... * History of Communication Studies * Communication Science Approach * Empirical * Preferred Methods * Quantitative v. Qualitative * Types of Methods * Hypothesis * Research Question * Theory * Taxonomy * Goals of Theory * Description * Explanation * Prediction * Cultural Understanding * Reform * Criteria for evaluating research * Scope * Appropriateness * Heuristic Value * Validity * Parsimony * Openness * Utility * Reform * Key Differences in Early Models of Communication * Hypodermic Needle: Media watchers are directly effected by the media content * Lazarsfeld’s Response: Disaproved the idea * Later Models of Communication * The media does not directly effect the people, it affects others who influence others * Influence leaders: People who care a message * Wilbur Schramm’s Model of Communication: sender and reciever * Transactional Model of Communication: Both participants do both roles. More dynamic * Perception * Cognitive Schemas * Implicit associations * Self image * Self Concept * Self-fulfilling prophecies * Looking glass self * Impression formation * Gestalt process * Algebraic/Continuum process * Fundamental Attribution Error * Moving past mis-perceptions * Functions of verbal communication...
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...is an unemployed actress. Having this separation of work and home among genders contributes to different behavioral and social outcomes that reinforce traditional gender roles. Now, within these male and female characters, the majority are either married or dating one another. Those that are involved in a romantic relationship are depicted as heterosexual couples. The explicit display of heterosexual dominance in the show implicitly excludes the representation of other forms of sexuality in the workplace and household. Heterosexual dominance in the show also reflects gender performances that are depicted through characters clothing, interactions and behaviors. In this paper, I will apply my media observation of the Big Bang Theory to demonstrate how the cultural ideal of heteronormativity has...
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...How Society Works – Lecture Notes Sep, 11, 2012 Introduction to Classical Social theory * “Theories in sociology are abstract, general ideas that help organize and make sense of the social world” (attempt to link idea’s with actual events) * Classical social theory (1840s – 1920s) – The enlightenment, political revolution (American revolution, French revolution), the industrial revolution * American and French revolution inspired more widespread adoption of democratic principle and rights of citizens * Industrial revolution caused dramatic, rapid urbanization, changes in family relations, gender relations, increased secularization * Classical social theorist and macro and micro theorists – macro are interested are in social theory that can explain huge social phenomenon’s (past and future), micro are interested in smaller scale phenomenon’s * Emile Durkheim was a positivist, saw society as analogous to a body, concerned with social solidarity, and developed the idea of the ‘social fact’ * Social Solidarity: division of labour Organic: present in modern societies, high dynamic density, high degree of labour specialization (works like a human body, everything works together with high specialization) Mechanical: present in traditional societies, low dynamic density , low degree of labour specialization (works like gears, works together to complete society) * Similarities of Social Solidarity: Conscience collective similar ideas...
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...Serving as a reoccurring pattern from historical depictions of the LGBTQ community in news media, mainstream publications depicted these individuals and their bodies in stereotypical ways that demeaned them of their accomplishments, worth, and existence within society. The danger of stereotyping certain individuals is that stereotypes are deceptive and this leads to a whole host of innacurate connotations, while invoking a sense of otherness towards the stereotyped when deciding when one does not belong, as defined by Richard Dyer (298). The media frequently published stories that claimed to feature actual scientific, psychological, and technological studies that backed up claims of homosexuality as an illness, claimed the TIME in a 1963 article,...
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...William Eve Research The original purpose of the interview and paper was to see if there were Gender Communications Expectations in another culture. In this case LGBT. After that I looked at 3 outside peer reviewed sources to see if they matched up to my findings and Terry’s experiences. For this paper I interviewed Terry, a 33 year old, married, LBGT female for the interview. She is senior manager at a major Boston area facility. She has worked in her Service industry for 10 years from the entry level to her senior position now. She has a BS and is applying for her MS program. Terry is very outgoing, educated and extremely athletic. Approximately 5’2”, below the shoulders sandy blond hair, in her signature pony tail with curls. She is wearing a woman’s black pin striped suit, black all leather sneakers and men’s red stripped black tie with a white shirt. The interview took place in Terry’s office: she at her desk, myself in the guest chair. She declined to allow to use audio or video recording. I recorded the interview via a notepad and pencil. Questions: Me: You come from a traditional Irish Catholic family in Boston. How did being LBGT affect your interactions with your family? Specifically: Parents: Terry: Looking sad and distant, arms folded, sitting back, still has a small smile. “My parents were/are very traditional. They believed marriage was the union of a man and a woman. While ...
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...a sexual being in their eyes. Yet, my father was praised by the males and females. The females thought he was so manly and now most girls wanted to date him. I feel this is ridiculous because they were both young and irresponsible but, my mom had taken all the blame for being pregnant at an early age. This is very upsetting to know that we have not come too far when it comes to gender issuing from the 80’s to the present. Women are always going to be looked as “whores” and “sluts” because we are told early that we should not have sexual relations until we are married. However, in today’s society women are no longer waiting for marriage because of the pressure to fit in and be liked by peers and not to mention how we are portrayed by the media that its...
