...Asif Bajwa Astronomy 101 Professor Houser 12/11/2014 James Webb Space Telescope Since the first astronomers pointed telescopes at the sky, they have sought to see more. See farther and deeper. Space astronomy changed on April 24th 1990 with the launch of the space shuttle Discovery carrying aboard it the Hubble Space Telescope. A lot of people think we launched Hubble into space to get it closer to the stars but the real reason is the Earth's atmosphere both distorts and blocks light coming in from space. In space, beyond the atmosphere, the stars don't twinkle, instead they shine firm. That allows for the sensational images we've become accustomed to seeing from Hubble. But that wasn't Hubble's only benefit, it was also one of NASA's great observatories. There are many of these observatories in space but most are outfitted to answer one or two specific questions. Hubble was designed to be as inclusive as possible, it was supposed to answer as many questions as you could ask. At least as far as its design allowed. And Hubble succeeded very well at that. The Hubble Deep Field, perhaps the most important image ever taken by Hubble, shows us galaxies stretched all the way across the universe, up to ten billion light years away. Light that has taken billions of years to reach us in our corner of the universe, so we see these galaxies not that as they are today but as they were when the light left them. And in the end, after zooming in as much as possible, we see nothing...
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...tr “Beyond the Milky Way” “The History of the Hubble Telescope” By: Steven Radziul DeVry University Since the Age of Man and Woman, We have been staring up into the sky, wondering clearly what is out there. The stars and planets have always been our close neighbors, from navigation, to philosophy and even religion, the stars and planets have always been our friend. Man has stood to the highest peak staring out into the sky, wondering clearly to see what is out there. He has invented instruments for which to see further and further, wanting to learn about himself. Since the earliest days of Man, We have strived to see higher, to see more, to see deeper, and to finally see farther. The newest discoveries started with the time of Galileo, and the first “modern” telescopes, pointed up to the skies, just to see what is out there. Since then we have strived to improve our abilities to see way out there. The latest discoveries and breakthrough in discovery through the use of telescopes, is that of the space telescopes themselves. One of the famous space based telescopes, as well as one of the more famous projects put out by NASA, is that of the “Hubble Space Telescope”. Learning about the worlds around us, allows us to learn about our own “Man Kind”. We are “star stuff”, we are made of the stuff which stars are made from. From the gases, to the elements, what is out there, we can find here. As We explore the world around us, we begin to learn more about our own existence...
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...The Research of the Hubble Sequence There are many different classes of galaxies and many more to be discovered Hubble just scratched the surface of what we could find out there. Edwin Hubble is well known for that the research in the Hubble Sequence, also in the many books he wrote for the explonation of his work and his thoughts on it. Edwin Hubble discovered the Hubble Sequence and and was the one who was famos for it. The Hubble Sequence is a theory proven to be a fact by Edwin Hubble, this sequence is a morhpological classification scheme for galaxies which this theory was proven fact because of Edwin Hubble. Now to explain what this is, well this scheme reprsents more of divided regular galaxies to broad classes. Each of these classes...
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...the history, the age, and the composition of the Moon and the Earth. Everyone knows the story of how the astronauts set foot on the Moon, collected lunar rocks and brought them back to Earth. But how did they know what the surface of the Moon would be like? This all thanks to the Surveyor program. Consisted of seven missions, five of them were successful in providing the information needed for the Apollo missions. They collected lunar photographs as well as both scientific and technological information. (The Surveyor Program, 2016). The Surveyor landers played the leading role...
