...considered to be unfair,” as defined by the oxford dictionary. History is a subject that studies the history of the past events where historians express their judgment. In the recorded history, we often come across cases were we are able to discern bias in ones viewpoint. Few years ago, India experienced one of the most disastrous terrorist attacks on the decade. The 2008 Mumbai attacks, which dated from the 26th November 2008 to 29th November 2008. There was a lot of controversy as to who was the main culprit of these attacks. The ties between the two countries – India and Pakistan have been frail and contentious, therefore before any evidence was brought to the eyes of the world; already a lot of bias was perceptible not only by the Indian media but also American officials. Through this essay I want to objectively explore the confirmation bias that is deeply woven into the fabric of the language used by the media to inform us about the history of the Mumbai attacks. Confirmation bias is a “is a tendency of people to favor information that confirms their beliefs or hypotheses.” Looking back at the history of India and Pakistan, the bond between the two countries has been extremely fragile. Any mishap in the two countries automatically victimizes the other one and vice versa. The modern world can be referred to as the information society as every individual or group tends to amass as much information as possible. And media is unparalleled when it comes to broadcasting information...
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...For journalists, Pakistan is the most horrible place because of the critical security and safety problems. These problems exist more commonly in FATA and NWFP which are the tribal areas of Pakistan. The journalists have to face target killings and other propagandas. There are prohibited areas for journalists and they have to escape all the time form the conflicting parties in order to save their lives. Therefore in these areas the media information is limited as many restrictions have been put on the information. In the last few years, any journalists have been murdered and they have high political pressures on them which are implied on them in directly. The government also banned some popular channels which stood against the government. Pervaiz Musharaff made a regulatory authority PEMRA so that he can take over the control of the media all by himself. He passed certain rules and regulations and the ones who disobeyed government, their licenses were also suspended. Not only the local government, but different state agencies ware also after media. Media in Pakistan – historical background the...
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...Over the past two or three centuries we had seen innovations, inventions and developments all around the world and almost in all fields of life which we are experiencing currently. Journalism and media are also one of those fields which came into existence, progressed with the passage of time and then proved their worth and importance for any nation and its common man’s life. Both of these fields were not as exciting, couple of centuries ago, as they are now because at that time they possessed a different meaning and ideology. The history of journalism and media varies from one part of the world to the others and this essay is only focussed on such history in the subcontinent. Beginning in the Subcontinent In the sub-continent, journalism started with preliminary handwritten news sheets, prepared by government news-writers during the Muslim rule. They were written, dated, appeared at regular and frequent intervals. Such news sheets provided the rulers with information from all corners of the empire, regarding public occurrences, current-events, mischief in societies and hardships faced by the people. From this information, the rulers used to take decisions and plan initiatives to uphold good governance. In short, the early hand-written sheets proved effective social mobilization vehicle to hold peace and contentment in the empires. The legendary Mughal emperors enhanced and strengthened it to the superior degree of excellence. News-writers or stringers were assigned...
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...Mass Media in Pakistan (MCM 304) Assignment 01 Militant Journalism is a term that was coined during the Pakistan movement. The era 1906 to 1947 is important in the history of sub-continent in many regards. The establishment of Muslim League in 1906 created awareness in the Muslims for political struggle. The abrogation of Bengal Division was the step that compelled Muslims to think over their miserable plight and start a political struggle to get their legal share in the united India. The era of 1906 also brought some positive signs in the history of mass communication of the sub continent. The leading personalities that marked the era for their courageous and bold journalistic services were Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Maulana Hasrat Mohani and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. All these famous personalities used print media to provoke the people for their political struggle. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan started to publish a newspaper ‘Zimindar’. This paper started to write articles that were full of political thoughts and Muslim unity. Soon this newspaper earned a great repute among the people. It is said that Zimindar was so popular among the people that even illiterates spent 1 paisa to pay the price of Zimindar and 1 paisa to that person who read that newspaper for them. This popularity was disliked by the English rulers and no of times Zimindar was banned over a specific time period. During the First World War, Turkey was supporting Germans and people of...
