...John Foster HIS-109 March 6, 2014 Professor Carta The High Middle Ages The Christian religions rise to supremacy in the middle ages was the result of several factors. Christians had long been persecuted by the Roman Empire because the Romans felt that Christianity challenged and offended the Greco-Roman Gods and the Christians were prone to revolt against Roman rule. Christianity survived because it had many teachings that appealed to the downtrodden in Roman society, these teachings being that even though they were suffering they would gain equality and possibly superiority in the next life, Christianity gave them hope. When Emperor Constantine “converted” to Christianity, this conversion is not fact and often debated, after the Christian God gave him a vision that he would win a battle if he put the sign of Jesus Christ on his soldier’s banners. He did and won the battle decisively giving credit to the Christian God and then proceeded to favor Christianity over all religions in the Empire. Constantine’s favor was the turning point in the Christian religion. Under his rule Roman citizens converted in droves. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed around 476 A.D. all non-religious authority broke down throughout this empire and central Europe. Germanic tribes began to invade and take over these areas and the rule of law became almost non-existent. The Catholic Church maintained its organization giving the Christians a place to look for guidance during this dark...
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...most dramatic and lifestyle changing event during the 14th century. This was a widespread epidemic of the bubonic plague that passed from Asia and through Europe in the mid fourteenth century. The first signs of the Black Death in Europe were present around the fall of 1346. In the span of three years, the Black Death killed one third of all the people in Europe. This traumatic population change coming into the Late Middle Ages caused great changes in European culture and lifestyle. How exactly did the plaque begin? The Black Death was one of many catastrophes to occur following an increase in population during the High Middle Ages (1000-1300). The population of Europe grew from 38 million to 74 million in this time. Before the plague, Europe had been enjoying an increased state of growth in both agriculture and structure in society. Cities began to rise with artisans, farmers, and other crafts people specializing in their own field of work. The daily amount of contact between the European people in the cities and...
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...Correlation vs. Causation from the High- to the Late- Middle Ages (1000-1500) A comparative book review of Castles, Battles and Bombs: How Economics Explains Military History by Jurgen Brauer and Hubert van Tuyll and Battle: A History of Culture and Combat by John Lynn Nicole Campagnola 0774953 HIST*2040 (DE) W13 Professor Davison March 31, 2013 Despite proven facts and primary sources, historical investigation always has an element of subjectivity. Each historian has a different perspective, and focuses on different events and principles. Different historians and authors will often reflect upon the work of their peers, so an educated reader has the opportunity to decrease bias by expanding the list of sources that information comes from. Information that is accurately cited from appropriate sources does not always have a concrete and inarguable conclusion. There will always be differentiations based on the perspective that the author is striving to communicate, and the original intent behind their research. Castles, Battles and Bombs: How Economics Explains Military History by Jurgen Brauer (an economist) and Hubert van Tuyll (a historian) focuses on historical events with the foundation of economic principles, and uses these principles to explain past military decisions and strategies. Battle: A History of Culture and Combat by John Lynn argues that most historians have mistakenly defined styles of warfare and resulting successes based on technological...
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...The End of Europe's Middle Ages Language and Literature -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Until the sixteenth century, Latin was the official language of law, government, business, education and religion in Western Europe. The Latin of written communication was generally considered learned, or high, Latin and composition of documents followed standard guidelines regardless of where the document was written. On the other hand, the common, or Vulgar, Latin was a living language, mingling with and borrowing from regional dialects to suit the needs of local populations. As Vulgar Latin adapted more and more to the native language of a region, it became less recognizable to people outside that area. This process of individualization occurred relatively quickly for oral Latin and the many vernacular languages of Europe that we recognize today were already forming at the beginning of the Middle Ages. The official nature of writing and the predominance of an oral culture meant that written Latin accepted these regional variations at a much slower pace and excerpts from the Vulgate Bible and other patristic writings remained the standard grammatical texts until the Renaissance revived an insistence on classical Latin. Learning Latin in the Middle Ages During the fourteenth century in Italy, there appeared renewed interest in all things classical. This same interest, applied to classical Latin, spelled the end of...