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...9/22/14 Social Transformation Social Change Hunter Gatherers Symbiosis with “nature” Horticultural: Domesticated plants Pastoral: Domesticated animals H+B= Agricultural Revolution Specialized labor Empire E= Industrial Revolution • Mechanical labor • Surplus goods Present: Post • Information/Economy • Specialized Knowledge Bio-Tech Society • Changing human biology/genome 9/24/14 Social Construction of Reality Thomas Theorem- Definition of the situation Perception are reality: People can occupy the same social space but perceive a different reality Background Assumptions Stereotypes: Cultural assumptions Ethnomethodology Emotional disrupting creativity Dramaturgy Goffman- Life is a con game Impression Management One person’s attempt to control the perceptions of others Front- Social acting Backstage- Preparing Proxemics-Personal Space Proxemic Bubble 4 Rings Intimate Space Personal Zone Social Space Public 9/26/14 Social Groups Two or more people Share like activities and common goals Possesses the spirit of “WE” In-Group (US): Group to which you are a member Out-Group (THEM): People outside or opposed/in competition with your group Typology of Groups Primary (Close Association) Intimate Long-lasting Expressive- emotional connection Secondary (Loose Association) Super revival Short-Duration Instrumental-...
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...depends on the norms of the society that you dwell in. Most people do not acknowledge that their behavior is affected by the society. Every action that they take and every choice that they make are restrained by their beliefs, social class, education, and economic factors. For example, an intimate relationship between members of the opposite gender is considered the norm. In addition, violating this norm would make a person deviant. In fact, most people would not go against the norms because they do not desire to be excluded from the society. Also, children are given specific characteristics on how to behave, depending on their gender. The movie Bring It On: All or Nothing is based on ethnicity and race, however, it demonstrated heteronormativity as being the society’s expectation and define the role of the gender within the society. It started with the main character Britney, a rich and popular girl, who just became captain of a cheer team. She is dating the most popular guy in school, who is the star quarterback of Pacific Vista High School, and everybody envies her at the school. Britney's life turns upside-down when her father's work takes her family to Crenshaw Heights, a minority working-class neighborhood east of Los Angeles. She felt shut out and belonged nowhere in this new school, except joining the cheerleading team. Like any normal person, she tries extremely hard to fit in the Crenshaw Heights Warriors cheerleading squad. Britney and her new teammates work extremely...
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...themes common to popular and academic concerns about the media sphere; that it’s too trivialised, too commercialised, too fragmented, that it relies too much on spectacle, and has caused citizens to become passive/apathetic. Focusing on the concept of audience, discuss one or more of McKee’s themes using an example from new and traditional media. As social groups and fragments naturally transform themselves parallel to the stages of the development of modern technology, the concept of audience will always in turn be the product of this environment. In the modern day world, one cannot help but question if the evolution of society has been accelerated in such a way partially due to the influence of the media sphere. Audiences are now more interactive in the media and public sphere in partnership with the Web 2.0 movement as a form of new media. Even though the new age media revolution has taken over the bigger part of our lives, the means of traditional media outlets such as television are more open to all the different societies that now exist. As the quality of media outbreaks dwindles and quantity is dangerously on the rise, the idea of commercialized and fragmented elements in our society is what we are subjected to within today’s media realm. Allan Mckee in his text The Public Sphere: An Introduction discusses these topics in depth as well as others in relation to the concept of audience and how the transformation of media has affected social behaviors. It is imperative to note...
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...university of essex | SC291-5-FY | How are Gender and Sexuality Significant to the Study of Visual Culture? | | Word Count: 2,312 | 1004894 | How are Gender and Sexuality Significant to the Study of Visual Culture? In this essay I plan to explore the meanings that are found within the concepts of gender and sexuality and the presentation to which they are given in all types of visual culture. I wish to look into the reasons behind the current stereotypes of gender and sexuality which are used in day to day life. The origins of such clichés and the reason why stereotypes are so heavily used in visual culture, to try and understand the disadvantages and advantages they bring to the media. I will begin by trying to give an explanation of the definition of the terms, gender, sexuality and visual culture. Gender is often depicted to a simple non-complex term which is based upon an individual’s biological sex. Thus presenting the theory that the sex of an individual will biologically predetermine their mannerisms and actions; behaviours that are associated with being male or female. Although it is necessary to understand that there are differences between men and women, to assume that all behaviour can be categorised as male or female could be considered to be ignorant. In more recent times gender has become less fixated upon the biological sex of the person and is more determined by the individual themselves (Kirsch, 2000). Sexuality is the term used to demonstrate...
