...Name Institution Course Tutor Date HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Introduction The current America we know today is not comparable to the America which existed after the civil war. Great things such as urbanization, equal rights for citizens and the two major wars have made us understand the current United States. Since the time United States ended slavery, a lot of great things have happened. Some of the major ones being the period of reconstruction, Civil Rights Movement, the great depression and the World wars I and II. The aim of this paper is to compare the views of America a Narrative History 9th edition by George Brown Tindall and those of America Compared 2nd edition by Carl J. Guarneri. According to the two authors the history of United States since 1965 somehow differs. According to (Tindall, George Brown, and David, 196), the period of reconstruction, lasting from 1865 to 1876 was a period when the nation tried to restructure itself and incorporate the southern states which became part of the union. The freed men from the South had found themselves with no system to control them in their lives. So they had to look for a way to incorporate them in a still society that was biased against them. The reconstruction dealt with the transformation of southern states. During this period, a little social or political agreement was available on issues such as who was supposed to vote and how the southern states were going to rebuild themselves after the destruction...
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...Forensic Facial Reconstructions Samantha McAnally CRMJ430 April 20, 2013 Abstract This paper will focus mainly on the history and the various techniques that forensic facial reconstruction has to offer. It will also go over some problems or an issue that is process has faced over the years. The Daubert Standard will discuss and how facial reconstruction was allowed as evidence thru this standard. I will go over all the periods of time that facial reconstruction was used. Computerized and Clay reconstruction will be discussed and how they have help investigators solved current and cold case crimes. Forensic Facial Reconstruction Forensic facial reconstruction is the method of restoring the appearance of a person (whose identity is frequently not recognized) from their skeletal remnants through a combination of creativity, forensic science, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy. The situation can also display what an individual would look like as an adult if they were abducted or gone missing as adolescents. In this paper, we will discuss the different approaches that can be used in facial reconstruction from computerized techniques to sketch artist techniques. The fortitude of forensic facial reconstruction is to yield an image from a skull that suggests an adequate resemblance of the thriving individual that the situation will assist in the proof of identity of the skeletal remnants while there are not any additional resources accessible. Finding skeletons used...
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...The Reconstruction IB History of the Americas HL November 10, 2014 The Reconstruction from 1865—1877 would prove to be, in many ways, more difficult than the war itself, despite the victory of the Northern States. Furthermore, many questions began to arise regarding post-war reparations. Because there were so many different views of how the Reconstruction was to be accomplished there was tremendous conflict. After four years of war, despite defeat, some of the southerners remained defiant in returning to the Union. In addition, the roles of liberated blacks were also in question. Although there was conflict, the Reconstruction fulfilled its aims to the extent of granting freedom to liberated blacks, restoring the southern states to the Union and reestablishing their political structure, and the establishment of civil rights for liberated blacks. This was executed through the Presidential, Congressional and Military Reconstructions. To begin, the Presidential Reconstruction was the beginning of defining the voice of freedom for liberated blacks after the civil war. Furthermore, the Presidential Reconstruction began the upstart of a political war as principal Reconstruction proposals and plans were beginning to be implemented in order reform the Union. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln introduces his “10 percent” Reconstruction Plan. Although it is eventually replaced by Andrew Johnson’s own Reconstruction proclamation in 1865, it proposed that a state could be readmitted into...
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...Crime Scene Reconstruction Devry University Kemisha Askew October 20, 2012 The topic I am writing about is Crime Scene Reconstruction. Crime Scene Reconstruction is the use of scientific methods, physical evidence, deductive reasoning and their interrelationships to gain explicit knowledge of the series of events that surround the commission of a crime. Crime Scene Reconstruction looks at the physical evidence and attempts to determine “What Happened? And how did it happen?” The reason why I have selected this topic is because I find it intriguing how physical evidence is broken down, evaluated, and reconstructed to actual tell how a crime occurred and what happened in the process. There are many television shows I watch daily that portray the crime scene investigation process in a certain light this is another reason why I chose this topic. I’d like to find out firsthand what actually goes on in the reconstruction process versus fictional exploitations of it on television. Crime Scene Reconstruction looks at the physical evidence and attempts to determine “What Happened? And how did it happen?” A similar method that is used is Criminal Profiling. Criminal Profiling is the application of psychological theory to the analysis and reconstruction of the forensic evidence that relates to an offender’s crime scenes, victims and behaviours. Crime Scene Reconstruction is the use of scientific methods, physical evidence, deductive reasoning and their interrelationships to...