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...Practice History Essay Power and stability in the Middle Ages were maintained through the hierarchical feudal social system, but it changed over time due to various factors. Birth of feudalism began in Europe from Charlemagne and William the Conqueror to England after the victory over King Harold Godwinson. This system was characterised into three large categories – the powerful, the spiritual and the powerless. The upper class were very powerful and had many privileges. A king controlled large areas of land and were able to give away the land for loyalty and protection. He “offered protection to the peasants…but he also exerted his power over them (Source D)”. William’s reign was long and stable, as he spread out his Norman lords so they could not rebel against him. The king also needed an army for protection and control over his land. As a result, he would pay nobles to provide knights for his legion. Nobles and knights required...
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...primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that he required sub-vassals to swear allegiance to him. William of Normandy's survey of his new royal possessions in England was recorded in the Doomesday Book. By the thirteenth century, a previous acceptance of homosexuality by church and society had been replaced by Christian persecution of homosexuals due to all of the following: the writings of Thomas Aquinas; a rising tide of intolerance in Europe; the identification of homosexuals with other detested minority groups in society. The "agricultural revolution" of the High Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. The Magyars were originally from western Asia. Students in medieval universities often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with towns-people. Concerning the curriculum of the medieval university students studied the trivium and quadrivium. The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the civilization of the new western European kingdoms in 732 by...
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...Age >20K | In % | In Million | Youth | 0.05 | 4 | Young | 0.19 | 15.2 | Middle | 0.25 | 20 | Senior | 0.36 | 28.8 | Elderly | 0.15 | 12 | Situational Analysis: Consumer Market | | In million | Total Households | 100 | Present Market Sales | 15 | Projected Mkt Sales Over 10 Years with Mrktng Activities | 40 | | | Market % Growth over year | 11.5 | Age | Youth | 15-24 | Young | 25-34 | Middle | 35-44 | Senior | 45-64 | Elderly | 65+ | Potential Segments | Age | Income | Household | >10 | >20K | Households With Children | <35 | | | | | | In Million | Total Households | 100 | Percentage of Households > 20K | 80 | Percentage of Households <20K | 20 | Households Types | Non family | Family With Children | Family Without Children | Age Group | In % | In Millions | Age Group | In % | In Millions | Age Group | In % | In Millions | Youth | 0.04 | 1.14 | Youth | 0.06 | 1.14 | Youth | 0.06 | 1.71 | Young | 0.14 | 3.4 | Young | 0.29 | 7.2 | Young | 0.18 | 4.4 | Middle | 0.15 | 3.7 | Middle | 0.43 | 10.6 | Middle | 0.23 | 5.6 | Senior | 0.29 | 10 | Senior | 0.22 | 7.6 | Senior | 0.32 | 11.1 | Elderly | 0.38 | 7.7 | Elderly | 0 | 0 | Elderly | 0.21 | 4.2 | Segment Vs Purchase Profile by Household type | | Youth | Sports | Standard | Youth | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.07 | Young | 0.27 | 0.56 | 0.53 | Middle Age | 0.51 | 0.15 | 0.3 | Senior | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.1 | Characteristics...
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...Person 1: Young Adult (Brother) How does middle age differ from other ages? More responsibility than any other time in life, and some people count on you most. When do you think a person becomes old? When they no longer maintain a regular job, or can’t be independent. What has been the best period of your life so far? High School Years. Do you (or did you) look forward to retiring? Yes because you don’t have to worry about getting up for work, losing your job, of having an income. What major changes have you had in your life? Switching from week day high school environment to real world outside of school and adapting to it. 1. What has been your favorite memory so far? Getting his first pay check and realizing he can make money by himself and be independent. 2. After you retire (if not yet) what are your plans? Hasn’t really thought about but take care of his family and go on vaca. To somewhere hes always wanted to. 3. What age do you think is good to stop having kids? 40 4. What was your first career choice(when you were younger)? A Dr. 5. What is one thing present in life you would want to change? His job, wishes he worked more and made more to feel comfortable. Person 2: Middle-Age Adult (Mom) How does middle age differ from other ages? Should be in a better financial situation, smarter about things, and establishing your career. When do you think a person becomes old? 70 What has been the best period of your life so far? The last 2 years Do you (or...