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...The Role of Freedom of press in post September 11 in Pakistan – Political Agenda Settings and War on Terror Freedom of press has always been a developmental issue and debate over the time, and from region to region, since the advent of a printing machine and its industry. Almost no one would have hypothesized at the time keeping in view, the evolution and development of technology and electronic media, which could further amplify the voice around the globe with just a tap on the screen, what wonders it can fulfill if handled or regulated rightly to spread the information to educate people and how much hazard and disaster it can create if handled wrongfully to spread the misinformation to manipulate groups of people and although regions to accomplish any personal goal at the dispense of majority of population. State of Pakistan has a turbulent history of the freedom of press since its birth as many dictators with the blend of some rich masters have ruled possessing personals objectives. Before the rapid expansion of electronic media there were few sources of information like print media and a state owned channel “PTV” which had always been exploited and used for setting personal political agendas to highlight the importance of issues which were only important for few individuals. September 11 was an important episode of our history which exposed our importance of position in the international arena. That position made the then military ruler Pervaiz Musharraf a key...
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...MEDIA MANAGEMENT, FALL 2011, IBA From Radio Pakistan to Radio IBA: The Evolution of Radio Industry in Pakistan Assignment # 3 Submitted by: MUHAMMAD SAAD BHUTTA (BD/56-2009) 11/20/2011 Submitted to: Mr. JAMI MOIZ Table of Contents Definition 3 Birth of Radio 3 Radio as an advertising medium 3 Quick Facts 4 Modes of Radio Transmission 4 AM broadcasting 4 FM broadcasting 4 Comparison of AM & FM 5 Radio in Pakistan 5 Radio Pakistan 5 Events/ Major Dates (In chronological order) 6 Advent of FM Radio in Pakistan 9 History of FM Channels 9 Radio IBA 10 Radio on a surge 10 Radio in Disaster Management 11 Radio and Mobile Phones 11 Radio Advertisement 12 Current Scene 16 Conclusion 17 Reference 18 The most basic need of the human race is to communicate. The entire world will come to a halt or a complete standstill if we do not communicate. Most of the things we see in today's world are a means to satisfy this impulse or need of communication. (Ranjhan , n.d ) Definition Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space. Information is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves pass an electrical...
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...Kennedy,Johnson,Carter,Bush and Clinton administrations however, policies were significant. Pakistan came into existence just as the cold war was started between AMERICA and SOVIET UNION. There were two camps, Soviet and US camp. Infant Pakistan and India had to pick their camps. 2.1 ------------------------------------------------- Relations during Liquat Ali khan: In 1947 liquat Ali khan became the first prime minister of Pakistan; in 1949 two invitations were received to liquat Ali khan. In 1950, Liquat Ali khan (1st pm) of Pakistan was invited by soviets and Americans, and then he chose to visit United States that was the start of Pak-Us relations, and India joined the soviet camp. When liquat ali khan visited USA he was warmly welcomed by the US president TRUMAN, here Liquat ali khan delivered a speech and said that both USA and PAKISTABN have same past both were under the colonialism and liquat ali khan was pro west so liquat Ali khan joined American block. Liquat Ali khan supported USA on every forum in 1950 liquat Ali khan supported the resolution of USA in the general assembly which USA put against north-korean aggression towards south-Korea and Liquat Ali khan also supported to peace and friendship treaties between JAPAN and USA in 1951, if we look the relations of Pakistan in USA in the short era of liquat Ali khan it was quiet good and friendly relations in the history...
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...Where is Pakistan in Pakistan? In 1947 Boundary of this country was defined by the British. Millions of people Migrated to new born Pakistan after partition. They lost hundreds and thousands of precious lives while they were traveling to their new country towards west. In eastern Pakistan stories were not very different from those of the migrants of the west. The death toll on both sides was huge. From the very first day the people started building their country. A nation that was born in its embryonic stage had to fight all kind of threats, economical as well as the geographical. Since the day we are in a process to build this country and trying to strengthen our nation. A number of cultures and traditions, customs and values, colors and races are still in a process of bonding together. Nation is still to be built and threats are still there since we were born. It is still in discussion if it had to be an Islamic country or a secular. No matter what foundation its founders wanted it to lie on; we lack a lot in every field. Religious institution is weaker than ever and financial crisis is following us since we were born, haunting our future. Political institution and defense are not able to define their boundaries resulting 3 marshal laws in last 60 years. 30 years were governed by the Army dictators and 30 years by the politicians. All of them tried to make amendments in the constitution for their personal benefits totally forgetting the masses of this country. The people...