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...Jimmy Guillén Mr. Laird A.P. U.S. History 21 January 2010 Reconstruction: A Post-Civil War Failure Viewed as an era as a whole, Reconstruction takes place between the years 1865-1877 or between the Civil War’s end and the Union army’s withdrawal from the South. Reconstruction’s main goals were to integrate newly freed slaves into society, readmitting Southern states whom had seceded from the Union, and recreating Southern property as to better its conditions. At war’s end, the process of reconstruction sought out to solve the challenge that the disembodied Union now faced: what the status would be of postwar freedmen. While the North continued occupying Southern territories, Reconstruction shared very few successes. However, Reconstruction failed to meet its greater purpose. The process of Reconstruction was incompetent in integrating freedmen into American society because of its unstable and strained economy, its political disadvantages and its desire to redesign Southern social structure completely. Financial matters played a key role in Reconstruction’s failure, leading way to public hostility and corruption. Government industrialization plans helped rebuild the Southern economy however; the plans cost a lot of money to the government who financed such plans using tax revenue. Unable to keep up with the ever-growing investments, tax rates skyrocketed resulting in an antagonistic public opinion on Reconstruction. Conditions during this period were bad enough;...
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...investigations and solving crimes. They collect and analyze numerous types of evidence, including blood, body fluids; DNA; and human tissue. Forensic scientists assist the decision makers by showing the prosecutor if the issue has merit before it reaches the courtroom thereby reducing the number of cases having to be heard. Their decisions are based on scientific investigations and not circumstantial evidence or unreliable witnesses. Forensic scientists can restore faith in the judicial system with the use of science and technology for facts in criminal and civil investigations. The legal system is established on the belief that the legal process results in justice for all. History of forensic science The history of Forensic science or the applying of scientific principles to legal questions has a lengthy and interesting history. The first recorded autopsy was reported in 44 B.C was on Julius Caesar, where the Roman physician, Antistius proclaimed that he had 23 wounds on his body but only one was fatal. In 1248, a Chinese book entitled “His Duan Yu” (meaning The Washing Away of Wrongs) explaining how to tell apart a drowning from a strangulation. This was also the first recorded use of medicine to assist in solving crimes. In 1590, the first microscope was developed. In 1775, Karl Wilhelm Scheele first discovered forensic detection of arsenic when he noticed a change in arsenious oxide into arsenious acid when it comes into contact with zinc it produces arsine...
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...In the south, the Reconstruction Period was a time of readjustment. Southern whites wanted to keep African Americans as slaves and they rejected social equality. African Americans wanted their full freedom and land of their own. There were constant hindrances such as race riots and acts of violence against African Americans. There were two senses during the Reconstruction Era: the first covers the complete history of the entire U.S. from 1865 to 1877 following the Civil War; the second sense focuses on the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877 as directed by the President with the reconstruction of state and society. Reconstruction was an era in the United States history after the Civil War, in which federal government set the conditions that would allow rebellious southern states back in the union. The ultimate goal of reconstruction was to readmit the south in ways that was acceptable to the North. This meant full political and civil equality for blacks and denial for the political rights of whites. 1865-1877 in the U.S. history, was a period of readjustment following the civil war. The defeated south was ruined, physical destruction brought upon by the invading union forces were great, and the old social economic order founded on slavery had collapsed with nothing to replace it. There were 11 confederate states that needed to be restored to their positions in the union. Radical Republican leaders argued that slavery and the slave power had to be...
