...Chapel Royal As the title Music at Court denotes, this article discusses the history and evolution of music in England’s royal households. In the early centuries, a group of selected chaplains had always formed a part of the royal household. However, these chaplains generally served as advisers and their roles were primarily political than musical. Nevertheless, these priests also assisted at the ceremonial occasions by some three or four clerici who possessed good singing voices and were drafted into the chapel for such occasions. As time went on, the occasional recruitment of these musical clerics ceased to satisfy the needs of the sovereign and a more permanent, concrete set of musical retainers were selected; a self-contained department of the household called the capella regis, which included chaplains, clerks and choristers. Beginning during the reigns of Edward I and Edward II (1272-1327), a specialized body of liturgical musicians called the “Chapel Royal” began to take shape. The Chapel Royal were a special group of musically inclined personnel maintained by sovereigns of England within the royal household, to perform divine service in the monarch’s presence. The Chapel Royal were in constant attendance to the sovereign and travelled with the royal household and discharged its duties in the chapel of whatever place the king then happened to reside. From these modest beginnings, the chapel eventually developed into one of the foremost secular liturgical choirs...
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...the construction of the first cathedral was begun. As year 1038 began Prince Casimir the Restorer made Cracow his capital, and first stone buildings were built on Wawel Hill. In 1138 Boleslaus III Wrymouth chose the town as the seat of the Senior Prince when Poland was split into several provinces. After ravages by the Tartars in 1241, Prince Boleslaus the Chaste granted a charter to Cracow in 1257 and drew the city plan which has survived unchanged, with a regular grid of streets and a central square market place. From the 13th to the 15th centuries the stone and brick City Walls were built, surrounding the city and joining it with Wawel Castle.(Podleski, J. 1995) In the reign of King Casimir the great the city and Wawel were thoroughly rebuilt in the Gothic style. The King settled the borough of Kazimierz to the south of Cracow and founded Cracow Academy, the predecessor of the oldest Polish university, the Jagellonian University. The city flourished in the 16th century...
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...The Palace of Versailles is a complex and beautiful royal château that has lived throughout history as one of the most beautiful pieces of architecture since its construction was first begun in the year 1624. From 1682, when the palace was completely built, to the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, the Palace of Versailles housed over 3,000 people, including the king and the entire French Royal Court. The Palace of Versailles stood as a symbol of dictatorial power and degradation. More buildings than just the royal palace were placed on the grounds as well; there were five chapels, the Grand Trianon (built during 1687 - 1688), the Pavilion Francais (built in 1747), the Petit Trianon (built during 1762 - 1768), and, though not buildings,...
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...Villa-Chism University of Phoenix Introduction to Humanities: The Ancient World to Medieval Times HUM/100 Shawmei Dee Hsieh March 22, 2012 Carolingian Architecture In the Carolingian period one of the most famous architectures is Aachen Cathedral also known as the Palatine Chapel and the Imperial Cathedral. The cathedrals unique design was highly influenced by German architecture and had a bit of a gothic flare to it. Symbolically the cathedral was saintly and had impressive historical meaningful value. Another symbolic meaning of the chapel was the mediation between God and common mortals. The chapel held many relics of high importance that were sacred and protected such as the cloak of the Blessed Virgin and the swaddling clothes of the infant Jesus (Sacred Destinations, 2010). The function of the Palatine chapel was to serve as an imperial church and was too based upon the Byzantine church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. The cathedrals forms and techniques had an eastern appeal with octagonal shapes, striped arches, marble floors, golden mosaics, and ambulatory are just some examples of the many features the chapel possesses. Most importantly historically and culturally, the Palatine Chapel housed an impressive collection of revered relics. Culturally the cathedral held high religious importance and is one of the oldest churches of Germany (Sacred Destinations, 2010). In the Carolingian Renaissance, Charlemagne commissioned the construction of many Benedictine...
