...OPEN-SOURCE MOVEMENT AND THE FUTURE ITSU1003 INTRODUCTION TO OPEN-SOURCE Generally computer software sources (the human readable version of the software) are of two kinds; closed and open. Open-source programming has been prominently growing in the past ten years. In this model, programmers share their codes freely in order to be modified and used by others. They are allowed to alter and change the original software as much as they like. This in turn will produce higher quality software with improved features. For the open-source programs to be reliable, some sort of licenses has been approved by Open Source Initiative (OSI) which is a “non-profit corporation dedicated to managing and promoting the open-source definition for the good of the community, especially through the OSI Certified Open-source software certification mark and program.” HISTORY OF OPEN-SOURCE Open-source began to form in the hacker’s society of the United States computer science laboratories such as Stanford and MIT in the late 1960’s. Programmers were members of societies in which each member was expected to share his or her code among the society members. This would apply improvements on different codes by members of the society. In addition, programmers were able to use each other’s knowledge in their own interest mutually. By the early 1980’s the university hacker societies began to collapse, and the hackers were hired by commercial companies producing proprietary systems (systems that required...
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...OSI MODEL Joseph Lucero College America Abstract In this paper it is going to explain the OSI model and all the layers. There are 7 layers in total: the layers are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical. It is going to explain what all the layers are and how they work in the OSI Model, it is also going to explain what every layer is. It is also going to explain why it was created and what the use for the OSI model is for today. You are going to know why we need the OSI model and how it evolved from the first time. You are also going to find out about the past history about the model and the other name is what called before. OSI Model The OSI model has been used for a long time. Why do we use it? OSI, formally known as the ISO OSI model, is the most standard model for networking communication. The ISO formed the OSI or Open System Interconnection, so that you can communicate and connect with another system over the network without having system specific configuration. The OSI model consists of 7 different layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Sessions, Presentation, and Application. One reason why the OSI model was created, is so that the process of communication that were between two end points in a telecommunication network can be split into layers. The main reason why the OSI Model was created was to standardize the networking rules so that all the systems can communicate over the OSI reference model, which was a...
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...------------------------------------------------- OSI model From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia OSI model | 7. Application Layer | NNTP · SIP · SSI · DNS · FTP · Gopher · HTTP · NFS · NTP · SMPP · SMTP ·DHCP · SNMP · Telnet · Netconf ·(more) | 6. Presentation Layer | MIME · XDR · TLS · SSL | 5. Session Layer | Named Pipes · NetBIOS · SAP · L2TP ·PPTP | 4. Transport Layer | TCP · UDP · SCTP · DCCP · SPX | 3. Network Layer | IP (IPv4, IPv6) · ICMP · IPsec · IGMP ·IPX · AppleTalk | 2. Data Link Layer | ATM · SDLC · HDLC · ARP · CSLIP ·SLIP · PLIP · IEEE 802.3 · Frame Relay · ITU-T G.hn DLL · PPP · X.25 | 1. Physical Layer | EIA/TIA-232 · EIA/TIA-449 · ITU-T V-Series · I.430 · I.431 · POTS · PDH ·SONET/SDH · PON · OTN · DSL ·IEEE 802.3 · IEEE 802.11 · IEEE 802.15 · IEEE 802.16 · IEEE 1394 · ITU-T G.hn PHY · USB · Bluetooth · Blue | This box: view · talk · edit | The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It is a way of sub-dividing a communications system into smaller parts called layers. A layer is a collection of similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it. On each layer, an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer below. For example, a layer that provides...
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...Memo To: Dr. No From: Student CC: Health Task Force Date: 4/19/2014 Re: Organizational Change / General Motors Apple Inc: Name of Organization: Apple Inc. Apple Company Address: 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA 95014 Apple Telephone Number: 408-996-1010 Mission Statement Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings.( drdianehamilton 2011) Overview of Apple Inc: Apple ignited the personal computer revolution in the 1970s with the Apple II and reinvented the personal computer in the 1980s with the Macintosh. Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings. (Apple.com/investor) When you imagine the creative process at Apple, at first you may not picture someone in HR. Or operations. Or finance. But we expect creative thinking and solutions from everyone here, no matter what their responsibilities are. Innovation takes many forms, and our people seem to find new ones every day. (Apple.com 2012) Issues at Apple Inc: The issues at Apple Incorporated varied over time from a relative incubator working in a garage developed in computers and software garnered from Xerox corporation to that of a major innovative industry player and...
