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重大历史事件年表 时间 | 重大事件 | | 三大宗教 | 公元前6世纪 | 佛教创立(悉达多、古印度、《大藏经》即三藏经、对中国影响) | 公元1世纪 | 基督教兴起(耶稣、罗马帝国统治下的巴勒斯坦地区、《圣经》) | 392年 | 基督教被正式宣布为罗马帝国的国教 | 7世纪初 | 伊斯兰教创立(阿拉伯半岛、穆罕默德、《古兰经》) | | 古希腊 | 公元前5世纪——公元前4世纪上半叶 | 古希腊的“古典时代”,古希腊城邦制度的全盛时期 | 公元前594年 | 梭伦改革:首开先河 | 雅典民主政治建立过程中的里程碑 | 公元前508年 | 克利斯提尼改革:最终确立 | | 公元前5世纪中叶后 | 雅典民主政治的全盛时代,伯利克里时代(公元前443年-公元前429年) | | 古罗马 | 公元前509年 | 罗马实行共和制,进入罗马共和国时期 | 公元前27年 | 以屋大维被授予“奥古斯都”称号为标志进入帝国时代 | 2世纪初 | 罗马成为括欧、亚、非洲的环地中海的大帝国 | 395年 | 分裂为西罗马帝国、东罗马帝国(拜占庭帝国) | 476年 | 西罗马帝国灭亡,西欧古代史结束、中世纪开始 | 共和国时期,公元前451-公元前450年 | 古代罗马第一步成文法《十二铜表法》 | 公元前5世纪后 | 逐渐形成公民法 | 212年卡拉卡拉皇帝时期宣布授予帝国全体自由民以公民权,逐渐走向统一 | 公元前4世纪后 | 逐渐形成万民法 | | 1453年 | 奥斯曼军队攻陷君士坦丁堡,拜占庭帝国灭亡 | 1457年 | 奥斯曼人迁都君士坦丁堡,后改名为伊斯坦布尔 | | 中世纪西欧(476年——15、16世纪) | 6世纪下半叶 | 西欧封建制度大体产生 | 西欧封建制度的确立进程 | 8世纪 | 采邑改革促进封建制度的发展 | | 11世纪左右 | 西欧封建制度基本确立 | | 11世纪 | 中世纪城市开始复兴 | 1265年 | 英国议会召开标志英国等级君主制初步形成 | 1302年 | 法国三级会议召开标志法国等级君主制初步形成 | 11世纪末始 | 大学开始兴起 | | 中国古代:史前——清朝前期 | 距今1万年前后新石器时代 | 原始农耕起源,有采集、渔猎时代进入农业时代;早期农业特点为稻作农业(水稻)与旱地农业(粟)同时出现、南北并立 | 公元前21世纪 | 中国历史上第一个王朝——夏朝建立 | 公元前17世纪 | 商朝建立(第一个有直接文字记载的王朝、信史) | 公元前1046年 | 西周建立(武王灭商、武王伐纣、牧野之战),都城镐 | 公元前770年-公元前221年 | 社会大变革时期、社会转型时期、东周即春秋战国时期、百家争鸣时期 | 公元前770年 | 平王东迁都城至洛邑,东周建立,分为春秋、战国两个时期 | 公元前221年 | 秦国灭六国,建立中国历史上的一个大一统帝国——秦朝,开创的中央集权制成为中国历代王朝政治制度的蓝本 | 公元前209年 | 中国历史上第一次农民起义、秦末农民起义——陈胜、吴广大泽乡起义 | 公元前206年-公元前202年 | 楚(项羽)汉(刘邦)战争(刘邦败项羽) | 公元前202年 | 刘邦即汉高祖建西汉(公元前202年—公元9年),都城长安 | 公元前140年—公元前87年 | 汉武帝刘彻在位,从无为走向有为,西汉王朝达到鼎盛 | 25年 | 刘秀(光武帝)重建汉朝即东汉(25年—220年),都城洛阳 | 208年 | 赤壁之战(孙、刘联合抗曹),为三国鼎立局面形成奠定基础 | 220年 | 曹丕建魏,都城洛阳,东汉灭亡 | 221年 | 刘备建蜀汉,都城成都 | 229年 | 孙权建吴,都城建业(今南京),三国鼎立格局最终形成 | | 西晋短暂统一 | 439年—581年 | 北魏(鲜卑族建立)统一北方,后分裂为东魏与西魏、北齐与北周,此段时期即历史上的北朝 | 420年—589年 | 宋(取代东晋)、齐、梁、陈在南方相继更替,历史上合称南朝 | 5世纪末 | 北魏孝文帝改革:全面推行汉化,促进民族融合(双向性) | 581年 | 杨坚(隋文帝)篡周(北周)建隋(581年—618年),都城长安 | 589年 | 隋南下灭陈,重建全国大一统局面 | 618年 | 隋炀帝被杀,隋朝灭亡;李渊称帝,建立唐朝,都城长安 | 627年—649年 | 贞观之治,唐太宗(庙号)在位,年号贞观 | 713年—741年 | 唐玄宗(庙号)在位前期,唐朝达到鼎盛,史称“开元盛世” | | 五代十国时期 | | 多民族政权并立时期 | 960年 | 赵匡胤发动陈桥兵变,黄袍加身,建宋朝即北宋(960年—1127年),都城开封(东京),与少数民族政权辽(东北契丹)、西夏(党项)并立。 | 1125年 | 金灭辽 | | | 1127年 | 金(东北女真)军攻入开封,靖康(年号)之变,北宋亡;赵构宋高宗于南京(今河南商丘)继位,南宋建立,后定都临安(今杭州)。宋金长期对峙 | 1206年 | 蒙古大汗铁木真(尊号成吉思汗)建立大蒙古国 | 1271年 | 忽必烈建立元朝,后定都大都(今北京) | 1279年 | 元军攻破厓山,南宋灭亡 | 1069年(熙宁二年) | 宋神宗时期,以富国强兵为号召的王安石变法,一定程度上改变了北宋“积贫积弱”的局面。哲宗时期,保守派司马光全面罢废新法,史称“元祐(年号)更化” | 北宋仁宗庆历年间 | 毕昇创制泥活字印刷成功,为近代活字印刷书的先驱,比欧洲古腾堡铅活字的发明早4个世纪;13世纪东传至朝鲜、日本,又西传至中亚、波斯和欧洲,对中外文化交流和传播产生重大影响。 | | 火药、火器——中国最早发明 | 唐末 | 火药开始用于战争 | 宋代 | 有火器:南宋“突火枪”、宋元年间“火铳”——具备管形火器特征 | 13世纪 | 火药随蒙古国西征传入阿拉伯地区,后又传到欧洲,对欧洲历史发展产生巨大影响。 | | 元朝(1368年-1640年) | 1368年 | 朱元璋(明太祖)建立明朝(1368年—1640年),都城应天(今南京),北上灭元朝。后,都城迁往北平。 | 1636年 | 皇太极(满族)建立清朝(1636年—1912年) | 1644年 | 李自成攻占北京,崇祯(年号)帝自杀,明朝灭亡。同年,清军入关,攻占北京 | 16世纪中叶始 | 早期的西学东渐 | 17、18世纪 | 康乾盛世 | 康熙时期(1661—1722年) | 为加强皇权,设南书房,但作用有限 | | 两次雅克萨之战,败沙俄,签《尼布楚条约》,划定中俄东段边界 | | 平定今新疆伊犁一带的蒙古准噶尔部叛乱 | | 发兵攻占台湾,设台湾府,将台湾置于中央政府的统一管辖之下 | 雍正时期(1722—1735年) | 设军机处——为皇帝出谋划策、辅佐皇帝总揽全国军政事务的中央机构;乾隆时期,进一步加强军机处的职能,皇权空前加强 | | 平定今新疆伊犁一带的蒙古准噶尔部叛乱 | | 中央政府派出驻藏大臣,直接监管西藏政务; | 乾隆时期(1735—1795年) | 乾隆时期,进一步加强军机处的职能,皇权空前加强 | | 最终平定今新疆伊犁一带的蒙古准噶尔部叛乱;后出兵平定新疆天山南路的回部叛乱,统一天山南北,设立伊犁将军,管辖当地军务与民政。 | | 提高驻藏大臣职权,与达赖、班禅共同管理西藏;实行金瓶掣签制,由驻藏大臣监督达赖、班禅的转世程序。 | | 编成《四库全书》,分经、史、子、集4部,保存了许多珍贵文献,为我国最大的一部丛书 | 14——16世纪 | 西欧由封建社会向资本主义社会转型时期,为工业文明兴起创造条件。 | 15世纪下半叶 | 英法等国民族国家形成,君主专制取代等级君主制 | 14——16世纪 | 发端于意大利的文艺复兴,以人文主义为武器抨击天主教会及其神学 | 16世纪 | 宗教改革,德国马丁.路德成为先驱 | 15、16世纪之交 | 新航路开辟,世界开始由分散走向整体,世界市场开始形成、西欧早起殖民活动开始。 | 17、18世纪 | 早期英、法、美资产阶级革命时期 | | 英国资产阶级革命(清教徒革命1640年—1688年) | 1640年 | 英国长期议会召开(资、新贵族提出限制王权),资产阶级革命开始 | 1649年 | 查理一世被送上断头台,共和国建立 | | 斯图亚特王朝专制复辟 | 1688年 | 资、新贵族迎荷兰执政威廉.奥伦治为英国国王,詹姆士二世逃走即光荣革命(未流血牺牲),英国资产阶级革命结束。 | 1689年 | 《权利法案》 | 确立议会至上原则及君主立宪制 | 1701年 | 《王位继承法》 | | | 美国独立战争(美国第一次资产阶级革命 1775年—1781年) | 1775年 | 来克星敦(列克星敦)枪声,独立战争开始 | 1776年 | 《独立宣言》发表,标志美国独立,首次阐述“天赋人权”理论,被马克思称为“第一个人权宣言” | | 独立后为邦联政府权力软弱的邦联制 | 1787年 | 费城制宪会议制定《合众国宪法》,确立中央与地方分权的联邦制;联邦政府按三权分立、相互制衡原则建立;解决了中央与地方及联邦政府内部的权力分配问题。 | | 法国大革命(1789年—1815年) | 1789年5月 | 路易十六召开三级会议成为革命的导火线(第三等级要求政治改革) | 1789年7月14日 | 巴黎人民攻占巴士底狱,革命开始,君主立宪派控制国家(国庆节的由来) | 1789年 | 《人权宣言》颁布,成为革命的纲领性文件(评价) | 1804年 | 拿破仑帝国(法兰西第一帝国)建立,颁布《拿破仑法典》 | 1815年 | 拿破仑帝国崩溃,波旁王朝复辟 | | 工业社会来临 | | 英国工业革命(18世纪60年代-19世纪中叶) | | 从发明和使用机器开始 | 1782年 | 瓦特改良万能蒸汽机,推动工业革命的步伐,开辟蒸汽时代 | 19世纪中叶 | 建成以纺织、煤炭、钢铁、机械为核心的现代工业体系 | 1860年 | 英国成为“世界工厂” | 19世纪初 | 英国社会立法从工厂法开始,扩展到其他社会领域 | | 社会主义运动和马克思主义 | 1848年 | 《共产党宣言》在伦敦发表,标志科学共产主义(批判资本主义制度,望通过无产阶级革命推翻它)的诞生 | | 资本主义世界体系的形成 | | 工业化浪潮扩展至北美、中东欧、亚洲大背景下 | | 美国内战 | 1861年 | 宣布脱离联邦的南部诸州挑起内战 | 1862年 | 林肯颁布《宅地法》、《解放宣言》,扭转战局 | 1863年 | 葛底斯堡大捷,成为南北战争的转折点 | 1865年 | 南北战争以联邦政府的胜利结束 | | | | 德国统一 | 1864年-1870年 | 普、奥对丹麦战争 | 在普鲁士往王室领导下,通过三次王朝战争,取得民族统一,走上资本主义道路 | | 普奥战争 | | | 普法战争(1870-71法败割地赔款) | | 20世纪初 | 德国在工业生产方面超过英国,成为欧洲头号工业强国,居世界第二位,特别是在机械制造和化工方面处于领先地位。 | | 俄国 | 17世纪末 | 彼得一世改革,效法西欧,促进了俄国发展;但沙皇专制和封建农奴制度得到加强。(为改变社会性质) | 1861年 | 亚历山大二世进行农奴制改革,走上资本主义道路(社会性质改变) | | 日本 | 19世纪中期 | 武装倒幕运动,推翻德川幕府,建立新政府 | 1868年 | 日本明治维新开始,走上资本主义道路,成为工业化国家 | | 第二次工业革命(19世纪70年代始) | | 核心内容为电机的发明和运用 | 19世纪末 | 电作为新能源应用到生产和生活领域,电气时代到来 | 19世纪末 | 垄断形成,资本主义进入帝国主义阶段 | 19世纪末20世纪初 | 世界殖民体系最终形成;资本主义世界体系形成 | | 中国近代史(1840年-1949年,民族民主革命时期) | | 旧民主主义革命时期(1840年——1919年) | | 鸦片战争(1840年-1842年) | 1839年 | 林则徐虎门销烟成为鸦片战争导火线 | 1840年 | 战争爆发 | 1842年 | 《南京条约签订》,半殖民地半封建社会开始 | | 第二次鸦片战争(1856-1860年) | 1856年 | 英国借口“亚罗号事件” | 出兵中国,又称“英法联军之役”,是鸦片战争的继续和扩大 | | 法国借口“马神甫事件” | | 1858年 | 清政府与英、法、美、俄签订《天津条约》 | 1860年 | 英法联军火烧圆明园 | 1860年 | 清政府与英、法签订《北京条约》 | | 太平天国运动(1851-1864年) | | 洪秀全创立拜上帝会 | | 上海地方官与英法侵略者组成“洋枪队”,镇压太平天国 | | 曾国藩创立湘军,镇压太平天国 | | 李鸿章创立淮军,镇压太平天国 | | 洋务运动(19世纪60年代-90年代,中国近代化开端) | | 指导思想为中体西用 | 1861年 | 总理各国事务衙门设立,为筹办洋务的最高行政机构 | 1865年 | 李鸿章设立江南制造总局,成为国内最大的军事企业 | 19世纪70年代起 | 整顿海防,筹建新式海军(北洋水师) | 1873年 | 李鸿章在上海创办轮船招商局,为近代中国第一家轮船运输企业,洋务派兴办的第一个民用企业 | 1862年 | 总理衙门设立京师同文馆,为洋务派的第一所新式学堂 | 1872年 | 曾国藩派遣容闳率首批幼童赴美 | | 民族资本主义产生(19世纪60年代末、70年代初) | | 甲午中日战争(1894年-1895年) | 1894年 | 日本于丰岛海面袭击中国,战争开始 | 1895年 | 失败,标志洋务运动破产 | | 《马关条约》签订,加深半殖民地化程度 | | 变法维新 | 1895年 | 康有为、梁启超联合各省应试举人上书光绪,史称公车上书,拉开变法维新运动的序幕 | | 百日维新(1898年6月11日-1898年9月21日) | 1898年(戊戌年)6月11日 | 光绪帝颁布“明定国是诏”,变法开始 | 1898年9月21日 | 戊戌政变,戊戌六君子被杀 | | 瓜分狂潮 | 19世纪末 | 帝国主义在中国划分势力范围、强占租借地 | 1899年 | 美国提出“门户开放”政策(内涵),强化半殖民地秩序,形成帝国主义共同控制中国的局面 | | 八国联军侵华 | 19世纪末 | “扶清灭洋”的义和团运动兴起,成为其接口 | 1900年 | 八国联军侵华 | 1901年 | 《辛丑条约》签订,中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会的深渊 | | 清末新政(1901年-1911年) | 1901年-1905年 | 未触及专制制度的新政 | 1906年 | 宣布预备仿行宪政 | 1911年 | 皇族内阁(满洲皇族为主)成立暴露其以立宪之名行专制集权之实 | | 辛亥革命 | 1894年 | 孙中山在香山创立近代中国第一个革命团体——兴中会 | 1905年 | 孙中山在东京成立同盟会,“十六字纲领”即三民主义,创办《民爆》 | 1911年10月10日 | 武昌起义;后宣布改国号为中华民国 | 1912年1月1日 | 孙中山在南京宣誓就职,中华民国南京临时政府正式成立。 | 1912年 | 颁布临时参议院制定的具有资产阶级共和国性质《中华民国临时约法》 | 1912年2月 | 宣统帝下诏退位,清朝结束 | 1912年3月 | 袁世凯在北京就任临时大总统,辛亥革命果实落入其手中,北洋军阀统治开始(1912年——1927年) | | 第一次世界大战(1914年-1918年) | 1914年6月28日 | 萨拉热窝事件(塞尔维亚青年普林西普刺杀奥匈皇储)成为导火线 | 1914年7月28日 | 第一次世界大战爆发 | 1918年 | 一战以同盟国的失败结束 | 1919年1月至6月 | 巴黎和会召开确立凡尔赛体系 | 1920年 | 国际联盟成立 | 1921-1922年 | 华盛顿会议召开确立华盛顿体系 | 1931年 | 英国议会通过《威斯敏斯特法案》,英联邦正式成立 | 1917年11月7日 | 十月革命胜利,苏维埃政权成立,突破资本主义世界体系。开创两种社会制度竞争的局面 | | | | 中国民主革命的转折 | | 民国初年(为维护或真正实现民主共和) | 1913年 | 宋教仁被刺杀,引发二次革命(李烈钧在江西举兵),失败 | 1915年 | 护国运动迫使袁世凯取消帝制(蔡锷在云南举兵) | 1916年 | 袁世凯死后,中国进入军阀割据时期 | 1915年9月 | 陈独秀在上海创办《青年杂志》,标志新文化运动开始 | | 新民主主义革命时期(1919年——1949年) | | 五四运动与中国共产党成立时期 | 1919年5月4日 | 彻底的反帝反封建的爱国运动——五四运动,新民主主义的开端 | 1921年7月23日 | 上海后至浙江嘉兴南湖召开中共一大,中共成立 | | 国民革命(大革命)时期、第一次国共合作(1924年——1927年) | 1926年 | 北伐战争,消灭孙传芳、吴佩孚主力,根本上动摇北洋军阀的统治 | 1927年4月12日 | 蒋介石在上海发动“四一二政变” | 1927年4月18日 | 蒋介石在南京成立国民政府 | 1928年 | 南京国民政府兴起改订新约运动,中国收回关税自主权 | | 土地革命时期、国共十年内战时期(1927年——1937年) | 1927年10月 | 毛泽东开创井冈山农村革命根据地,从城市走向农村,是中国革命具有转折意义的新起点;实践上开辟了工农武装割据道路(农村包围城市,武装夺取政权之路) | 1928年 | 朱德率领南昌起义余部与毛泽东部队会师,武装力量壮大。 | 1931年9月18日 | 日本发动九一八事变,东北沦陷;1932年伪满洲国傀儡政权成立 | 1934年 | 中央红军实行战略转移,从瑞金开始长征。 | 1936年 | 三大主力红军会师于甘肃会宁地区,长征胜利结束 | | 抗日战争、第二次国共合作时期(1937年——1945年) | 1937年7月7日 | 七七事变即卢沟桥事变,标志日本全面侵华开始,中国全民族抗战开始 | 1937年8月 | 共产党改变军队为八路军、新四军 | 1937年9月 | 蒋介石发表承认共产党合法地位的谈话,抗日民族统一战线正式形成 | 1937年8月13日 | 日本发动八一三事变,淞沪抗战开始,3个月后上海沦陷 | 1937年12月 | 南京沦陷,日军制造了南京大屠杀,引起中国和全世界人民的愤慨 | 1945年4月 | 抗战胜利前夜,中共七大召开,毛做《论联合政府》的报告,毛泽东思想成为中共一切工作的总方针 | 1945年8月15日 | 日本天皇裕仁宣布无条件投降;9月2号正式签订投降书;抗战取得胜利——1840年以来中国反抗外侵第一次取得完全胜利的民族解放战争。成为中华民族走向复兴的历史转折点 | | 解放战争时期(1945年——1949年) | 1948年秋—1949年春 | 辽沈战役解放东北地区 | | 淮海战役解放华东和中原地区(徐州为中心) | | 平津战役解放天津、北平和平解放 | 1949年4月 | 渡江战役,解放军渡过长江 | 1949年4月23日 | 南京解放,宣告国民党统治的结束 | 1949年5月27日 | 上海解放 | | 中华人民共和国时期(1949年——) | | 新民主主义社会向社会主义过渡时期(1949年——1956年) | 1949年9月 | 中国人民政治协商会议召开,通过《共同纲领》,起临时宪法作用 | 1949年10月1日 | 开国大典,中华人民共和国成立,结束三座大山统治,成为20世纪世界历史进程中最重大的事件之一 | 1950年-1952年 | 土地改革,实行《中华人民共和国土地改革法》,变地主土地所有制为农民土地所有制 | 1953年 | 过渡时期总路线提出:一化三改造 | 1953年 | 第一个五年计划开始,集中力量发展重工业,建立国家工业化的国防现代化的初步基础。