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...He wrote private pieces for the Queen, as well as compositions for private schools or citizens. Many of his pieces in the theater were non-vocal and strictly instrumental. His father was a well known composer in the court, and not only did Purcell follow in his footsteps, but also created a name for himself different than his father. While his father was well respected in the church, Purcell began in the church but ventured out to other forms of musical expression. When Purcell was very young he joined the Chapel Royal and learned from influential mentors that sparked his interest in music. One of the most influential mentors for Purcell was John Blow. When at the Chapel Royal, Blow made a huge impact on what Purcell learned and what he became interested in as a young student. Later on, Purcell began to work in the theater and also to compose music performed for the king. Although he began his musical career in the church, it was not the case from there on...
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...2 Gothic cathedrals Michael Freeman I think the Cathedral has caught my eye. I am very intrigued by the way the 3D was built. When they built the high ceilings they weren’t thinking of man. They were built out of stone and masonry. They were thinking of god and were supposed to represent the King of Kings. This is the house of god and man is just visiting. There are many styles but I like the vaulted the best. It gives me a since of a way to God. The new architectural grammar was first coherently articulated in the ambulatory (chevet) of the royal abbey church of Saint-Denis, north of Paris, built under Abbot Suger between 1140 and 1144. Two concentric aisles are separated by slender columns: the outer aisle is covered by five-part and the inner aisle by four-part rib vaults. The resulting effect is one of clear spatial distribution and organic lightness: the bays are opened on all sides and the walls of the radiating chapels, no longer load-bearing. (Julien Chapuis)Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. I have seen grey and tan color cathedrals. The main color is from the multi-color hand painted stain glass windows. The subject matter is to praise God or build a house to worship God. The Cathedral is the temple for god. It is supposed to draw you in and keep you. I think it is literally depicted because it is all abut God. The message is that many Cathedrals look good but his/hers is going to be great. There are sometimes crosses...
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...governorates (sometimes called provinces), which include four city governorates: Alexandria (Al Iskandariyah), Cairo (Al Qahirah), Port Said (Bur Said) and Suez; the nine governorates of Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta region; the eight governorates of Upper Egypt along the Nile River south from Cairo to Aswan; and the five frontier governorates covering Sinai and the deserts that lie west and east of the Nile. All governorates, except the frontier ones, are in the Nile Delta or along the Nile Valley and Suez Canal. Ancient Egyptian architecture is the architecture of Ancient Egypt, which developed a vast array of diverse structures in great architectural monuments along the Nile. Egypt was on of the most influential civilizations throughout history. The Karnak is an ancient Egyptian temple located on the east bank of the Nile River in Thebes (modern-day Luxor). It covers more than 100 hectares, an area larger than some ancient cities. To the south of the central area is a smaller precinct dedicated to his wife, the goddess Mut. In the north, there is another precinct dedicated to Montu, the falcon-headed god of war. Also, to...
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...Researching the historical and religious connection to Ethiopians and its sacred relationship to Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher was a bit difficult to find. But the deeper I looked into the history of the Ethiopian people, I have found that there Jewish roots connects them to Jerusalem further back than the newly revised version of the Holy Sepulcher’s presence. Currently they live in a kind of African village on the roof called, Deir Sultan, but many centuries ago they once held services and lived inside one of the Holy Sepulcher chapels. According to biblical history, Ethiopians presence has been in the region of Jerusalem since 1000 B.C., surviving for more than 1500 years through many wars and challenges. Though there has been many landlord changes in Jerusalem and the Middle East, Ethiopian monks have retained there monastic covenant until the mid-19th century. This is how the Armenians and Coptics expanded control over Ethiopians. Since the Ethiopian’s historical records were destroyed they were unable to provide evidence or claims to their original chapel inside the Holy Sepulcher. Today the ownership of the church is shared between the Greek Orthodox, Catholics, and Armenian Orthodox. The three minor Orthodox communities Coptic, Syriac and Ethiopian Orthodox have rights to use certain areas of the Church, Leaving the Ethiopian monks and nuns as the only black presence in Jerusalem’s Holy Sepulcher. Ethiopian monks have recorded historical data saying that Queen Helena...
