...Ottoman Empire, 1516-1916. The major crime that the Ottoman Empire committed was ruling the region and assigning local leaders. They weakened the country by dividing Lebanon to sectarian divisions and appointing rulers accordingly. In addition, they intensify the tension between diversities. As a result, in Mount Lebanon, a massacre between the Maronites and the Druze occurred and indirectly evoked wars between these two religions in 1840 and 1860. The reign of the Ottoman Empire continued, to end with the end of the World War 1 in 1916 with the victory of the allies. In 1920, the allies placed Lebanon under the French wardship and expanded its geographical area by taking parts from Syria. The French mandate was not better; the Muslims in Lebanon felt oppressed from the Maronites and refused to do the state of Greater Lebanon and wanted to be part of Syria. On the other hand, Christians were trying to take advantage of the present situation. This caused tensions between these two religions. On September 1, 1920, General Gouraud proclaimed the establishment of State of Greater Lebanon with its present boundaries after splitting few Syrian villages on the southern and western borders with Lebanon. During this period, Lebanese didn’t stop trying hard to gain their independence. In 1943, Paris was obliged to grant Lebanon its independence by reason of Lebanese people’s yearning for autonomy supported by Winston Churchill’s government in London. After the end of World War 2, Lebanese...
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...this age - a strategic vision "Lebanon could be one of the world’s strongest countries if it better utilized the potential of its Diaspora." His Beatitude Nasrallah Butros Cardinal Sfeir(11/28/01) Introduction The Lebanese outside of Lebanon vastly outnumber those in Lebanon. This is especially true of the Christians, and the Maronites in particular. Those Maronites are numerous and influential on an individual basis. Most, however, shun involvement with organized groups dealing with socio-political issues concerning Lebanon and the Christians due to the fractured approach and the myriad of elements supposedly acting on behalf of the Maronites in Lebanon. These Maronites of the Diaspora have an opportunity to influence the outcome of deliberations concerning socio-political issues in Lebanon and the Middle East if they unify under, and maximize the resources of, the Maronite Church under the strong leadership of the Patriarch. Background Throughout history the Maronite Patriarchy has played both a religious and political role in Lebanon and the Middle East. The Patriarch has been a diplomatic force for the building of consensus among divergent religious and political elements. It commands the allegiance and obedience of all of the bishops in Lebanon and the trust of the faithful. As time passed, there has been a geographical shift in the location of the Maronites. Many of them live outside of Lebanon. Many are shepherded by bishops while others...
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...Being raised in the United States as an American for the first 10 years of my life I was happy with the traditions and customs of the U.S but my parents made sure that I would learn about my heritage. I wasn’t open to the idea of learning about what people used to do in Lebanon and how they used to live their life because i was living my own comfortably here in the U.S. Even though I was taught a lot about what my ancestors dressed and how they acted by lectures from my parents and Saturday school at a center nearby I never tied my heritage to my everyday life at school or in my social life with my friends even though many of them had the same heritage as mine. i thought it would not matter because I lived in the U.S and that I should act as I liked not how my ancestors did. When I was 10, my father received an enticing job...
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...Hezbollah Nathan Buuck Homeland Security 320 Intelligence and Homeland Security Professor Robert Mead 21 December, 2014 Hezbollah is an extremist Shi’a Islamic international terrorist organization based in Lebanon. Hezbollah’s literally translates to “Party of God”. Hezbollah emerged in 1982 in response to Israel’s invasion of Lebanon. Lebanon had been in the midst of a civil war since 1975 and the violence was beginning to spill over into Israel. Israel maintains the claim that Iran created Hezbollah, however Prime Minister Ehud Barak claimed that “When we entered Lebanon, there was no Hezbollah… It was our presence there that created Hezbollah." In 1983 Hezbollah conducted its largest and most successful attack to that point; suicide attacks against the U.S. Embassy and Marine barracks in Beirut. Following those attacks, Western forces left Lebanon due to the outcry of citizens because of the media coverage, this event would teach Hezbollah the importance of media in an asymmetric war. In 1985, Hezbollah issued its manifesto. The manifesto states “Our primary assumption in our fight against Israel states that the Zionist entity is aggressive from its inception, and built on lands wrested from their owners, at the expense of the rights of the Muslim people. Therefore our struggle will end only when this entity is obliterated. We recognize no treaty with it, no cease-fire, and no peace agreements, whether separate or consolidated." For the next 15 years, Hezbollah continued...