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...& Emerging Sciences FAST school of management, National university of Computer and Emerging Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan This case is written by Fatima Babar, Mubashir Saeed, Syed Awais Ali (MBA students) of FAST School of Management, Islamabad, Pakistan under the supervision of Mr.Adil Amin Kazi (Assistant Professor FAST School of Management, Islamabad, Pakistan). Case study refers to learning purposes only. Cases in management Dated: 25/05/2015 “Pakistan Cricket Board; from Free Fall to the Downfall” Sharyar Khan, the 31st and the second time elected Chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board since its formation, was in stress the night before the first T20 match between Pakistan and Zimbabwe. After the final visit to the Qaddafi stadium to ensure the arrangements for the match, he sat down on the corner of the stadium to give few thoughts on the emplaced challenges. More than 30,000 spectators will watch the match tomorrow. The passion of cricket in Pakistan is not only commendable but also at times terrifying for the management. Winning the series against the Zimbabwe at the home ground was not the only challenge. Reactive violence from the die heart cricket fans on a loss, media criticism, organizational mafia, terrorism, political pressures and poor team performances were the hard blocks hanging up on his shoulders. Since 1992, when Pakistan became the World Champion, the nation desperately wants to uphold that title again for the country. Keeping in view the...
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...(Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology). Table of Contents Company History 4 Company’s current marketing situation 4 Company’s Product 5 MARKETING Objectives, Plan & Strategy 6 Marketing Mix of Dairy Milk: 7 SWOT Analysis of Cadbury Pakistan 8 Advertising Strategy 8 Creative Strategy & Media Strategy: 8 Media Strategy 10 Advertising budget of the Dairy milk 11 Advice/ Conclusion: 12 Company History Cadbury Dairy Milk was introduced in the England in 1905 and currently has number of products. It is a variety of milk chocolate presently made by Cadbury. Each artifact of the Dairy Milk line is prepared with entirely milk chocolate. The Diary milk chocolate which was introduced in 1904 is the chocolate which is made with pure milk in grater quantity not made previously and in 1914 the Cadbury Dairy milk became the companies’ best selling product which it is still to date. The Cadbury Diary milk was introduced in 1964 in Pakistan by importing its chocolate in Pakistan. Then it develops its manufacturing factory in HUB, Pakistan in 1993. The Dairy Milk corporate office is in Karachi. Company’s current marketing situation Cadbury Dairy Milk is the market leading chocolate producer in Pakistan and is the leading chocolate brand with market share of 70%.The only competition it’s facing is by Mitchell’s Jubilee which manufactured in Pakistan and is a Pakistani company and has a very low market share. Other chocolate...
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...Comparison of Advertising Strategies of Safeguard vs. Lifebuoy Soap Tahir Ajaib Babar MC070201657 15th May, 2013 Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction …………….…………………………………...………………………. 3 Background …………………………………………..………………………….……4 Objectives ………………………………………………………..……………….…. 4 Significance…………………………………………………….………………….… 4 Chapter 2 Project Proceedings………………………………………………..……………….....5 Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Data collection tools/instruments……………………………………….………..7 3.2 Subjects/Participants……………………………………………….………….....7 3.3 Data processing and analysis…………………………………………….…….....7 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………8 Chapter 1: 1.1 Introduction of the Project: Safeguard, launched in 1995 by Procter & Gamble has set new standards for defining "health & hygiene" in Pakistan. It is an anti- bacterial soap that provides germ protection for twice as long as ordinary soaps making it the doctors' number 1 recommended choice throughout the world. In addition to germ protection, it also caters to various other needs such as beauty care and protection against sweat odor. Safeguard Soap a product of Procter & Gamble is based on clinical testing. Safeguard is targeting the whole family, but it is putting more emphasis on children. Children are more vulnerable to germs and they need more protection, because they spend more outside the home playing around...