提前完成 | 1956年 | 社会主义改造完成(将资产阶级、个体农民、个体手工业者得生产资料私有制改造成公有制),为建立社会主义基本制度奠定经济基础 | | 社会主义建设的探索与曲折时期(1956——1976年) | 1958年 | 中共八大二次会议提出总路线 | 三面红旗,左倾错误泛滥:忽视经济规律,过分夸大人的主观能动性 | | 开展大跃进、人民公社化运动 | | 1966年 | 文化大革命开始 | 1976年10月 | 粉碎“四人帮”,文化大革命结束 | | 改革开放时期(中国建设社会主义新时期、有中国特色社会主义时期) | 1978年5月 | 真理标准问题讨论,解放思想 | 1978年12月 | 中共十一届三中全会召开,是中共历史上具有深远意义的伟大转折;制定的改革开放决策成为我国社会主义现代化建设的新起点 | 1982年 | 中共十二大,邓小平首次提出“建设有中国特色的社会主义” | 1978年底、1979年初 | 安徽、四川开始实行家庭联产承包责任制(土地所有制未变,生产经营、分配方式的变化),后推广到全国 | 1980年 | 四大经济特区(深圳、珠海、厦门、汕头)设立 | 十一届三中全会后 | 邓小平提出“一国两制”的构想 | 1997年7月1日 | 香港特别行政区成立 | 1999年12月20日 | 澳门特别行政区成立 | | 中国走向世界 | 20世纪50年代初 | 和平共处五项原则提出 | 1955年 | 亚非会议(万隆会议),中国倡导求同存异、和平共处的“万隆精神” | 1971年10月 | 26届联合国大会上中华人民共和国在联合国的一切合法权利恢复 | 1972年 | 美国总统尼克松访华,发表《上海公报》中美关系开始走向正常化 | 1979年1月1日 | 中美正式建交 | 1972年 | 中日签署《联合声明》,中日两国正式建交 | 1991年 | 中国正式加入亚太经合组织,推动区域合作 | 2001年12月 | 中国加入世贸,标志中国对外开放进入新阶段 | | 大萧条(1929年——1933年)中的资本主义世界 | 1929年 | 美国首先爆发经济危机,后蔓延到世界其他地区 | | 罗斯福新政(1933年——1941年) | 1933年 | 罗斯福当选美国总统,开始通过国家干预、调控经济摆脱经济危机 | | 德、意、日走上法西斯道路 | 1922年 | 意大利墨索里尼率先建立法西斯政权 | 1936年2月26日 | 二二六事变,日本正式建立法西斯统治 | 1933年 | 德国希特勒上台,实行纳粹体制 | | | | 第二次世界大战(1939年9月1日——1945年5月8日) | 1939年9月1日 | 德国突袭波兰,二战在欧洲爆发 | | 后战争扩大,英德、苏德战争爆发,太平洋战争爆发 | 1941年 | 美国国会通过《租借法案》,援助反法西斯国家 | 1941年8月 | 美英联合发表《大西洋宪章》 | 1942年1月1日 | 《联合国家宣言》发表,世界反法西斯同盟正式形成 | 1943年11月 | 美中英首脑举行开罗会议,发布《开罗宣言》,要求日本归还台湾等所有中国领土 | 1945年5月8日 | 苏军攻克柏林,德国投降,欧洲战争结束 | 1945年2月 | 雅尔塔会议 | 1945年10月24日 | 联合国日,《联合国宪章》正式生效 | 1944年7月 | 布雷顿森林国际金融会议召开,制定《布雷顿森林协定》,据此1945年成立国际货币基金组织、国际复兴开发银行(世界银行),布雷顿森林体系建立 | 1947年 | 《关税与贸易总协定》缔结 | | 美苏冷战 | 1946年3月 | 丘吉尔发表“富尔顿演说”(铁幕演说),冷战序幕拉开 | 1947年 | 杜鲁门主义的提出标志冷战正式开始 | | 两大阵营形成、两极格局形成 | 1947年 | 美国国务卿提出“马歇尔计划”(欧洲复兴计划) | 1947年 | 苏联提出“莫洛托夫计划”,1949年成立经济互助委员会 | 1949年 | 北大西洋公约组织成立 | 1955年 | 华沙条约组织成立 | 1948年 | 第一次柏林危机,导致德国分裂(1949年) | 20世纪50、60年代 | 美国占优,第二次柏林危机、古巴导弹危机以苏联退让结束 | 20世纪70年代 | 苏联占优,美国陷入越南战争 | 