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... | |Country Notebook: Lebanon | |OSB Board | | | | | | | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Lebanon is a country located in the Middle East along the Mediterranean Sea. Its coastal location as well as close proximity to many other nations makes Lebanon an ideal country for trade. Through an analysis of their culture, economy, and market we have been able to develop an introductory marketing plan for exporting OSB board from Michigan to Lebanon. Lebanon is a democratic republic with a free-market orientation. Although there has been much civil unrest in the past, presently there is decent political stability. The economy has struggled due to wars and setbacks but through the use of foreign aid and internal growth Lebanon is trying to rebuild. The Lebanese culture is very...
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...Contents Editorial New century, old story! Race, religion, bureaucrats, and the Australian Lebanese story Anne Monsour The Transnational Imagination: XXth century networks and institutions of the Mashreqi migration to Mexico Camila Pastor de Maria y Campos Balad Niswen – Hukum Niswen: The Perception of Gender Inversions Between Lebanon and Australia Nelia Hyndman-Rizik Diaspora and e-Commerce: The Globalization of Lebanese Baklava Guita Hourani Lebanese-Americans’ Identity, Citizenship and Political Behavior Rita Stephan Pathways to Social Mobility Lebanese Immigrants in Detroit and Small Business Enterprise Sawsan Abdulrahim 3 7 31 73 105 139 163 Pal. Jour., 2009, 11,3:5 Copyright © 2009 by Palma Journal, All Rights Reserved Editorial Palma Journal’s special issue on migration aims at contributing to this area of study in a unique manner. By providing a forum for non-veteran scholars in the field to share their current research findings with a broader public, Palma has joined hands with the Lebanese Emigration Research Center in celebrating LERC’s sixth anniversary serving international and interdisciplinary scholarly discourse between Lebanon and the rest of the world. The migration special issue owes its inception to a conversation between Beirut und Buenos Aires, in which Eugene Sensenig-Dabbous, an AustrianAmerican researcher at LERC, and the eminent Argentinean migration scholar, Ignacio Klich, developed the idea for a special migration issue and presented...
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...This paper will focus on the Lebanon Police Department, its organization, history, and significant events and incidents in its history. The Lebanon Police Department (LPD) is a municipal police department located in Lebanon, Wilson County, Tennessee. It is a municipal law enforcement agency that operates 24 hours a day. It does not have any jail or holding cells and has no corrections component. Lebanon is located approximately twenty miles east of Nashville, Tennessee. The city is approximately thirty-eight square miles in area. The major roadways include over eleven miles of Interstate 40, U.S. Highway 231, and State Highway 70. In terms of population, the city consists of close to an estimated 30,000 residents as of 2013 (U.S. Census...
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...The Globalization of Democracy Building: A Polyarchic Dilemma When we look at the Middle East and democratization, we must realize that democracy in its current form is largely a Western concept. Democracy building on the part of the US outwards is a classic example of globalization. This paper will examine two theories of globalization: the interdependency theory of Waltz and Robinson?s view of globalization as one of power politics. It will then move on to examine globalization theory in regards to democracy building. Finally, this paper will seek to examine democracy building initiatives in two countries, Iraq and Lebanon. Theories of Globalization Waltz contends that we view globalization at interdependence, and that ?interdependence [is] again associated with peace and peace increasingly with democracy.? ? People, firms, markets matter more; states matter less,? because it is the economy that drives states to make decisions. As the world becomes more interdependent on one another, decisions are made as a collective whole in the economic field, not the independent political state. In many ways, Waltz suggests that Globalism is really Americanism spread around the globe. As the Cold War ended, it become clearer that the ideology that won out, a capitalist democracy, was the winner and dominant ideology. The theology behind it was that if a country is not transparent, with a flexible free market, then it will crumble. What if a country is looking to open its...