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...widespread epidemic, in the Middle Ages, that was caused by bubonic plague. Bubonic plague was a disease that spread through fleas and rats. The Black Death affected Italy around 1347, and it quickly reached Spain and France. From Spain and France, it spread to the rest of Europe. In the 1300s the Black Death spread to China killing an estimated amount of 35 million people. It condemned one in three people to death, and the death rate was worse than that of any war in history. Symptoms of the plague included but were not limited to: black boils covering the body (specifically under the arms), high fevers, and vomiting. Economically the Black Death caused inflation, the revolt of the citizens due to fear, and normal life...
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...Thuy Tran 10/19/15 101-0032 Outline: History of Middle Ages Introduction: Middle Ages began when Western Roman Empire collapsed. Byzantine and Islamic appeared before the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages is the middle period of three traditional division of Western history: early, the high, and the late Middle Ages. Middle Ages is an important part of Western Civilization. It through many different period of time of the Middle Ages helps Western Civilization development economy and political. Each period of Middle Ages affect to how Civilization changes and growth. Western Civilization had more strong and created many intellect men. Also, the last Pagan Europe was converted to Christianity with the Baltic people in the High Middle Ages, bringing them to Western Civilization as well. I. Byzantine and Islamic influence A. Byzantine influence In the textbook Humanities in the Western Tradition, First Edition Marvin Perry, Baruch College, City University of New York, Emeritus J. Wayne Baker, University of Akron Pamela Pfeiffer Hollinger, the University of Akron that discussion Byzantine and Islamic their cultural contribution to Western Civilization. * “The Byzantine and Islam have in common” by contributing writer that almost 700 years Byzantine and Islamic cultural fought the remains of the Roman Empire, but they also hared many cultural political and artistic that shape their societies in many ways. * Advantage: * Byzantine cultural contributions...
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...individual in different historical periods. The Early Ages The Early middle ages we defined by religious growth in Christianity. It was between 500-1000 C.E. that this age occurred. Throughout this time stability was significant. For the duration of this era Eastern Europe was combating against the Arabs and Western Europe was under physical attack from Germanic clan. The High Ages According to "Defining The Middle Ages " (2013), “The High Medieval Era is the period of time that seems to typify the Middle Ages best. Usually beginning with the 11th century, some scholars end it in 1300 and others extend it for as much as another 150 years. Even limiting it to a mere 300 years, the High Middle Ages saw such significant events as Norman conquests in Britain and Sicily, the earlier Crusades, the Investiture Controversy and the signing of the Magna Carta. By the end of the 11th century, nearly every corner of Europe had become Christianized (with the notable exception of much of Spain), and the Papacy, long established as a political force, was in constant struggle with some secular governments and alliance with others.” The High middle ages brought forth an era fill with Christian followers. When the northern tribes in Europe swept down and brought down the Roman Empire, they settle in the Roman land and converted themselves to Christianity The Late Ages According to "Defining The Middle Ages " (2013), “The end of the Middle Ages can be characterized as a transformation from the...