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...Section 1: Networking Concepts CompTIA Network+ N10-005: 1.1a – The OSI Model Through the years, the OSI model has been the fundamental model for networking. In this video, you’ll get an overview of the OSI model and a detailed breakdown of each of each OSI layer. CompTIA Network+ N10-005: 1.1b – The TCP/IP Model The OSI model isn’t the only model in town. In this video, you’ll learn about the TCP/IP model and how real-world applications are associated with each layer. CompTIA Network+ N10-005: 1.2 – The OSI Model in the Real World The OSI model is a useful reference, but how does it really work in the real world? In this video, we’ll investigate how the OSI model maps into an encrypted email conversation with Google Mail. CompTIA Network+ N10-005: 1.3a – Binary Math Calculating in binary is an important skill for any network professional. In this video, you’ll learn the fundamentals for converting between decimal and binary numbers. CompTIA Network+ N10-005: 1.3b – IP Classes The history of TCP/IP includes numerous changes in network technologies and subnetting. In this video, you’ll learn how the IP class-based numbering system was used in the past and how it’s used today. CompTIA Network+ N10-005: 1.3c – Classless Inter-Domain Routing CIDR-block addressing has added new flexibility to IP subnetting. In this video, you’ll learn about classless inter-domain routing and the notation used to designate a CIDR-block address. CompTIA Network+ N10-005: 1...
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...Telecommunication Systems This paper will describe in general terms the telecommunication system currently in use at a private optometry clinic. The facility is owner operated with six employees and one location that provides a number of services to the public and area optometrist. This includes partnering with an optometry therapist to provide a full array of eye care services for pre and post eye surgery patients. Also included in this paper are short definitions of Rotary and Dual Tone Multifrequency (DTMF), Wide Area Telecommunications Service (WATS), Private Branch eXchange (PBX), and The layers of the International Organization for Standardization-Open Systems Interconnection (ISO-OSI), telecommunication terms as the relate to this business. Gaining permission to view and evaluate the telecommunication systems of a small family owned and operated business when you have been working there less than a week can be a tricky matter. I began by explaining that my interest in the system is purely school related. I continued by letting him know that the conversation and information exchanged could assist in developing a more effective system for the business. This helped but, skepticism and caution were still the overriding view of Doctor Martin business owner and board certified ophthalmologist. Ensuring the privacy of his business records appeared to relax him a bit as did telling him that I did not want any defined information just general. Telling him that I was...
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...back-up copies for their own use only, to make copies for distribution to students of the course the textbook is used in, and to modify this material to best suit their instructional needs. Under no circumstances can copies be made for resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. 2 Chapter 1. Learning Objectives • Be aware of the history of communications, information systems and the Internet • Be aware of the applications of data communications networks • Be familiar with the major components of and types of networks • Understand the role of network layers • Be familiar with the role of network standards • Be aware of three key trends in communications and networking 3 Chapter 1. Outline • Introduction: The Information Society • Brief histories of: – communications, info systems and the Internet • Data Communications Networks – network components, network types • Network Models – OSI model, Internet model, message transmission using layers • Network Standards – importance of standards, standards making, common standards • Future Trends – pervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new information services 4...