20世纪80年代 | 美国占优,里根提出“星球大战计划”,强化军备竞赛 | 20世纪80年代末 | 东欧剧变(波兰、匈牙利、捷克斯洛伐克等由社会主义转变为资本主义) | 1990年10月 | 德国统一 | 1991年12月 | 苏联(1922年——1991年)解体 | | 西欧一体化(区域经济联合的范例) | 1950年 | 法国外长舒曼提出“舒曼计划”,联合经营法德煤钢企业 | 1951年 | 《欧洲煤钢联营条约》签订,建立煤钢共同体 | 1957年 | 《罗马条约》,欧洲经济共同体、原子能共同体成立 | 1967年 | 欧共体成立 | 1993年 | 《欧洲联盟条约》被全体成员国批准,欧盟正式成立,政治一体化取得重大突破 | 2002年 | 欧元启动 | | 经济全球化与区域经济合作 | 1967年 | 东盟成立,1997年中、日、韩与其建立10+3模式,推动区域经济合作 | 1960年 | 石油输出国组织(欧佩克)成立 | 1994年 | 摩洛哥马拉喀什国际会议正式决定成立世界贸易组织 | 1995年 | 世界贸易组织开始运作,负责管理世界经济和贸易秩序 |

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...children study history? There is no doubt that the primary purpose of schooling is to prepare students to function effectively in the world, and thereby to assist society to function effectively as well. We study the past in school not because students need to know a collection of old facts, but because history helps them understand how the world works and how human beings behave. Knowledge of the past is required for understanding present realities. When people share some common knowledge of history, they can discuss their understandings with one another. What does history give?Human self-awareness is the very essence of history. Arnold Toynbee said, “History is a search for light on the nature and destiny of man.” R.G. Collingwood wrote, “History is for human self-knowledge…the only clue to what man can do is what man has done. The value of history, then, is that it teaches us what man has done and thus what man is. Psychologist Bruno Bettleheim asserted that human self-knowledge is the most important role of education.” Most of all, our schools ought to teach the true nature of man, teach about his troubles with himself, his inner turmoil and about his difficulties in living with others. They should teach the prevalence and the power of both man’s social and asocial tendencies, and how the one can domesticate the other, without destroying his independence or self-love.” Read more: http://socyberty.com/education/teaching-history-is-important/#ixzz21GQnYhj0 Why history in the elementary...