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...of Lincoln’s assassination. With Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan created, Andrew Johnson now took on the role of president of the United States. Abraham Lincoln’s assassination created animosity between Johnson and Congress and an unhappy white population, all whilst paved the way for blacks to vote. Following Lincoln’s assassination, animosity was brewing between Johnson and Congress. Johnson intended to carry out Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction. His views reflected his steadfast Unionism and his firm belief in states’ rights. In the beginning of his presidency, Johnson wished to have Southern states return to the Union. He granted immunity to former...
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...The Reconstruction was a way to help unify the country after the Civil War, to begin to help rebuild, enact policies, and begin the long journey towards equal rights. I believe that although after the Union won the war, there was no clear way to create the vision they had, to enforce laws, nor where they prepared to bring the ideas of a unified nation, segregation issues and equal rights to fruition. Four years past before the Reconstruction was able to unify the country, by 1877 all states recognized the 13th Amendment which formally abolished slavery ratified in 1865, the 14th Amendment ratified 1868 giving all persons born or naturalized in the United States citizenship, that every state was required give equal protection of the laws and...
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...to pressure to have the federal government intercede to secure African Americans' rights. What were some of the long-range effects of that government posture? The Union Victory in the Civil War in 1865 granted freedom to approximately 4 million slaves, however, the process of rebuilding the South during the Reconstruction period 1865-1877 brought a lot of challenges. In 1865 and 1866 under the supervision of President Andrew Johnson, new Southern state legislatives passed the “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans. During the Radical Reconstruction in 1869, new enfranchised blacks had a voice in the government for the first time in American history, winning election southern state legislatives, including U.S. Congress. However, forces like Ku Klux Klan reversed changes brought by Radical Reconstruction in a violent reaction that restored white supremacy in the South. In 1865, President Andrew Johnson announced his plans for Reconstruction. According to him, the southern states had never given up their right to govern themselves, and the federal government had no right to determine voting requirements. Under Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction, all lands that had been confiscated by Union Army would be reverted to their prewar owners. Due to Johnson’s leniency, many southern states in 1865 and 1866 successfully passed laws known as the “black codes,” which were designed to restrict freed blacks’ activity and ensure...
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...The Reconstruction Era The Reconstruction Era was a rebuilding period in American history following the Civil War. After winning the war in 1865, the Union states began the exhausting process of reconstructing the United States, as well as each side's belief system. The two main goals of this era in American history was to ensure basic civil rights to former slaves, as well as reunite the North and the South to form one Union again. However, with each side having it's own agenda, accomplishing those goals proved to be quite a task. During the Reconstruction Era, several factions of American politics formed within the Republican and Democratic parties. The most noted include the Radical Republicans, Southern Conservatives, and the Southern Freedmen. Radical Republicans demanded extreme policies be put in place for Confederate states, and stressed the civil rights and liberties of former slaves. Although their agenda compared well to Lincoln's, the Radicals wanted to make re-entry into the Union a difficult one for the Confederate states. Another faction formed, the Southern Conservatives, believed the south would rise again to its former economic status, and wanted little to no rights for African-Americans. The last faction, the Southern Freedmen, saw the greatest success for ensuring the basic civil rights to former slaves. Made up of former slaves and supported by whites who believed African-Americans should have equal rights and civil liberties, the Freedman's Bureau, initiated...
