2001 at MOHP facilities resulted in improvements in infection control practices and a decrease in the annual incidence of HCV infection among dialysis patients from 28% to 6%. Through June 2012, a total of 23 hepatitis treatment facilities had been established in Egypt, providing care and treatment to nearly 190,000 persons with chronic HCV infection. Despite these programs, Egypt continues to face an ongoing hepatitis C epidemic * El-Zanaty F, Way A. Egypt demographic and health survey 2008. Cairo, Egypt: Ministry of Health, El-Zanaty and Associates, and Macro International; 2009. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/fr220/fr220.pdf . Accessed July 18, 2012. Suez Cement 2 Findings Egypt has...
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...Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is a condition characterized by an accumulation of abnormal lymphocytes (a type of white blood cells), in the blood and bone marrow. Hepatitis C is another type of cancer that will be affecting primarily the liver. There is not a cure for either of these diseases but the chances of survival have improved greatly over the years. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are both forms of cancer so you cannot treat one without worsening the damage of the other. CLL is a lymphoid malignancy that occurs in a heterogeneous patient population. Lymphoid malignancy is a term used to describe a cancerous tumor that can spread and invades surrounding lymph nodes. CLL is caused by the overproduction of abnormal b lymphocytes. This is in contrast to the term begin, which references conditions are not necessarily invasive and do not spread throughout the body. Heterogeneous can be described as the diversity of nearly anything whether its population, classrooms, or collections. Patients may be risk stratified into low, intermediate, and high-risk categories based on prognostic factors, which may influence the approach to treatments. Differences in cell morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and molecular characteristics impact the clinical courses of disease and individual patient response. Cell morphology is essential in identifying the shape, structure, form, and size of cells. In cancer, for instance, cell morphology pertains to the shape...
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...Sovaldi With hepatitis C drug sales rising since 2014 by generating $5.7 billion in sales according to an earnings report from Gilead Sciences, consumers have pinpointed Sovaldi as source for the affluent growth (Tozzi, pg 1). Sovaldi, manufactured by Gilead Pharmaceuticals, is a revolutionary drug that has alienated itself from its competitors by curing around 90% of patients with Hepatitis C instead of resolving its symptoms, which until now was the only solution. (Mukhergee, pg 3) Although this deserves much praise and merit for a scientific breakthrough, consumers such as insurance companies and state Medicaid programs are raising other issues. This drug is priced at an eye opening $84,000 for a 12-week treatment, or $1,000 per pill, and has successfully cured 9,000 patients suffering from Hepatitis C following this treatment, according to Gilead (CSRP, pg 2). Across the Pacific, the same treatment is being offered to patients in India for 1% of the price sold in the USA. This raises many questions economically and scientifically since there is still ongoing research of its effectiveness; however, the burning question that needs to be addressed today in order to provide my recommendation for Sovaldi is how the benefits outweigh the cost in the long run. An estimated 3.2 million people suffer in the USA from Hepatitis C and that number is still expanding (Sanger-Katz, pg 1). When performing scientific studies, we have learned that in order to evaluate the efficacy of a substance...
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...Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Shrunda Young HCS/457 March 25, 2015 Dr. Janice Chilton Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is a communicable disease that is a contagious liver infection. In 1989, hepatitis C virus was discovered. Previously, it was related with blood transfusion and was called non-A and non-B hepatitis because virus was not identified. Hepatitis C disease varies from one person to another. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread through contact with blood of an infected person. Hepatitis C can be “acute” or chronic”. Identify the environment factor related to this disease. People that contract the Hepatitis C virus age range are from 18-72 years old. Patient exposed to Hepatitis C virus used injectable drugs, body piercing, shared razors and toothbrushes, occupation exposure such as needle stick, and exposure to major amount of blood such as from working in an emergency room or administering first aid. Hepatitis C can be contracted through sexual intercourse and oral. In many case studies, people that have Hepatitis C tends accelerate the disease by smoking cigarettes marijuana and alcohol. This tend to be a threat in the environment by reducing the rate Explain the influences of lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and disease management. The influence of lifestyle, socioeconomic status and disease management with hepatitis c is watching diet and alcohol consumption. Alcohol with people with Hepatitis is very dangerous due to it affecting...
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...Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Shrunda Young HCS/457 March 25, 2015 Dr. Janice Chilton Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is a communicable disease that is a contagious liver infection. In 1989, hepatitis C virus was discovered. Previously, it was related with blood transfusion and was called non-A and non-B hepatitis because virus was not identified. Hepatitis C disease varies from one person to another. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread through contact with blood of an infected person. Hepatitis C can be “acute” or chronic”. Identify the environment factor related to this disease. People that contract the Hepatitis C virus age range are from 18-72 years old. Patient exposed to Hepatitis C virus used injectable drugs, body piercing, shared razors and toothbrushes, occupation exposure such as needle stick, and exposure to major amount of blood such as from working in an emergency room or administering first aid. Hepatitis C can be contracted through sexual intercourse and oral. In many case studies, people that have Hepatitis C tends accelerate the disease by smoking cigarettes marijuana and alcohol. This tend to be a threat in the environment by reducing the rate Explain the influences of lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and disease management. The influence of lifestyle, socioeconomic status and disease management with hepatitis c is watching diet and alcohol consumption. Alcohol with people with Hepatitis is very dangerous due to it affecting...
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...❖ Introduction Canadian Red Cross society is a non profit organization which works to improve the lives of the people throughout Canada. They provide help and assistance to millions of people in Canada by providing health service, injury prevention and preparing for disaster. Its soul mission is to execute blood supply, blood products for Canadians. It works for blood safety and security. ❖ Canadian Red Cross In the year 1909 the Canadian red cross society went through a serious tainted blood scandal. Canadian who did blood transfusion were contracted with HIV, and Hepatitis C. More than 1000 Canadian died because of HIV and around 20000 were in contact of Hepatitis C virus. The public trust on Canadian red cross destroyed. The federal government laid down an inquiry commission called Krever commission which was headed by Ontario court justice Krever. The Krever commission submitted a detailed report based on blood scandal and recommendations changes were laid on Canadian red cross and they were made to pay a fine of 4000 dollar. ❖ Stake Holders ▪ Federal Government ▪ Provincial Government ▪ Canadian Red Cross ▪ People who get infected ▪ Physicians ▪ Dr. Pierre Duplesis ❖ CSR Pillar ▪ I think that they violated ethical behaviour as one of the pillar because Canadian red cross failed to do the blood testing and screening ▪ They were negligent in providing remedies and health of the public ❖ New Canadian...
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