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...European monarchy, Marie Antoinette walked with great expectations into a ticking bomb. Over the previous and next few years, the discontent and anger of the French against their nobility expanded rapidly, people distrusted the way national finances were been managed by the King and his court. (History.com 2009) The French debt increased every year since Louis XIV had made extravagant expenditures on luxuries such as magnifying Versailles. This was compounded by heavy costs of the Seven Years War that his heir, Luis XV financed; Luis XVI invested a large amount in the American War of Independence. “This led to the long-running fiscal crisis of the government. France was deeply indebted, so deeply as to be effectively bankrupt.” (Bonjour La France, Causes of the French Revolution, 2014). On the other hand, the population of France grew abruptly; in 1700 there were approximately 20 million people, only 89 years later the nation counted 10 million more. (Bastille-Day 2015). The French Society of the time was separated into three ranks: The First Estate was the Clergy, The Second Estates were the Nobles and the Third Estate was the Common People. Only the last ones had to pay abusive taxes, mainly to maintain the royal family and court in Versailles. Even though The Third Estate was definitly superior in...
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...established the English writing instead of the French and Latin. He was a page to the Countess of Ulster, Elisabeth, who was the wife of the third son of King Edward III. He met Philippa Roet when both were around 10 years old; they both worked in the palace to take care of the Queen’s daughter Philippa of Eltham. In 1359 Geoffrey went off to war in France. He was taken prisoner and the King paid part of his ransom, so he could get away. After this he went to serve the King. In 1366 he married Philippa Roet-Chaucer. In September 1369 he wrote a book for a Duchess, it was called ‘The Book of the Duchess’. In 1370 Geoffrey traveled for the king to France, Genoa, Florence and possibly other places we don’t know about. He stayed loyal to the King, but tried to focus himself on his literally work more around 1378, which was the year in which he made his last journey for the King Edward III. In 1380 a rape-claim was filed against him. Cecile Campaigne claimed to be raped by the writer and Geoffrey was sentenced to a debt of ten pounds (which was around half his money for the year at the time) and he paid it. This is said to be true, but we don’t have proof other than a legal record. In 1387 Philippa died, of unknown reasons. On the 24th of December in 1399 Chaucer rented a place in the gardens of Westminster’s chapel. It is believed he died there in 1400. He was buried in Westminster Abby as the first in the now-called ‘Poet’s Corner’ where some of the most important...
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...court documents and medical books were all written in Latin. This language separated the upper class from the rest of the lower class, less educated citizens; which also limited the less educated from moving up in class for a better life a new more common-man vernacular languages were created. Charlemagne aka Charles the Great (742-814) was the first "Emperor" in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire. Alcuin of York (730 – 804) was a scholar, teacher and poet who created a successful curriculum of reading and writing for children. This combination of King and scholar changed the future of student’s curriculum. After being introduced to Alcuin of York, Charlemagne invited him to come and teach at Charlemagne Palace School. He taught all the royal children and young clerics that were attached to the palace chapel. “Alcuin became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court and joined the royal court in 781, and became one of Charlemagne's chief advisers on religious and educational matter; where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s”.(bbc.co.uk). Alcuin brought all new educational standards of the Palace School, introducing Charlemagne to the liberal arts and creating a personalized atmosphere of learning. “Along with another great scholar, Theodulf of Orleans, he was responsible for an intellectual movement within the Carolingian empire in which many schools of learning...
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...http://www.victorianweb.org/mt/theaters/pva234.html Theatres in Victorian London Philip V. Allingham, Contributing Editor, Victorian Web; Faculty of Education, Lakehead University (Canada) [Victorian Web Home —> Authors —> Music, Theatre, and Popular Entertainment —> Theatres] Much of the following information has been gathered from Frederick and Lise-Lone Marker's in "A Guide to London Theatres, 1750-1880" in The Revels History of Drama in English, Vol. VI: 1750-1880 (1975). They, in turn, consulted H. Barton Baker's History of the London Stage (London, 1904), Allardyce Nicoll's A History of English Drama 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1966), E. B. Watson's Sheridan to Robertson (Cambridge, Mass., 1926), and The London Stage (Carbondale, Ill., 1962-68). Phyllis Hartnoll's Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre offers more detailed information about many of these 19th c. theatres. For supplementary texts, consult the "Reference List" below. Adelphi (Strand) Built in 1806 opposite Adam Street by merchant John Scott (who had made his fortune from a washing-blue) as the Sans Pareil to showcase his daughter's theatrical talents, the theatre was given a new facade and redecorated in 1814. It re-opened on 18 October 1819 as the Adelphi, named after the imposing complex of West London streets built by the brothers Robert (1728-92) and James (1730-94) Adam from 1768. The name "Adelphoi" in Greek simply means "the brothers." Among the celebrated actors who appeared on its stage...
