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High Fructose Corn Syrup

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High Fructose Corn Syrup and Childhood Obesity
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High Fructose Corn Syrup and Childhood Obesity
Introduction
High consumption of fructose such as corn syrup is uniquelya predictive factor of obesity among children. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012), the obesity rate among all children and adolescent aged 2-19 years old is approximately 17% or 12.5 million. Obesity, which is a multifactorial health problem, is one of the greatest concerns of country; our attitude and habit on food consumption are clearly part of this predicament (Bray, 2007).
High-fructose corn syrup has widely used in many foods and beverages as an alternative liquid sweetener. It was used as a replacement for sucrose which is derived from sugar cane or sugar beets. The popularity of high-fructose corn syrupis due to some technological problem in certain application of sucrose. The technological issues of sucrose were hydrolysis in acidic system; it alters the sweetness and flavour characteristics of a product; and the need to dissolve its granules in water prior being used in many applications. There were also political and climatic instability of sugar cane since it is traditionally grown in equatorial regions. This resulted to fluctuation on the availability and price of sugar (White, 2008).
Uses and Benefits of High-fructose Corn Syrup
The wide availability of high-fructose corn syrup is evident in most of our foods and beverages. The beverages that use this alternative sweetener are soft drinks, juice drinks, and carbonated drinks. It is also extensively used in processed foods such as canned fruits, sauces, soups, condiments, and baked goods. Industries of dairy product also use high-fructose corn syrup in products such asyogurt, eggnog, flavoured milks, ice cream, and other frozen desserts. Many countries had found high-fructose corn syrup better than sucrose; they find it sweeter and better in flavouring because it does not mask the original flavour of a product. In addition to this, other important benefits it brought to different food and drink industries areits cheapness, much convenient to be transported due to its liquid composition, better solubility, and ability to remain in the solution for it does not crystalize (Parker, Salas, &Nwosu, 2010).
High-fructose Corn Syrup& Obesity According to Bray & Elliot et al. (as cited in Bocarsly, Powell, Avena, &Hoebel, 2010), there was an association between the rise obesity when the high-fructose corn syrup was introduced. Based from article of Bocarsly, Powell, Avena, &Hoebel, (2010), there were studies which show that high-fructose corn syrup produces similar post-metabolic profile with sucrose. As the authors expounds, meals in high level of fructose manifested reduction in circulating insulin and leptin levels among women. This mechanism will eventually lead in to non-production of a certain degree of insulin or leptin-induces satiety which will result with a meal sucrose that may fuel overeating. This conclusion where derived from Alzamendi et al., and Melanson et al., (as cited in Bocarsly, Powell, Avena, &Hoebel, 2010), where studies shown that consumption of pure fructose led to o increased plasma free fatty acids, leptin, adiponectin, abdominal adipose tissue and impaired insulin sensitivity. Bray (2007) also articulated on his article about the alteration in lipid from consumption of high-fructose corn syrup. As he expound, fructose is generally metabolized in the liver by phosphorylation on the 1-position. Phosphorylation is a process wherein it bypasses the rate-limiting phosphofructokinase step 4. Fructose’s hepatic metabolism favors lipogenesis where alterations in circulating lipids are noted. The relation of body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, plasma lipid profile, and LDL particle size to consumption of fructose was also conducted by Aeberli et al (as cited in Bray, 2007). The subjects in the study were 74 Swiss schoolchildren aged 6-14 yearsold. According to the result of the study, they have noted that there were higher plasma triacylglycerols among the subjects, a lower concentration of HDL-cholesterol, and a smaller LDL particle size noted among overweight children than in the normal-weight children. The authors observe that even after control for adiposity among fatter children, dietary fructose was the only factor associated to LDL particle size. The study conducted presented relation between fructose and LDL particle size than triacylglycerols. According to Parker, Salas, and Nwosu (2010), there are three major health concern associated with consumption of high-fructose corn syrup. First, they have observed thathigh-fructose corn syrup plays an essential role in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic syndromes. Second, during production of high-fructose corn syrup, samples show mercury contamination on the product. Third, the toxicity affecting honey bees which can cause colony collapse disorder. Several scientific organizations such as the American medical association, the American dietetic association, and the International life sciences institute had reassessed theoverall intake of high caloric sweeteners. The organizations’ consensus implies that high-fructose corn syrup should not be singled out from other sweeteners as one of the factors in increasing prevalence of obesity in U.S.
Parker, Salas, and Nwosu (2010) mentioned on their study that after the absorption of glucose and fructose, both enter hepatic portal system to the liver wherein fructose can be converted into glucose or it could be passed to general circulatory system. There has been an evidence presented by Petersen et al. (as cited in Parker, Salas, &Nwosu, 2010) that fructose has the capability to modulate carbohydrate metabolism in the liver. In accordance to a study, addition of small catalytic amounts of fructose to our orally ingested glucose leads to increaseglycogen synthesis in the liver and diminishes the glycemic response among subjects with diabetes mellitus type II. Health concern arises when ingestion of large amount of fructose was made such as high-fructose corn syrup. The excess amount of fructose is a ready source for carbon for the process of lipogenesis that can bring negative health consequences. This report is just the same thought that Bray arrived at as discussed above.