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History

...Military History Channel –Secrets Missions of the Civil War I watched a show the Secret Missions of the Civil War on the Military History Channel on November 29, 2010 from 3pm-4:30pm. It was about both sides conducting daring secret mission to disrupt supply lines and demoralize the opposition. It had to do with locomotives and Fuller, the train conductor and Murphy running after the stolen flying train on foot. It inspired the Buster Keaton 1927 film “The General. Fuller thought confederate deserters not by Yankees on a secret mission stole the train. Yankees wanted to use it to burn bridges and block the line. Fuller arrived at the next train stain and was given a pull car to keep going after the train. It was crazy for him to think he could catch this train. There was only one track from Atlanta to Chattanooga so two trains coming from opposite direction was dangerous so the stolen train and the mission was in jeopardy because of this. This kept the train staled at Kingston Station and alongside another train. Still Fuller was in pursuit of the train even without the knowledge of who exactly had the train. The Texas train was in pursuit of the stolen locomotive and the mission was abandoned. It is known as the great locomotive chase. The raid was a failure. Confederate soldiers were found and June 8, 1862 James Andrew went to the scaffle being a spy and seven others were also hung. There was an interview with Wilbur Kurtz III was a descendent of Fuller the...

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History

...That history contains errors, will not come as news to a person who has reflected on the topic. The very first history, a Greek one, History of Herodotus, written around 450 BC, likely had quite a number of fictional details so as to effect its purpose.1 Those parts of our history which are suspected to be fiction are, at least, through research and comparison, salvageable. What, however, is possibly more disturbing than the realization that, in general and throughout, our history is wrong (a sub-topic which I shall treat to a greater extent further on, herein) is the realization that there are great gaps in it. We have failed to record and gather together the little human events which make up the fabric of history: it is little events, strung together and accumulated over time, which account for our place in history. Though it may have been, in certain of its parts, reconstructed incorrectly and small shards are missing here and there, history, by a well-read and descriptive author, like a Grecian urn, is a spectacle to behold; like man himself -- fascinating, seductive, intriguing, and spectacular. Maybe most are like me, I enjoy observing, at a safe distance, the follies and misfortunes2 of my fellow men. An author of history must adopt a method to gratify the natural curiosity that most of us have about the bloody events of times past. History, like all literature, must be written in a lively and descriptive manner. This is necessary, so to grip and hold the reader, in...

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...History 12 (81698) Military History Channel –Secrets Missions of the Civil War I watched a show the Secret Missions of the Civil War on the Military History Channel on November 29, 2010 from 3pm-4:30pm. It was about both sides conducting daring secret mission to disrupt supply lines and demoralize the opposition. It had to do with locomotives and Fuller, the train conductor and Murphy running after the stolen flying train on foot. It inspired the Buster Keaton 1927 film “The General. Fuller thought confederate deserters not by Yankees on a secret mission stole the train. Yankees wanted to use it to burn bridges and block the line. Fuller arrived at the next train stain and was given a pull car to keep going after the train. It was crazy for him to think he could catch this train. There was only one track from Atlanta to Chattanooga so two trains coming from opposite direction was dangerous so the stolen train and the mission was in jeopardy because of this. This kept the train staled at Kingston Station and alongside another train. Still Fuller was in pursuit of the train even without the knowledge of who exactly had the train. The Texas train was in pursuit of the stolen locomotive and the mission was abandoned. It is known as the great locomotive chase. The raid was a failure. Confederate soldiers were found and June 8, 1862 James Andrew went to the scaffle being a spy and seven others were also hung. There was an interview with Wilbur Kurtz III was a descendent...

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...A tell a story about vgvgvhb nFor the Canadian equivalent of this channel, see History (Canadian TV channel). For the European equivalent of this channel, see History (European TV channel). History, formerly known as The History Channel, is a US-based international satellite and cable TV channel, owned by A&E Television Networks. It originally broadcast documentary programs with fictional and non-fictional historical content, together with speculation about the future. Now it broadcasts a variety of scripted reality television and other non-history related content. Programming covers a wide range of periods and topics, while similar topics are often organized into themed weeks or daily marathons. It is seen in more than eighty million households. Subjects include mythical creatures, monsters, UFOs, aliens, truck drivers, alligator hunters, pawn stores, antiques and collectible "pickers", religions, disaster scenarios, and apocalyptic "after man" scenarios; a number of these documentaries were narrated by Edward Herrmann when the channel ran them. Some of the aired programs compare contemporary culture and technology with the past, while other programs focus on subjects such as conspiracy theories, religious interpretation, UFO speculation, and reality television. In particular, History has aired a number of films on Nostradamus,[3] as well as a special series on doomsday that promulgates various popular 2012 theories, including films such as Decoding the Past (2005–2007)...