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...Business Data Communications and Networking 9th Edition Jerry Fitzgerald and Alan Dennis 1-1 Introduction to Data Communications 1-2 Outline • Brief history of Data Communications – Communications, Information Systems and the Internet • Data Communications Networks – Network components, network types • Network Models – OSI model, Internet model, transmission via “layers” • Network Standards – Standards making, common standards • Future Trends – Pervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new information services 1-3 Information Age • First Industrial Revolution – Introduction of machinery – New organizational methods – Changed the way people worked • Second Industrial Revolution – Information Age – Introduction of computers – Introduction of networking and data communication – Changed the way people worked again • Faster communication Collapsing Information lag • Brought people together Globalization 1-4 The Collapsing Information Lag Historical developments in electronic communications telegraph sped up the rate and volume of transmission of information 1850 Information took days or weeks to be transmitted 1900 Information transmitted in minutes or hours 1950 2007 large quantities of information transmitted in a fraction of a second growth of telecommunications and especially computer networks Globalization of networks 1-5 Advances in Phone Technology Phone invented 1876 first...
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...Networking - Understanding The OSI Model The OSI is a useful model for understanding and developing computer-to-computer communications over a network. OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. This conceptual model groups network communication into seven layers of data: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical. Today, we will be talking about: the history, the seven layers of data, the communication between two systems, and frame specifications of the OSI model. In the early 1980s, the ISO began working on the OSI model so that it would enable computer platforms across the world to communicate openly. The concept of the OSI model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman, Honeywell Information Services. Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the ARPANET, the fledging Internet, NPLNET, EIN, CYCLADES network and the work of IFIP WG6.1. The new design was documented in ISO 7498 and its various addenda. In the OSI, a networking system was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each entity interacted directly only with the layer immediately beneath it, and provided facilities for use by the layer above it. Protocols enabled an entity in one host to interact with a corresponding entity at the same layer in another host. Service definitions abstractly described the functionality provided to an (N)-layer by an (N-1) layer, where N was one of the seven layers of protocols...
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...Contents 1. Introduction 2 1.1. Purpose 3 1.2. Methodology 3 2. Market analysis 4 2.1 The current market situation 4 2.1.1 Past situation 5 2.1.2. Distribution systems 5 2.1.3. Penetrating and acting on the market 6 2.1.4. Research & development 7 2.1.5. Subsectors- hair care 7 2.1.6. The market and future possibilities 7 2.2. Competition in general 8 2.2.1. The products 9 2.2.3. Direct competitors 9 2.3 The consumer 10 2.3.1. Who? 11 2.3.2. Trends 12 3. The study 12 3.1. The research 12 3.1.1. Analysis of the conducted research 13 3.2. Developing a perception of the Diesel brand 13 3.3 The respondents’ attitudes and perceptions about men’s cosmetic products 14 3.3.1. The respondents’ opinions 15 3.3.2. What products and why? 16 3.4. The differences between the views of brands 17 3.5. S.W.O.T.-analysis of Diesel’s situation 18 3.5.1. Strengths 19 3.5.2. Weaknesses 20 3.5.3. Opportunities 20 3.5.4. Threats 20 Brand-matrixes 20 Diesel 21 Garnier 23 Schwatzkopf 24 Tigi 25 1. Introduction Looks are important to everybody. Our looks and affect the first impression other people get and the evaluating of looks goes far to our biology. Looks affect our emotions and perceptions of other people. A good looking individual represent healthy genes whereas poor looks can be sign of illness. In the modern world things have though gone much further than that. Good looks do not only mean good possibilities...
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...Cisco Network Solutions for the Telco DCN: SONET/SDH OSI Environments This document is directed to competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs), incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs), and Post, Telephone and Telegraphs (PTTs), collectively referred to as telcos (short for telephone companies). This document describes Cisco network solutions for transporting data between Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and the Operations Support System (OSS) in a telco data communications network (DCN). The DCN transports network management traffic between network elements and their respective OSS, making them a vital link between the service network and the network operations center (NOC). The solutions presented in this document will help telcos connect their SONET/SDH network elements to a router-based network using the Open System Interconnection (OSI) protocol, which simplifies the DCN and reduces equipment costs. Version History Version Number 1 Date April 28, 2004 Notes This document was created as a joint effort between Don Schriner in the Cisco CTO Consulting Engineering Group and Alliene Turner in Cisco IOS Documentation. This document was updated. This document was updated. 2 3 May 6, 2005 January 3, 2008 Contents The document presents the recommended Cisco architecture for building the OSI network. Several methods for implementing and scaling an OSI network are included with detailed configuration examples. Specific...