The mercury contamination which Parker, Salas, and Nwosu (2010) mentioned as one of the health concerns in high-fructose corn syrup consumption was traced. According to the authors, high-fructose corn syrup production entails the usage of caustic soda which is made at chlor-alkali plants that use mercury cells. This discovery had worried the researchers for the reason that mercury is potent neurological toxin that is toxic to humans.
Contrary onHigh-fructose Corn Syrup& Obesity
Despite of the consensus from several scientific organizations, White (2008) does not seem to agree that high-fructose corn syrup consumption plays a role in the prevalence of obesity. His discussesthe 5 hypotheses formulated where he concluded that high-fructose corn syrup consumption has no relation with obesity. His hypotheses are, HFCS and sucrose must be significantly different; HFCS must be uniquely obesity-promoting; HFCS must be predictive of US obesity; HFCS must be predictive of global obesity; and Eliminating HFCS from the food supply must significantly reduce obesity.
As White discusses in his first hypothesis, HFCS and sucrose must be significantly different, glucose to fructose ration in high-fructose corn syrup is almost 1:1; where he stressed out that it’s just as similar to the ratio in sucrose, invert sugar, and honey. Similar ratio was also noted in fruit and fruit juices as he added. He also mentioned that the only observed distinction in the composition of sucrose and other fructosecontaining sweeteners is the existence of f a bond linking fructose and glucose. White also emphasized that the HFCS-obesity hypothesis of Bray et al. relies on the positive association between the increasing usages of high-fructose corn syrupand increasing prevalence of obesity rates in United States. He also discussedthat other studies show that high-fructose corn syrup is sweeter as compared to sucrose, but upon his assessment high-fructose corn syrup is not sweeter than sucrose. He made a comparison on the sweetness of several common nutritive sugars in crystalline and liquid or syrup form. In his study, fructose in crystalline has1.8 time’s sweetness of crystalline sucrose, however, White noted that we cannot technically determine the sweetness ofhigh-fructose corn syrup in crystalline form since it does not crystallize. In syrup form at 10% solid, high-fructose corn syrup-55 or HFCS-55 attains the same relative sweetness with sucrose; while HFCS-42 appears to be less sweet than sucrose. In the absolute sweetness of syrups based from various concentrations and temperatures, Schiffman et al. (as cited in White, 2008) reported thatsweetness of HFCS-55 attained 97, using sucrose as standard by setting its sweetness equal to 100. In terms of caloric value, both high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose are carbohydrate ingredients that contribute an amount of 4 kcal/g on a dry solids basis.
White (2008) discussed in his second hypothesis, HFCS must be uniquely obesity-promoting, that in order to assume that obesity is brought about by high-fructose corn syrup there should be something quantifiably unique aboutit. He focuses on studies that were conducted on animals and humans; where he explained that high concentration of fructose being fed to the subjects will cause metabolic anomalies in the absence of any dietary glucose.
White’s (2008) third hypothesis, HFCS must be predictive of US obesity, shows no relation because based from the statistics provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, that per capita calories from HFCS in United States was stagnant in 1998 and declined in 2002. Based from the report, Bray’s association of increased use of high-fructose corn syrup and increase rate of obesity from 1960-2000 may not seem very accurate, especially the lack of information beyond year 2000.
The fourth hypothesis of White (2008), HFCS must be predictive of global obesity, still shows relation. Based from his report, high-fructose corn syrup is used for about one-half of the nutritive sweetener used in the United States , however, only 8% of the world uses it and the rest is accounted for the use of sucrose. Moreover, many countries have established sugar economy which receives a government economic and trade protection from competing sweeteners and technologies.
The last hypothesis of White (2008),eliminating HFCS from the food supply must significantly reduce obesity, implies that based from the discussed similarities of fructose to sucrose; replacing back sucrose in the market or in the production of food will not make any difference since it did not prove relationship to the increasing prevalence of obesity. He mentioned that the only noticeable change will be the higher price of sucrose compared to high-fructose corn syrup.
Conclusion
High consumption of fructose such as corn syrup is uniquely a predictive factor of obesity among children. Several scientific organization had also suggest not to marginalized high-fructose corn syrup from other sweeteners as one of the factors in increasing prevalence of obesity in U.S. Although White implies that association of high-fructose corn syrup to regarding prevalence of obesity is a myth, other authors seems to provide a strong evidence based from how they explained the action of high-fructose corn syrup in the body. Overall, the study regarding high-fructose corn syrup and its association to the increasing prevalence of obesity among children in United States will still requires more experiments an in-depth discussion to produce a concrete explanation whether or not high-fructose corn syrup is causing obesity.
References
Bocarsly, M., Powell, E., Avena, N., &Hoebel, B. (2010). High-fructose corn syrup causes characteristics of obesity in rats: Increased body weight, body fat and triglyceride levels.Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.02.012
Bray,G. (2007). How Bad is Fructose. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86 (4), 895-896.
Bray, G., Nielsen, S.&Popkin, B.(2004). Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,79 (4), 537-543.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012).Overweight and Obesity.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Retrieved July 23, 2012 from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
Parker, K., Salas, M.&Nwosu, V. (2010). High fructose corn syrup: Production, uses and public health concerns. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Review 5(5), 71 – 78
White, J. (2008). Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: what it is and what it ain't. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88 (6) 1716S-1721S.doi: 10.3945/ ajcn.2008.25825B

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