...the area of public history. With my introduction to conducting oral histories, training tour guides on ways to interact with the public and working to catalog a museum’s archives has led me to contemplate the choice to pursue a career in public history. As a result, from the professional experience, my consideration of what a profession in the field of public history may be like has both affirmed and brought challenges to my first aspirations. Although, I have encountered several challenges, my contemplation on obtaining a career in the field of public history has only confirmed...
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...In the United States, Public Relations dates back to the Revolutionary War. The strategies and tactics used to swell the ranks of patriots dedicated to the Revolutionary cause and staging of the Boston Tea Party are examples of early public relations. President Thomas Jefferson first used the term “public relations” in 1807. In his “Seventh Address to the Congress,” he replaced the words “state of thought” with “public relations.” Unfortunately, the perception of public relations has not always been positive. In the 1800s, P.T. Barnum became a master publicist by generating article after article for his traveling circus. His “public be damned” philosophy and the use of exploitative publicity methods, however; have contributed to criticism of the profession. Another significant component to the profession’s development came from the Creel Committee during World War I. A member of the committee, Edward L. Bernays, later considered by many to be the father of public relations, was part of a massive verbal and written communications effort to gain support of the war. According to Bernays, “this was the first time in our history that information was used as a weapon of war.” There were other key people and events, which were very influential in promoting the growth of the public relations industry such as: * “Public be informed era”, Ivy Lee – “father of PR” * WWII – the Office of War Information * “Counseling era” – Edward Bernays taught the first PR course at NYU in...
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...A Brief History of Public Relations Public relations has been with us for thousands of years. The Greeks had a word for it: sematikos: to signify, to mean. Semantikos means semantics, which can be defined as how to get people to believe things and do things. That is not a bad definition of public relations. In 50 B.C. Julius Caesar wrote the first campaign biography, Caesar’s Gallic Wars. He publicized his military exploits to convince the Roman people that he would make the best head of state. Candidates for political office continue to publicize themselves with campaign biographies and accounts of military exploits to this day. In 394 A.D., St. Augustine was a professor of rhetoric in Milan, the capitol of the Western Roman Empire. He delivered the regular eulogies to the emperor and was the closest thing to a minister of propaganda for the imperial court. Thus, St. Augustine was one of the first people in charge of public relations. The modern equivalent would be the President’s press secretary or communication director. In 1776, Thomas Paine wrote “The Crisis,” a pamphlet which convinced the soldiers of Washington’s army to stay and fight at a time when so many were prepared to desert so they could escape the cold and the hardships of a winter campaign. Paine was a master of political propaganda whose writing could get people to do things and believe things. Benjamin Franklin made it a rule to forbear all contradiction to others, and all positive assertions of his own. He...
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...Evolution of PR from its Inception to Today To discuss the origins of public relations, one must consider what is meant by “public relations.” What is generally termed as public relations today, with greater emphasis on managing communication between publics and the client, began to take shape over the past century. However early methods used by public relation practitioners and the goals for which these methods were utilized are millennia old. Kings and religious leaders throughout time have used persuasion to reinforce their image of power or to spread a truth deemed critical to the populace. Monuments and statues declaring the insurmountable power of leaders and decrees or writings of early religious leaders were used to persuade people to act in accordance with the creators’ goals or desires. The Renaissance brought increased public relation efforts in politics with the forced creation of the Magna Carta and the practices of political philosophers such as Machiavelli. The 1400’s saw the new world discovered, mercantile trade expand even further, and Gutenberg invent the movable type printing press. These factors stimulated new ways of thinking of oneself in relationship to others and increased the uses and means by which one could capitalize on persuasion. The usage and study of public relations has generally been led by the United States and can be seen through five stages: The Beginning of PR (1600-1799), Communicating/Initiating (1800-1899), Reacting/Responding...
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...profession and becoming more popular as time grows. The service of public health nursing was carried out on the frontier by nurses under the name of “Visiting nurse services” which were part of the late 19th century health reform out of ‘The Henry Street House’ in 1893, as discussed in the film “Nursing in America – A History of Social Reform”. They held many roles outside of nursing, those roles and missions and struggles will be discussed. The Henry Street House was opened in 1893 by Lilian Wald who established the phrase ‘public health nurse’, as discussed in the film “Nursing in America – A History of Social Reform”. She believed that bedside care should be provided to the public sick poor as well as treating the social and economic problems they faced and providing them with health education (Buhler-Wilkerson). She sent out nurses who traveled door to door to the families of the community of which they served. They were the major health educators to the people of the cities, many of whom could be considered for lack of a better work, ignorant. They knew not of the power of purpose of their own bodies, how to keep themselves healthy, or of their own sex organ functions. The messages of the public health nurse included education on child rearing, why immunizations were important, and information on sanitation and nutrition. They provided many services to the families they visited. In the beginning of public health nursing, nurses not only cared for the sick, they cooked and...