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...to another via direct cable connection, over telephone lines, or via air. History Smoke signals Sumerian clay tablets (3300 B.C.) Greek messengers/scrolls Telegraph system Telephone system Computers Networking Science and Technology Information Institute Department of Science and Technology Overview Introduction LAN Technologies Network Transports WAN Technologies Definition Through a combination of hardware and software, networks permit information and peripherals to be shared efficiently and economically. Definition An internetwork is a collection of individual networks, connected by intermediate networking devices, that functions as a single large network. Internetworking refers to the industry, products, and procedures that meet the challenge of creating and administering internetworks. Figure illustrates some different kinds of network technologies that can be interconnected by routers and other networking devices to create an internetwork. PC LAN with Host Connection Network cable plant Workstation Host computer Virtual connection to the host Workstation to file server File server Network Architecture The OSI Model Implement a layered data communications system Establish a common basis for standards development Qualify products as open by their use of these standards Provide a common reference for standards Network Architecture The OSI Model All People Seem To Need Data Processing A handy way to remember the seven...
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...entirely owned (by the campus tenant / owner: an enterprise, university, government etc). In the case of a university campus-based campus network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including; academic departments, the university library and student residence halls. [pic] | | | | Introduction A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among devices connected to the network. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded the design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defence. It was the first operational computer network in the world. Development of the network began in 1969, based on designs developed during the 1960s. For a history see ARPANET, the first network . Purpose • Facilitating communications. Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephony, video telephone calls, and videoconferencing. • Sharing hardware. In a networked environment, each computer on a network can access and use hardware on the network. Suppose several personal computers on a network each require the use of a laser printer. If the personal computers and a laser printer are connected to a network, each user...
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...<Project Name> Risk Management Plan <Insert Project Logo here> <Month, Year> Health and Human Services Agency, Office of Systems Integration | Revision History Revision History | Revision/WorkSite # | Date of Release | Owner | Summary of Changes | SID Docs #3164v4 | 06/23/2004 | SID - PMO | Initial Release | OSIAdmin 3283 | 08/29/2008 | OSI - PMO | Major revisions made. Incorporated tailoring guide information into this template | Remove template revision history and insert Project Risk Management Plan revision history. Approvals Name | Role | Date | | | | Insert Project Approvals here. Template Instructions: This template is color coded to differentiate between boilerplate language, instructions, sample language, and hyperlinks. In consideration of those reviewing a black and white hard copy of this document we have also differentiated these sections of the document using various fonts and styles. Details are described below. Please remove the template instructions when the document is finalized. Standard boilerplate language has been developed for this management plan. This language is identified in black Arial font and will not be modified without the prior approval of the OSI Project Management Office (PMO). If the project has identified a business need to modify the standard boilerplate language, the request must be communicated to the PMO for review. Instructions for using this template are provided in purple Arial font...
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...Record or GPT 8.) The Maximum number of primary partitions that MBR supports is? 4 9.) What volume is based on RAID 0? Striped 10.) What is the preferred file system for Windows 7? NTFS 11.) What level of the OSI Model are cables on? The 1st level (Physical) 12.) What level of the OSI Model is IPv4 on? The 3rd level (Network) 13.) What do you use to specify what bits are being used to lock a number into place? Subnet Mask 14.) What process is used to verify a persons identity? Authentication 15.) What enables only specific users to perform tasks and processes? User Rights 16.) What address is given to an IP that fails to locate its address? A.P.I.P.A 17.) Another name for computers that are peers is? Workgroups 18.) What type of profile is made when a user logs on for the 1st time? Local User Profile 19.) What type of profile is stored on a network and does not allow changes? Mandatory User Profile 20.) What is a Mandatory User Profile? A profile that is stored on a network and does not allow changes 21.) What do you call an attempted hacking, where every possible every possible combination is used? Brute Force Attack 22.) What stops you from using the same password over & over again? Password History 23.) A credit card like device that contains a chip...
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