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...escape that way. Ben Johnson told on history-uk.com, “Absolute chaos reigned, as often happens today, as thousands of 'sightseers' from the villages came to view the disaster” (Johnson). Different diarists or reporters came and viewed the damage that this fire had produced so far. After they seen the damage for themselves, they informed King Charles the second. King Charles was astounded by the damage and ordered that the remaining houses to be turned into a fire-break. In hopes that maybe this would help slow down this bizarre fire. Like I said in the first paragraph, the fire began on September second, it is now September fourth and over half of London has been hit by this beast like fire. There was an Inn in London where Shakespeare normally stayed and it was burnt to the ground along with many other places that people loved. St. Paul’s Cathedral was also destroyed by this great fire. Ben Johnson said, “Only one fifth of London was left standing” (Johnson)! That is crazy to think that almost every single square inch of London had been burnt to the ground from one single fire. The death count had been found to be only six people. Which is still devastating but the citizens and the King were happy it was not much larger than that! The aftermath of the fire was just as devastating as the fire itself. Many individuals were without homes, large monuments were destroyed, and the whole place was just burnt to the ground. King Charles the Second then ordered someone...
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...Don Quuixote Don Quixote is a middle-aged gentleman from the region of La Mancha in central Spain. Obsessed with the chivalrous ideals touted in books he has read, he decides to take up his lance and sword to defend the helpless and destroy the wicked. After a first failed adventure, he sets out on a second one with a somewhat befuddled laborer named Sancho Panza, whom he has persuaded to accompany him as his faithful squire. In return for Sancho’s services, Don Quixote promises to make Sancho the wealthy governor of an isle. On his horse, Rocinante, a barn nag well past his prime, Don Quixote rides the roads of Spain in search of glory and grand adventure. He gives up food, shelter, and comfort, all in the name of a peasant woman, Dulcinea del Toboso, whom he envisions as a princess. On his second expedition, Don Quixote becomes more of a bandit than a savior, stealing from and hurting baffled and justifiably angry citizens while acting out against what he perceives as threats to his knighthood or to the world. Don Quixote abandons a boy, leaving him in the hands of an evil farmer simply because the farmer swears an oath that he will not harm the boy. He steals a barber’s basin that he believes to be the mythic Mambrino’s helmet, and he becomes convinced of the healing powers of the Balsam of Fierbras, an elixir that makes him so ill that, by comparison, he later feels healed. Sancho stands by Don Quixote, often bearing the brunt of the punishments that arise from Don Quixote’s...
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...most debated historical artifacts in history. The Holy Grail is thought to be a fine chalice or cup used as a drinking device. It has also been thought to be a stone, dish, cup, platter, cauldron, or horn of plenty (Day 122). The Holy Grail stands for a sacred relic that Jesus Christ drank out of; because of this many consider it the greatest item in all of Christianity. People seeking this great treasure; past and present have died looking for it. The actual object that is believed to be the Holy Grail is approximately seven inches in height. In addition to that it has 28 pearls around the cup, and is decorated with two balaxes and two emeralds. The texture of the cup is made out of stone and gold (“Holy Grail”). There are several myths in all cultures that involve when a person comes in contact with the precious item. Some myths state that if someone drinks from the cup they will inherit the ability to raise someone from the dead. Magical qualities of the cup are never proven but do have a lot of interesting things about them. One such example includes if someone is stranded somewhere and have no way of providing food for themselves, the Grail will serve as a nourishing chalice that never runs out. It is supposed to provide the user with the best nourishment Earth can offer as long as the user remains pure unto the Grail. Immortality is associated with the Grail if the user performs a special ritual that involves several key things. Kings have gone in search of the Holy Grail...
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