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...THE HUBBLE The earth is given to us, to grow, to survive, to breathe and to live; it’s for our own advantage. But we often take this privilege for granted, probably because its given for free, we did not earn it or strive to deserve it. We value it less; however, one of the beauty that The Hubble showed, was that with trillion miles away, galaxies and stars, non-showed existence of life; it was only the Earth, our home that showed the wonderful blessing that God has given us. How can we then give back to the Earth? How can we balance the need of demand and supply? The Hubble documentary portrays the Earth is the only one who has life, it suggests that one must take care of our planet with the purpose of having a home for future generations to come. The Hubble is a space telescope that is located above the surface of the atmosphere specifically in the low earth orbit far above rain clouds and light pollution. Hubble has an unobstructed view of the universe; scientists have used The Hubble to observe the most distant stars and galaxies as well as planets in our solar system. Hubble takes extremely sharp pictures, the most detailed visible-light image ever made of the universe’s most distant objects. It is one of the largest and most versatile, and is well known as both a vital research tool and a benefit to public relations for astronomy. Hubble’s existence marks the most significant advance in astronomy since Galileo’s telescope. It was built by the United States space agency NASA...
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...STARS AND TELESCOPES PAPER Stars and Telescopes Paper University of Phoenix SCI 151 Telescopes in Astronomy Some basic knowledge of telescopes in astronomy will be examined in this paper. For many years telescopes have been used for observing celestial objects. Telescopes have changed our understanding and knowledge by observing objects in the universe. New developments have been discovered based on measuring the wavelength omitted from the celestial objects with improved technology creating many kinds of telescopes. Studying different stages of stars in detail can be done by using different telescopes that are used for specific purposes. This paper will touch base on the history of telescopes, the development of telescopes, and the function, and purposed of telescopes in our universe. Since the seventeenth century the telescope has become one of the important instruments to reveal unsuspected phenomena in the heavens and universe. The controversy between traditional geocentric astronomy and those favored the heliocentric system of Copernicus has had major influence from the discoveries from the telescope. The telescope gave men the opportunity to observe things that mankind had never seen before, increasing men’s senses and knowledge of objects in outer space. Originally the invention of the telescope was a prototype of modern scientific instruments, not an invention of scientists. Craftsmen created the instrument we refer to as the telescope. Using...
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...The following are US space programs, stations and objects (telescope) that had provided Earth with outstanding accomplishing, information and improvements. Provided below are descriptions of each program, followed with the goals included in them. “Project Mercury was the United States' first man-in-space program.” It was brought upon in 1958 and completed in 1963. Six manned flights were conducted under this program from 1961 to 1963. The life of Project Mercury was about 4 2/3 years. The goals of Project Mercury included research and successful travelling. One goal was to orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth. Another included an investigation of man’s ability to function in space. Another objective was to recover both man and the spacecraft...
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...Telescopes in Astronomy Cary Lingle PHY 107 June 25, 2013 Professor Worek Telescopes in Astronomy Peering out beyond the confines of the Earth was a daydream for early scientists. Staring into the heavens from the Earth limited the scientific community’s ability to study the cosmic bodies above the Earth’s surface. As curiosity grew to explore the Sun, moon, stars and far-reaching corners of the universe, creativity was sparked leading to the development of tools like a telescope to assist scientists with examining outer space and its contents. The development of the telescope began in the hands of a Dutch lens maker, Hans Lippershey. Lippershey developed a device consisting of a tube and a lens allowing the user to view objects up close. Galileo Galilei expanded upon Lippershey’s design creating the modern day telescope using a concave lens. Galileo used his telescope view the items in the night sky including the Milky Way. Galileo revealed that the Earth was not at the center of the universe that was a contrasting view from previous scholars. The development of the telescope has lead to significant discoveries including the moon's effect on weather patterns on Earth and in space black holes, stars' lifecycles and galaxies beyond the Milky Way to name a few. The ability to study the Sun has given scholars the ability to determine the age of the Sun, planets and stars in the night sky. The first telescope's original design, consisting of a tube and lens, gave the viewer...