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...Feminist perspectives are slowly becoming the standard for deconstructing popular culture. When doing so issues of masculine hegemony, gender roles, heteronormativity, objectivity, and an abundance of other concepts that stir up controversy are brought to the surface. Popular culture allows for the challenging of problems women have faced for many years, but it some cases is adheres to these traditions. It is vital to be able to see the overall message in a pop culture text in order to understand its implications. Some texts hold messages that were not intended to be there in the first place. There will forever be controversy when it comes to pop culture, especially when it comes to television shows, as the average Canadian watches 30 hours of T.V a week. (Ryan, 2013) When being constantly exposed to these messages it is important to know what information you are being fed. Some shows are more complex than others, and consist of mixed messages when looking at them from a feminist standpoint. One example of this would be The Mindy Project, a sitcom that first aired in 2012, and has since gained an average of $2.34 million viewers per episode, (IMDb, 2012) The Mindy Project is packed full of messages that can be depicted from a feminist standpoint, but are often blurred behind the hilarity it is known for. To give a brief synopsis of the show, Mindy Lahiri, played by Mindy Kaling, also the director of the show is the main character and also the narrator. The show is about her...
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...over subordinate groups such as the opposite sex, and LBGTQ+ community. History has witnessed the discrimination of these communities, and masculinity is always never seen to be speaking up for them. And Kimmel believes “manhood [is]…chronically insecure that it trembles at the idea of lifting the ban on gays in the military, that is so threatened by women in the workplace...” (Kimmel 69). This idea that masculinity is afraid of the subordinates obtaining power illustrates the cowards that manhood is in not allowing justice to be accessible to these communities. Men are threatened with these groups coming into power that they try all in their ability to stop justice from being given to them through masculinity. This is full circle heteronormativity, and its idea that there are only specifically two lives one can live. However, those lives are based off the sex you are born with, and through this attitude masculinity falls in the perception of how men are supposed to act, and not demonstrate any feminine characteristics. And ultimately, it is hurting them as well because many would perceive masculinity as selfish since it only wants justice to be heteronormative and accessible to men of power. However, if masculinity is not afraid of equity then speak up and help the oppress find justice for their communities. Injustice affects everyone whether it be educational or gender wise because at the same time this concept reigns over the laboring aspect of society. Labor has always been...
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...Sociology & Family Theorizing and Researching 1. Structural Theories a) Materialism & Conflict theory Marx & Engles -changes in family lives reflect material change (ex, the mode of production, industrialization) macro-micro focus -power differences characterize society at all levels (ex, capitalism creates: exploitation of men in the workforce; oppression of women b) Political Economy -assumes the power of the one class over another (social control), capitalist relations of production -a more concentrated focus on how economic and political processes shape society and history and therefore family, families c) Structural Functionalism Parsons & Bales -the social institution of the family - family is seen as a function, and different parts of society helps it move along -the nuclear family performs functions -they saw the families as a main faction, economic support, these functions that happen in nuclear families include economic support -equilibrium, all parts help it work as a whole -hierarchical generations and role specialization within families produces harmony -the different roles that men and women take on, allows the family be a harmony -parsons and bales, gendered perspective on families, families having instrumental roles such as achieving income, feed the family, cloth the family, this would be men 2. Symbolic Interactionism Mead & Cooley - individuals create their own family realities through micro level interactions -from...
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...The Office - TV Series (Take Home Final Exam) [LABR 3P06] Introduction The Office should expose a capitalistic view of the employer and stereotypes of the employees given that these circumstances highlight what the working class experience at the workplace. The Office emphasizes and influences many aspects of stereotypes and social norms in a satirical manner. The television series is shown as a mockumentary that criticizes the popular culture of corporate Americans and presents everything in a comedic fashion style. It demonstrates the lives of employees at the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company branch at Scranton, Pennsylvania. The main point of the show is to exemplify the stereotypes, oppression, and prejudice towards race, sex, working class, and higher positions that happens at the workplace. The show revolves around racial slurs where employees and employers often have unpleasant interpretation of each other. Normal conversations may take place between employees that would usually involve a negative compliment about race, sex and religion which would generally lead to an awkward moment of silence or discomfort from the other employees. The workplace at the Office shows that male employees are often seen as aggressive and sociable while the female employees are seen as calm and passive. Furthermore, men are represented as greater hierarchy in control of everything compared to women. The main employer of the show is regional manager Michael Scott. He is viewed as someone...
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...Comparing and Contrasting Essentialist Approaches to Social Psychology with Social Constructionist Approaches to Social Psychology. A widely recognised definition of social psychology is “an effort to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1985). However, how to measure this, the research methods to be used and what constitutes useful evidence has caused much debate in the history of social psychology. This essay will compare and contrast the two epistemologies of essentialist and social constructionist approaches to social psychology and the research methods of quantitative and qualitative used in each approach. Essentialists’ view of the world is that the properties possessed by a group are universal in that group and do not depend on context. However, a member of a group may possess other characteristics that are not required to include it as a group member but, it must not have characteristics that preclude it from being a member of the group (Burr, 1995). For example, essentialists believe that personality consists of a number of traits and personality of an individual is established by the level of each of these traits. Essentialists also believe that these traits remain more or less stable over time and it is our personality that influences behaviour (Maltby, 2010). As essentialists are able to classify groups as such, they use quantitative research...
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