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...HEZBOLLAH (حزب الله) A LOOK INTO THE HISTORY AND IDEOLOGY OF A TERRORIST GROUP TURNED POLITICAL POWERHOUSE BY DEAN M. KEMP TERRORISM (ADJ 202) DELAWARE COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE BACKGROUND Hezbollah is also known as: Islamic Jihad, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, Party of God, Revolutionary Justice Organization, and The Islamic Resistance. The name “Hezbollah” is Arabic, which translates to, “Party of God,” and whose name comes from a Koranic verse promising triumph to all those who join the Party of God. Shia clergymen founded Hezbollah in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley in 1982, with the goal of driving Israel from Lebanon, and establishing an Islamic state there. Hezbollah closely coordinated its efforts with Iran, and quickly became an effective fighting force thanks to the training, weapons, and funding of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, who was operating in Lebanon at the time. Soon thereafter, Hezbollah began running training camps for not only its members, but for other terrorist organizations on how to conduct assassinations, kidnapping, suicide bombings, and guerilla warfare. In addition to Lebanon, Hezbollah’s security apparatus operates in parts of North and South America, Europe, East Asia, and other parts of the Middle East. Hezbollah’s current goals include the establishment of a Shiite theocracy in Lebanon, the destruction of Israel, and the elimination of Western influences from the...
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...Lebanon vs. Egypt Economies of Emerging Nations Dr. Yiheyis | Clark Atlanta University Submitted By: Quincy Williams December 2,2014 Lebanon vs. Egypt In this paper I will compare and contrast the countries of Egypt and Lebanon. I will explore both of the country’s economic history starting in 1980. The basis of this paper will be on the country’s global development indicators and what they tell us about that particular country. The majority of the research done in this paper was done through the world-bank website as well as the economy watch website. First I would like to provide some background on Lebanon. Lebanon is a Middle Eastern country in the west of the Asian continent that shares its borders with Syria, Israel and Mediterranean Sea. Most of Lebanon’s land is mountainous. However, the Beqaa valley, with its fertile soil, remains the source for agricultural products. Lebanon has an area of 10,452 square km and population of 4,224,000. The Lebanese economy is noted for its resilience, having withstood wars and invasions with Israel as well as internal sectarian clashes and at times dominating influence from Syria. It is this resilience that helped Lebanon achieve 9% growth during the Great Financial Crisis. The growth was nurtured by controlled banking regulations that restricted credit and therefore, its impact during the recession. As of 2011, the World Bank classified the middle class in Lebanon as those people who earn between $15,000 and $27,000 annually. But...
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...Geography Israel, slightly larger than Massachusetts, lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Egypt on the west, Syria and Jordan on the east, and Lebanon on the north. Its maritime plain is extremely fertile. The southern Negev region, which comprises almost half the total area, is largely a desert. The Jordan, the only important river, flows from the north through Lake Hule (Waters of Merom) and Lake Kinneret (also called Sea of Galilee or Sea of Tiberias), finally entering the Dead Sea 1,349 ft (411 m) below sea level—the world's lowest land elevation. Government Parliamentary democracy. History Palestine, considered a holy land by Jews, Muslims, and Christians, and homeland of the modern state of Israel, was known as Canaan to the ancient Hebrews. Palestine's name derives from the Philistines, a people who occupied the southern coastal part of the country in the 12th century B.C. A Hebrew kingdom established in 1000 B.C. was later split into the kingdoms of Judah and Israel; they were subsequently invaded by Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Persians, Romans, and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. By A.D. 135, few Jews were left in Palestine; most lived in the scattered and tenacious communities of the Diaspora, communities formed outside Palestine after the Babylonian exile. Palestine became a center of Christian pilgrimage after the emperor Constantine converted to that faith. The Arabs took Palestine from the Byzantine empire in 634–640...