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...Role and Importance of Media in Pakistan Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data or promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and internet. Media is the plural of medium and can take a plural or singular verb, depending on the sense intended. Before discussing the importance and drawbacks of media we should go through the History of Media in Pakistan. Print is the oldest media of mass communication. Newspapers can reach greater masses of public. They allow readers to control exposure. This not only gives us the facts about an event or issue but also explains and interprets them. In 1947, Pakistan inherited a weak press with very little law for controlling and regulating the press. Very few news were published in the newly born Pakistan. In East Pakistan and Baluchistan not a single newspaper was published. The NWFP had two daily papers. Newspapers owned by Muslims came to Pakistan. These include Daily Azad and morning news (shifted to Dhaka), Dawn, jang and anjam (set up in Karachi). After independence, a number of newspapers were published but due to financial constraint and many other reasons, their publication did not continue i.e. Roshni, inqallqb, musalman. There were only three radio stations in Lahore, Peshawar and Dhaka. English press was not so healthy at the time of independence due to educational...
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...Media Freedom in Pakistan: Curse or a Blessing The right to pursue knowledge is often an underrated phenomenon especially in respect to current political scenario. We live in a world overloaded with information and keeping something hidden has become a tougher task than it was 20 years ago. This eruption of information has resulted in the growth of a class amongst the masses who are more politically and socially aware than the previous generations. However, it is also important to realize the costs that this knowledge can concur on one’s individuality and perception of events. Media in all forms is a prime source of information today. It helps mould people’s opinion, is a catalyst for social progress and is also creating a populace which is politically aware. There are multiple private news channels, numerous magazines and newspapers along with varied Radio channels in operation today in Pakistan. Much of this progress, ironically, has come under the tutelage of a military dictator of Pervez Musharraf in the past decade. This begs a question: does the lack of provision of knowledge in totalitarian regime impede the social progress of its subjects? Pakistani media industry has blossomed from a sole state-sponsored TV channel to an efficient profiting industry. It’s not a surprise that many of the private TV channels are run purely as a business entity because of which journalistic ethics suffers unfortunate casualties. However, it is these channels which are responsible for...
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...Culture of Pakistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Part of a series on the Culture of Pakistan Pakistan Monument, Islamabad History[show] People[show] Languages[show] Traditions Mythology and folklore[show] Cuisine Festivals[show] Religion[show] Art[show] Literature[show] Music and performing arts[show] Media[show] Sport Monuments[show] Symbols[show] Culture portal Pakistan portal v t e This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. (March 2013) This article may contain original research. (March 2013) This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2012) The 17th century Badshahi Mosque built by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore The society and culture of Pakistan (Urdu: ثقافت پاکستان) comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups: the Punjabis, Kashmiris, Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch and Pashtun in the west; and the ancient Dardic, Wakhi, Baltistani and Burusho communities in the north. These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as the Turkic peoples, Persian, Arab, and other South Asian ethnic groups of the Subcontinent, Central Asia and the Middle East. In ancient times, Pakistan was a major cultural hub.[citation needed] Many cultural practices...
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...Shell History in Pakistan History of Shell Shell has an over 100 year’s presence in the Subcontinent [pic] The Shell brand name enjoys a 100-year history in this part of the world, dating back to 1899 when Asiatic Petroleum, the far eastern marketing arm of two companies: Shell Transport Company and Royal Dutch Petroleum Company began importing kerosene oil from Azerbaijan into the subcontinent. Even today, the legacy of the past is visible in a storage tank carrying the date - 1898. The documented history of Royal Dutch Shell plc in Indo_Pakistan subcontinent dates back to 1903 when partnership was struck between The Shell Transport & Trading Company and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to supply petroleum to Asia. In 1928, to enhance their distribution capabilities, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burmah Oil Company Limited in India were merged and Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distribution Company of India was born. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the name was changed to the Burmah Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51% of the shareholding was transferred to Pakistani investors, the name of changed to Pakistan Burmah Shell (PBS) Limited. The Shell and the Burmah Groups retained the remaining 49% in equal propositions. In February of 1993, as economic liberalization began to take root and the Burmah divested from PBS, Shell Petroleum stepped into raise its stake to 51%. The years 2001-2 have...
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