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...The role of the community and public health nurse Community and public health care nursing is a different type of nursing than that of a clinical nurse. The patients people in the community that have a specific needs, the focus is on one major population or a health care issue within a community. The role of these nurses is to provide care to populations that may not otherwise receive care, or provide education about certain conditions, and develop strategies on how to treat and prevent complications based on evidenced based practices. In order to deliver this type of care, a community or public health nurse must have an educational background that includes a strong research base regarding public and community health issues, additionally these nurses must have a pulse on the public and what resources are available to fill the needs of the public. Public health nurses must have excellent critical thinking skills, in that if presented with a disease process that is a community based illness, then they must investigate the origination, recognize that there may be multiple factors involved and diagnose and develop a plan of care to treat. A community or public health nurse is an autonomous figure in that they must treat each case as an individual case until or unless there are similar cases. in the case of individual cases, a diagnosis and treatment plan based on evidenced based practices must be put into place, taking into consideration, the patients resources and the community...
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...education as “comprising consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and community health.”. Most simply, health education helps to inform the public about behaviors that are healthy and unhealthy. Many individuals that are concerned about their health and the health of their families usually adjust their behavior in accordance with any new information (Schneider, 2011). For example, the surgeon general’s report of 1964 which stated that smoking caused cancer and other life threatening diseases, had significant impact on the prevalence of smoking in the United States. The health education specialists role in the United States today has evolved over time based on the need to enhance health and provide educational intervention. The earliest signs of the roles and responsibilities of the health education specialist started in the mid 1800s with education in school hygiene, which was closely associated with physical activity. But by the early 1900s the need for health education began to spread to the public, but it was the social workers, journalists, visiting nurses and caregivers that were doing the educating not the health educators as we know them today. But as more knowledge was gained about how health, disease and health behavior related to each other, it became very obvious that these social workers, visiting...
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...The essay will argue the link between indigenous art, and public art in the post-modern world within which we live. Using the site of Fiona Foley's public art sculpture Bibles and Bullets as a focal point, public art as aboriginal tradition, and public art as a postmodern concept will be analysed. Located in Redfern park, Redfern, the artist's sculpture stands on the ground of great historical context to indigenous people. The context of not only Redfern park, but also the suburb of Redfern holds significant meaning to Aboriginal Australians. In the 1920's indigenous Australians migrated from rural areas of NSW to Redfern. Since then, the Aboriginal communities of Redfern have faced numerous hardships (creative spirits 2014). Redfern Park was the site of Paul Keating's famous 'Redfern Park speech'. The site links both postmodernity and tradition in its meaning, purpose, and structure. The postmodernistic use of art as a way to disrupt movement and space challenges traditional artistic conventions. Fiona Foley is an indigenous artist who was commissioned to work on numerous public art installations. Her art does not depict traditional indigenous scenes such as the dream time, but rather has meaning deeply rooted in the modern history of the invasion of indigenous land. Foley uses public art because once in the public domain, you can't look away. Redfern, and Redfern park both hold significance relating to indigenous Australians. Redfern was the largest Aboriginal populated...
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...tackle future financial crisis. Different plans to create an independent organization representing diverse financial institutions started to gain traction but the debate over the inherent subjugation of public interest in this arrangement raged on as well. Woodrow Wilson, as the winner of 1912 presidential elections, eventually started to shape the conversation towards a formal conclusion and proposed a combination of private and public representation in a central bank. The subsequent passage of the Federal Reserve Act created an institution that balanced centralized control enshrined in the government controlled Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. by establishing twelve privately controlled regional banks catering to the specific needs of twelve geographical regions of the country. Traditionally, the New York Fed has held a prestigious, and somewhat dominating, position among regional banks because of its hegemony over implementing the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the fact that most of the financial powerhouses have concentrated operations in New York. Its organizational structure is composed of nine members (three bankers, three non-bankers chosen by the local banks and three members chosen by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors to represent the public); other regional reserve banks have the same structure. By design, this structure is dominated by bankers and can potentially influence Fed’s policy for the benefit of bankers at the detriment of other...
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...Unit 12 – Historical Perspectives of the Health System P1: Describe key aspects of public health strategies P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day Public Health is about helping everyone to stay healthy rather than focusing specifically on the individual, with the aim to promote health, protecting individuals from threats to their health and preventing ill-health. Public health policies have made a significant impact in increasing a person's overall life expectancy and improving health. (Public Health) PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES: Public health strategies are devised in order to prevent the spread of diseases, prolong life and promote health. This can be done through the use of monitoring, identifying, developing programmes etc. Monitoring the health status of the community – Is a key aspect of health strategies that are in place within the UK. This health strategy helps to monitor any changes that occur in the health of the population, along with alerting individuals to any potential problems. Health throughout the UK is monitored by quality of life, infant mortality rates and life expectancy (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 2) The monitoring of health throughout the country allows for advanced planning of local services within the community that may be at risk of certain health problems. The monitoring of health at a local level allows for information to be recorded...