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...Burberry In Beirut Souks “One Brand, One Company” “The brand is not this kind of cold, static name outside a shop or outside a building or on a piece of clothing. There are values and a culture behind it." Brand equity is a very valuable term to the British luxury brand Burberry: it lies in the famous checker pattern which is now Burberry’s trademark. Christopher Bailey’s wise words reflect the enterprise’s global strategy. But what did Burberry do to double its net income in just five years? Well, the secret is Britain’s most paid CEO, Angela Ahrendts. The hire of Angela in 2006 turned things around dramatically at Burberry’s headquarters: she understood Burberry’s core competences and its history; she understood the brand and the recent trends in the luxury sector. About Burberry Mission: To maintain the integrity and vitality of Burberry, while continuing to remain relevant to ever-changing markets and consumer tastes. (World Press, 2012) Vision: To be the first digital end to end company. "Our vision is that a customer has total access to Burberry, across any device, anywhere," says Angela Ahrendts. "They get exactly the same feeling of the brand and a feeling of the culture. Everyone can come to Burberry World and understand the journey that Burberry is on.” [ (SalesForce) ] Core Values: Protect, Explore and Inspire. The Business Strategy: It consists of the following steps; starting with “Leveraging the franchise”: market innovation and product excellence;...
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...space in its market area. Table of contents CONTENTS | PAGE NO. | Abstract | 2 | Introduction | 4 | Part|- Market Analysis | 5 - 13 | Part ||- Market Entry Strategy | 14 - 20 | Conclusion | 21 | References | 22 | Introduction Market entry strategy is the arranged system for conveying goods and services to another target market and dispersing them there. In this project the Jordanian business, which is Mlabbas will expand its stores and business into Lebanon’s market in order to achieve its goal in becoming a bigger and an international company. Lebanon is known that is the home of fashion and unique trends and the aim of Mlabbas is to ensure this fact by offering more unique products that will specialize Lebanese people. Lebanon is a developing country that is able to welcome any type of new business to its market in order to expand it and increase its income. Despite that Lebanon is seen as a small country it has a big market potential....
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...government, does not include Palestinian refugees and foreign workers, mainly Syrian. History : In conquering Lebanon, the Muslims fought the Christian armies of Byzantium, whom they called the Roumis. The Byzantines were defeated, and retreated further north. Lebanon was made part of the Sham territory of the Islamic Empire. Islam became the Law and official religion of the land. Christians and Jews were allowed to worship as long as they paid taxes to the Muslims, and obeyed their laws. Arabic became the official language of the region The privileging of Christians in governmental positions was one of the main reasons for the civil war, when the population percentage shifted in favor of the Muslims The first Arab-Israeli war broke out, and hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled their homes as Israeli troops advanced on them. About 150,000 Palestinians became refugees in Lebanon. The Palestinians come to play an important, if indirect, part in Lebanese politics. Outgoing President Amine Gemayel appoints an interim military government under Maronite Commander-in-Chief Michel Aoun in East Beirut when presidential elections fail to produce a successor. Prime Minister Selim el-Hoss forms a mainly Muslim rival administration in West Beirut. Politics : Hizbo lah The United States has declared that Hezbollah (Party of God) is a major terrorist organization, but public officials in Lebanon, where the group is based, and it’s a Shiite group . Hezbollah has grown to an...
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...While international institutions date as far back as the 19th century, it was only after the Second World War when institutional institutionalization began to develop at an unprecedented pace. What matter most in the failing or succeeding of a nation is the institution, more precisely the political institutions that determine economic institutions (Michele Boldrin). Acemoglu and Robinson (writers of the famous book why nations fail) theorize that political institutions can be divided into two kinds: * “Extractive” institutions in which a “small” group of individuals do their best to exploit - in the sense of Marx - the rest of the population * “Inclusive” institutions in which “many” people are included in the process of governing hence the exploitation process is either attenuated or absent. One if the interesting comparison between the two institutions is the following: “Extractive institutions try to seize a larger share of the pie for some groups in society, at the expense of making the pie larger. Inclusive institutions prefer to see the size of the pie grow, in the interests of the majority, even if it means disruptive change for the privileged few with a valuable stake in the status quo.” (big sky ideas, 2012) The reason that Nogales, Arizona, is much richer than Nogales, Sonora, is simple; it is because of the very different institutions on the two sides of the border, which create very different incentives for the inhabitants of Nogales, Arizona, versus...
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