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...Reconstruction: The process of reestablishing the union to again include the seceded states began during the war and lasted until 1877. Abraham Lincoln believed secession was unconstitutional, and so legally, the Southern states were still in the union. He believed the executive branch, particularly the president, should establish the process of reconstruction and the terms should be generous. As the union army gained control of seceded states such as Tennessee, Lincoln appointed military governors and was prepared to recognize a new state government once 10 percent of the state’s 1860 voting population swore allegiance to the union. Members of congress in 1864 presented their own much less generous plan, but Lincoln did not sign the bill, angering the radical or extreme Republican in congress. Republican in Congress, more interested in punishing the south than Lincoln was bristled at Lincoln’s leniency. In opposition to Lincoln’s plan they passed the Wade-Davis bill, which would have allowed a southern state back into the union only after 50 percent of the population had taken the loyalty oath. Furthermore, to earn the right to vote or to serve in a constitutional convention, southerners would have to take a second oath, called the iron-clad oath that testified that they had never voluntarily aided or abetted the rebellion. Lincoln vetoed the bill, but the battle about reconstruction continued. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot in the back of the head while watching a...
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...African American History Since 1865 Alishia Colella HIS 204 American History Since 1865 Instructor Thomas Roka March 11, 2013 African American History Since 1865 Most individuals are probably familiar with the well-documented information regarding African American history, such as the Civil Rights Movement and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., but there are also many little known facts about their history that are of equal importance. African Americans have been present in the United States ever since the early 1600s and their presents plays an important role in American history not only because of the Civil Rights Movement, but because of the strength and courage that they had struggling to try and live a good life in America. History is rife with records of decades of untold torture and harrowing experiences that African American slaves suffered from at the hands of their captors and masters; they were even denied all natural rights as human beings and forced to live like animals. In all actuality, a slave was viewed as one-third of a person and the property of their owner(s), treated as an object instead of a person. Therefore, one could assume that after their emancipation, life would have become significantly better because the slavers were free to move away from the torturous hands of their masters. However, most of them faced incredible opposition and discrimination even after emancipation. Thus by and large, did not truly free them nor did it directly lead...
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...Reconstruction and Race Relations XXXXXXXX Professor XXXXXX Contemporary U.S. History October 17, 2013 Reconstruction and Race Relations The Civil War consisted of several events during the Reconstruction period. Many complications occurred between white Americans and black people as the struggle for equality began. Prior to the end of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln drafted the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. The Wade-Davis Bill was proposed by Congress to counter Lincoln’s 10 percent rule for support. The Wade-Davis Bill suggested that 51 percent of voters pledge support to the United States before being accepted back into the Union. Lincoln pocket-vetoed this bill in order to prevent it from becoming law (Reconstruction Following the Civil War, 1999). The ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 abolished slavery in the South (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). The Freedmen’s Bureau was established in 1865 by congress during the Reconstruction period and was designed to manage new schools, provide food and healthcare to the new freed African Americans. Led by Major General Oliver O. Howard, The Bureau’s most notable achievement was the establishment of education by building more than 1,000 black schools and expending over $400,000 on establishing teacher-training institutions. The greatest failure was the disbursement of abandoned lands to the freed slaves. The south was determined to make the transition to freedom very difficult for the...
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...expansion of slavery into the western territories. In 1865, after four years of bloodshed that left over 600,000 Confederate and Union soldiers dead, the Confederacy collapsed and much of the south’s infrastructure had been destroyed. The Civil War had come to an end. Slavery was abolished and the difficult process of restoring national unity and guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves began. This period is noted in history as the Reconstruction Era. Working towards a progressive tomorrow, the American Civil War marked the start of a dramatic shift in America’s thinking. At the start of the Reconstruction Era (post Civil War), the South was left torn apart. Roads and houses needed to be rebuilt and the people needed assistance. From 1863 to 1865, presidents Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln took adequate steps designed solely for the purpose of bringing the South back to a level of economic stability. Radical Republicans consisted of American politicians within the Republican Party. They supported the rights of African Americans to vote, hold political office, and have the same economic and legal freedoms and opportunities as the whites. During the whole of the Reconstruction Period two ideas were constantly agitating the minds of the coloured people, or at least, the minds of a large part of the race. One of these was the craze for Greek and Latin learning, and the other was a desire to hold office. (38) booker t This quote comes from Booker T. Washington’s, Up From...
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