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...ASTR 100 Chapter ReviewQuestions – Fall 2012 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Section-1 Check the letter that represents the best answer to each of the multiple choice questions. Answer all questions in this section. Each question is worth 1 point. This section is worth 40 points. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1. In the scientific method, a hypothesis _____. A. is a statement of fact B. makes a prediction that can be tested C. is usually proven to be correct D. can only be tested once E. none of these 2. Which of the following can't be considered an acceptable hypothesis?" A. Dark matter, (invisible matter which still has gravitational attraction), determines the orbits of stars in the the galaxy B. Mass increases with velocity C. Matter came into existence together with time D. The megagalaxies of the universe will become invisible to each other in time. E. all are acceptable hypotheses 3. A theory is an integrated explanation of numerous “proven”_____. A. facts B. laws C. controls D. hypotheses E. guesses 4. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State a problem II. Analyze and interpret data III. Develop a hypothesis IV. Share the results with other scientists V. Design and perform experiment to test the hypothesis A. I – II - III - IV – V B. III – I - V – II – IV C. V – IV – III – II – I D. I – III – V – II – IV E. V – II – I – III - IV 5. Ptolemy's model sought to explain retrograde motion by...
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...Studying the Stars: How the Telescope Changed Astronomy As long as humans have been able to see, they have looked at the stars with either with worship or with wonder. The earliest cultures of humanity created their deities from the heavens, most of which were seating upon the glowing specks of light that show through the black night sky. Humans only have a few senses that let them interact with and receive information from the environment, sight being the most useful. Trying to figure out what something far away is, in a star’s case, far enough away to make a giant ball of burning helium look like a speck, is something that requires a tool. Telescopes were the first tool that really helped humans see into the heavens, letting them study the stars and the ‘wanderers’ which eventually were found out to be planets moving around the sun (although at the time they were discovered, it was thought that everything revolved around the earth); albeit all of these stars and planets were discovered before Galileo’s telescope. The tool still helped gain better calculations of the stars, which helped Galileo support Nicolaus Copernicus’ heliocentric (sun-centered) solar system as opposed to the geocentric (earth-centered) solar system that people in those times believed. With Isaac Newton, one of the most famous physicists, discovering most of laws of motion through his studies in astronomy, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, one of the greatest works in the Scientific Revolution...
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...scientists are still bombard about dark matter and what it really is. Although, scientists do not know what dark matter is, they are certain of what it is not. Dark matter is not in the form of stars and planets that we see and it is known to make up about 25% of the entire Universe. By using the effect of gravitational lensing, astronomers are able to determine that dark matter is not affected by most of the other baryonic matters. They also found that dark matter is the responsible substance that makes up most of the masses in the universe (found in galaxies, dwarf galaxies, and cluster galaxies). Dark matter is also the primary influence of gravitational pulls. The mysterious and magnificent space that seems almost empty to the naked eye has fascinated mankind for as long as history can remember. The universe seems empty because it is made up of gas which is primarily composed of particles such as protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter. Dark matter is known to make up about 25% of the entire Universe but scientists have yet to understand completely about this mysterious subatomic particle. What is dark matter and where did it come from? What is really the natural function of dark matter? Where and how can dark matter be found? These questions have been the ultimate challenge for astronomers for the past decades. Scientists and Astronomers have always known that dark matter influenced the cosmos in many different ways because it makes up...
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...The extent to which new, or complex, technologies impacted upon the project. The Channel Tunnel project would have been built two centuries ago if it was technically feasible. In 1802, the idea of a road tunnel was suggested to Napoleon during a brief peace between France and England. French engineer Albert Mathieu Favier gave Napoleon details of a scheme involving two tunnels, one which would be candle-lit for horse-drawn carriages and the second acting as a sort of drain to take away water seeping into it (Anderson & Roskrow 1994). However the scheme existed only on paper due to the absence of appropriate tunneling techniques. Digging a tunnel under ground is not a novel technology; however, the geology is, especially under the sea. Engineers had to check and hoped to find that a suitable rock for tunneling stretched in an unbroken bed across the channel. Building a tunnel doesn’t require innovative technology, otherwise the government would not approve the project go ahead. However, the actual construction of a 50 km-long Channel Tunnel up to 50 meters below the sea tested the ingenuity and skills of the top minds in the European and American construction industry (Anderson & Roskrow 1994). There were 11 specialized boring machines have been used in total on both, the British and the French sides, to work their way through the chalk marl stratum, which is between the gray chalk and glauconitic layer. The ground condition on the UK side had caused problem. The machine...