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...University of Macau Faculty of Business Administration GAMM302 Gaming Regulations and legal Environment 2009/2010, second semester Written Assignment Topic: H istory of the 2001 -2002 concession public tender process in Macau Name: Lau Hiu Tung Number: B-A7-0070-2 Date: 30 April 2010 Abstract The purpose of the report this time is to share and have a discussion in the concession public tender process in 2001 – 2002. By reading this sharing, I hope we can have a clear picture about the whole tender process, what has happened, and how was it organized during those 2 years. As this is a very important topic in the gaming sector. Moreover, I will also have a discussion to see the main reason why were those 3 companies won in the competition, and also some specific issue that raised by some of the candidates. Introduction Macau has a very long history in the area of gaming business. In the old days, Macau is being named as “Eastern Monte Carlo”. Now, Macau can be called as “Eastern Las Vegas”, as many foreign companies have started their business in Macau after the liberalization of the gaming industry in 2002. This change let Macau step into a new era and increase its reputation all over the world. Why Macau can have such a big change after the operation in the style of monopoly concession for more than 70 years? How the tender process has been gone through? Why result in these 3 concessions – even though now there are 3 plus 3 sub/concessions, but this is another...
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...Caldiero COMM 3022: Communication Research Fairleigh Dickinson University December 11, 2015 1. This research article is about crisis communication effectiveness with the roles of relationship history and compassion. Relationships have become the focus for much public relations scholarship where various relational features have been examined in the setting of effective organizational communication. In this study, it specifically addresses the relational feature of compassion, a fraud crisis case, and the impacts of accommodative and defensive strategies. In the end, the results suggests that different responses are seen as more or less sympathetic by members of the same public. This is because the results are dependent on the perceived status of the organization-public relationship. 2. RQ #1: How does the use of accommodative or defensive crisis response strategies by organizations affect key publics’ assessments of compassionate crisis communication? Hypothesis #1: Participants with a positive relationship history with an organization will view accommodative strategies as being more compassionate than those participants with a negative relationship history with an organization (Caldiero 14). Hypothesis #2: Participants with either negative or positive relationship histories with an organization will view defensive strategies as lacking compassion (Caldiero 14). Hypothesis #1 is a one-tailed hypothesis. This is because it is a declarative statement that does predict...
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...Education was a major turning point in the history of the United States. This major case was actually several cases that were decided by the Supreme Court as one. These cases were argued by the NAACP and their expert team of lawyers led by Thurgood Marshall and his team the Legal Defense and Educational Fund. All the cases were filed by African American parents on behalf of their children. The parents of these children wished it to be brought before the courts that “separate but equal” was not fair. In the South though, Plessy v. Ferguson, “separate but equal” and Jim Crow laws reigned, they had a tough battle ahead.Leading up to Brown v. Board of EducationThe Jim Crow Laws were enacted in mostly the Southern and some of the border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965, slightly less than a hundred years (wikipedia). These laws mandated "separate but equal" status for black Americans. “In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were almost always inferior to those provided to white Americans. The most important laws required that public schools, public places and public transportation, like trains and buses, have separate facilities for whites and blacks” (wikipedia). In the Progressive Era the restrictions were formalized, and segregation was extended to the federal government by President Woodrow Wilson in 1913 (wikipedia).To discuss the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education, a brief history of the major case that had to be overturned...
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...History of Special Education Alisha Anderson Grand Canyon University: SPE-526 June 26, 2013 Abstract Special education will continue to be transformed in a number of different ways throughout the years to come. Special Education provide different services, support systems, and resources to help meet the needs of students that have disabilities and gifted students. The history of special education have covered many issues throughout the years. There have been many laws and regulations created to help protect individuals with disabilities. This paper will report on the past history of special education, the laws associated with Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and how the current and future challenges of special education affect the laws. What is Special Education? Special Education was created to teach students with disabilities at no cost to the parents. Special Education in the past involved schools that did not support or recognize students with disabilities. Today Special Education have progressed to provide services to all students no matter what their disabilities are. Special Education is a program that establish guidelines and expectations that teachers, parents, and students follow, in order for the student to receive the proper help they need (Heward, 2009). Disabilities could be labeled as physical, mental, emotional, or gifted. Special Education are services that are put in place after an evaluation process of the student. The services...
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...Egyptian mummies evidently preserved in the period as early as 2000 BC, analysis revealed evidence of tattooing and other forms of body art on their mummified bodies. The Egyptian tattooing thought to be one of the earliest appearances of tattoos came into question in 1991 with the discovery of Iceman (Lineberry, 2007). A pair of hikers in the Austrian Otztal Alps stumbled across the frozen tattooed corpse. Using modern carbon dating technology scientists found the corpse to be from the period around 3300 BC, making this discovery one of the earliest appearances of tattooing found to this day. Figure 2 The earliest tattooing took place with rudimentary tools and methods with a variety of material used as "ink." In all cases throughout history, the...
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