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...the ongoing changes one makes from early adulthood to middle adulthood. Early adulthood spans from the ages of 20 and 40 and middle adulthood spans between 41 and 60. All the trials and tribulations that ensue when taking that next journey into adulthood will be addressed. They can include emotional and personal development; physical changes; decision to marry and raise a family or do you put your career first. The realization that you are no longer a young spring chicken hits some people in middle adulthood. In your mind you feel the same way you did when you were in your twenties, but the body tell you a different story. There are two different stages of love during early and middle adulthood described by. Psychologist Elaine Hatfield: there is compassionate love and passionate love. Compassionate love involves feelings of mutual respect, trust and affection, while passionate love involves intense feelings and sexual attraction. The Evolution of Social and Intimate Relationships Relationships during early adulthood can be a series of emotional and social changes. It often involves balancing intimacy and commitment with independence and freedom. According to Erikson, young adults face the controversy between intimacy and isolation. To solve this conflict, the individual wants to maintain a sense of independence while still having intimacy. A major task in early adulthood is to find a partner that is similar in age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, and other...
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...Moore, Paul History 109 (World Civilization) 08 September 2013 Professor Karl Golemo The rise of Christianity during the middle ages is part with the collapse of Rome. The mighty empire had fallen in the western part of the territory and this left the Christian churches as a source of political, social and cultural unity. The church for Christians found itself to be in a particularly strong position when it came to the nobility of the feudal system that was still in place. With the Roman Empire pretty much in shambles the Christians had the perfect model government to format a new judicial and administrative model after. And let’s be honest during the Middle Ages only the rich or clergy had access to reading and writing so with small lordships or local kings trying to hold on to what authority they thought they had the Church walked in or was handed the keys to the car and started moving towards a centralized control of politics. And like most ordeals when it comes to power and being in control of everything a monopoly starts and no one knows how to stop it. When an organization has claim on your going to heaven or hell along with how you should conduct yourself here in the present that is truly a lot of power which most did not defy. In one case the church had made requests for followers to commit themselves on Crusades of protecting the Holy land of Jerusalem and doing what is right in the sight of God. But with doing what right in God’s eye may be working together that...
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...ones who help higher positions. RUNNING HEADER: Historical Latin language was the way of communication in the Twelfth century, having a higher demand for communication and the official language of the government, business, education and religion within Western France. With Latin being the living language of the times borrowing dialects from other areas, made it harder for locals in one area to be understood in another location. Just like with any language there are differences from one area to the next. The readings were intended and composed for a specific audience; the chivalric writing of the High Middle Ages was built on the earlier traditions, while integrating ancient roots based on the literature that was sung by the courtly bards. Latin was mainly influenced by the Greek; however Western Europe had a big influence from so far away. This was back in the Golden Age ranging from 70 BCE to 14CE, with poets and prose writers became a huge part in the heritage and the educational heritage from this time. These pose writings are the work of Cicero, Caesar and Livy and the poets of the time were Virgil, Ovid and Horace (Labyrinth Latin Bookcase, 1996). Educated people continued to sharing the heritage of Latin in the Christian churches. With the constant development of the spoken Latin language, there was now a need for publications in order for the readers to be able to communicate amongst each other. These publications expanded...
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...Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Paper Team B BSHS/325 04/13/2015 Instructor: Maria Perrotta Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Paper Middle adulthood is a time of young adulthood and late adulthood. It accompanies many changes that some people may not be prepared for or welcome with open arms. The changes that usually deal with the mind and the body gradually develop as time continues to pass. Some of the most drastic changes are the physical changes that can have a profound effect on the way a person at this stage of life view themselves. Common health problems that evolve during this age The physical modification people in this stage of life may experience varies depending on many factors that contribute to one's health. Smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy eating habits and stress can all negatively affect a person's health and increase the chance of acquiring the common health issues middle-aged adult face. Common health issues include Cancer, Diabetes, Hypertension, Arthritis, High Cholesterol and Weight gain, all of which have a direct connection to one another. Hypertension In middle adulthood, the body starts to change and evolve in more ways than one. The metabolism starts to slow down, and health problems are more common to arise at this point. There are various common health problems that we see at this age, and a more common one is Hypertension also known as high blood pressure. The higher one's blood pressure becomes, the...
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