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...I Have A Theory The study of the universe as a whole is Cosmology. Although easy to label, it is not easy to explain. The foundation of modern cosmology can be described as an arrangement of observations, hypotheses, theories using science, technology, mathematics, physics, and analytics (to name a few) to strive for answers about our beginning, present, and future. Through time, many types of people have created stories, myths, and ideas of how we came to be. Until the nineteenth and twentieth century, the evolution of theories was slow. According to Shipper, “New telescopic devices permitting people to see parts of the universe never before imagined, in new ways never before conceived, have advanced man's theoretical capabilities on explaining the origin of the universe, a task that has been a part of intelligent man's life for thousands of years” (para 1, n.d.). As our technology advances, we are able to answer questions. Going back a few centuries to a time of revelation to Nicholas Copernicus, he had a revolutionary idea that paved the way of thinking that the sun was the center of our universe. His proposal published in 1543, a book titled, “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres.” Johannes Kepler, the first astrophysicist, discovered that the planets revolve around the sun in ellipses. This gave birth to the laws of planetary motion. Isaac Newton supported Kepler’s suggestions that planets were kept in orbit by a force, by showing that the same force that keeps our...
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...with the scientific aspects of the universe and know something of its origin and structure.” Project 2061, American Association for the Advancement of Science ---------------------------"The effort to understand the universe is one of the very few things that lifts human life a little above the level of farce, and gives it some of the grace of tragedy."—Steven Weinberg Steven Weinberg is winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979, and author of the book "The First Three Minutes". 2 Introduction Science at the beginning of the twenty-first century can make some bold, yet simple observations: 1) the universe has evolved; 2) we are a result of that evolution. “We are the first generation of human beings to glimpse the sweep of cosmic history, from the universe's fiery origin in the Big Bang to the silent, stately flight of galaxies through the intergalactic night.” (National Research Council) Order in the Universe Cosmology is the study of the evolution of the universe from its first moments to the present. In cosmology the most fundamental question we can ask is: Does our universe have intelligible regularities that we can understand—is it ordered? This question lies at the heart of the scientific revolution beginning in the sixteenth century. That revolution began with the discoveries by Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton of order in our world. Today our scientific understanding of nature’s order has reached a critical threshold. Only now can we begin to piece together a coherent...
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...origin of space and time. This is our world cities forest oceans people everything is made of matter created of the big bang. Every star, every planet, every drop of water. The big bang is the defining event of our universe and everything in it. The secrets of our past, our present and our future are in one moment in time. So was there before the bang, what banged and did it banged. We built machines the size of cities to simulate conditions when the universe was created and space telescope to peer deep into our past. “We are getting close to answering the old-age questions. Why are we here? Where did we come from? Does the universe in fact have a beginning or an end...? If we know the answer we know the mind of god” (A Brief History of Time 3). Since 1920 everything we know about universe has been turned upside down. Before that we thought our universe was static and eternal. Until 1919 scientist believed that the Milky Way (earth’s Galactic Home) contained the whole universe. . In that Era there was a lucky astronomer who had the privilege to work at the world’s largest and most advance telescope in” Mount Wilson Observatory in California” his name was Edward Hubble. He studied stars and realized that there are stars and nebulas too far away from us to be part of our galaxy. He proved that our galaxy is one of the billions galaxies out there. In 1927 he published his theory that is called Hubble’s law which explains that the universe is expanding. “Hubble discovered...
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