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...General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: My hope is that after hearing my speech, the audience will have a better understanding of all the history that Brenham has. Thesis: I am going to explain the shopping, history, and reasoning for how this topic relates to me. Organizational Pattern: Topical A Trip Downtown Introduction 1. People who have not seen Downtown Brenham may not be familiar with its history. 2. I have always loved traveling to places and reading and learning about the history. 3. There are many historical and amazing places to visit and do in Brenham. One of these things is Brenham’s Blue Bell Creamery. 4. I am going to talk about the shopping, history and reasoning for why this topic relates to me. 5. My hope is that after hearing my speech anyone who is not familiar with the history or attraction sites of Downtown Brenham will be. Connective: Everyone, weather you are young, old, boy or girl loves to shop. Downtown Brenham has numerous places for people to shop. Body 1. Down town Brenham is filled with so many different types of shops and attractions. A. Brenham’s shops and attractions range from antiques to fashion and jewelry. 1. This includes places such as Nellie’s and Main Street Mall. 2. Shopping in Downtown Brenham can be one of the most fun and unique experiences. B. Places like Main Street Mall and Nellie’s helped...

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...primary source, and one secondary source of relevance to your topic. Identify the sources using the correct referencing style (see the Humanities Teaching and Learning Policies Booklet). Describe your search for these materials and what you learnt from the exercise. 2 Question 1 Historians inevitably encounter some issues when using historical evidence. From finding sources and discerning fact from fiction to interpreting sources and placing them in historical context, the historian’s search for adequate sources is often not a simple one and can be fraught with pitfalls and issues that the historian must overcome. The choice of topic is an immediate issue facing an historian. The possibilities are endless as any part of history is an option for research. Issues when choosing a topic a both professional and personal, will there be sufficient sources on the chosen topic and where can they be located? Is the topic relevant? The personal opinions of a historian come into play when choosing their topic, do they agree with what they will be researching? Do they like topic? Questions such as these must be asked by the historian before undertaking certain work. The opinion of the historian brings another important issue. A strong opinion can easily affect ones work. Leaving out or only including certain facts to push an opinion across is something that must be avoided. Objectivity is essential when researching...

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...acquired / practiced when studying History? Make a list of as many of these skills as you can. (If you are not sure, think about what historians do when examining or writing a historical work, when evaluating and critiquing the works of other historians, and when teaching people about history – at any level of the educational system. After making a detailed list of skills that are involved in the study of History as an academic discipline, briefly discuss the potential usefulness of these skills for other professions and/or in our everyday lives. This will help you to see how the academic study of History is useful as part of our general education.) Investigative Research Communication Patience Writing Commitment History is the ultimate puzzle. Mastering the skills developed through studying history gives you the ability to discern fact from fiction and reality from myth. It makes you more able to document an event with better accuracy. In Science, this can help you reach a desired solution or result by depicting the outcome of trials and tests with better understanding. In everyday life you will be more critical of events as they are told or received initially by you. You will look for ways to justify or corroborate facts/ events presented to you. I think you will become less likely to fill in the spaces and more likely to pursue proof to validate the event and to better separate fact from fiction for yourself. 2. What can you do with History in a practical sense? (Think...

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...Accounting history is important because it is the most important professions in economic, business and cultural development. It sum of all the events--that have happened in accounting field. This sum guides our actions in the present in accounting profession.  Accountants invented writing, involved development of money and banking, innovated the double entry bookkeeping system that fueled the Italian Renaissance, saved many Industrial Revolution inventors and entrepreneurs survive, participated in the development of the capital markets necessary for western capitalism. In the 20th century, accounting had changed into a profession that brought credibility for complex business practices that sparked the economic, and as a platform to the information revolution that is transforming the global economy . Most of us don’t know the names of accounting innovators; in reality, there are no names were known before the Italian Renaissance. The early history and scholars from many fields showed the importance of accounting to so many aspects of economics and culture in the past. Archaeologists discover the interpretations of the artifacts of the ancient accountants, and it is developed over 5,000 years. Accounting was main factor to the success of Italian merchants, necessary to the birth of the Renaissance and Industrial Revolution firms. Nowadays, a global economy integrated information system is a reality, creating new accounting paradigms. Understanding accounting history is needed...

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Intersectionality In History

...To understand problems in today’s society, one must possess an understanding of the history of social movements that have led us to our current standing in time. History is meaningful and relevant from a psychological perspective because it allows us to understand how dynamics between social groups have developed over time, and this understanding can also be useful in the application of public policy (Perlman, Hunter, & Stewart, 2015). However, just because a historical event or social movement may transform policy, it doesn’t necessarily shift individual attitudes. Perpetrators and victims of historical injustice often view events differently because they have different incentives for acknowledging the past. People who benefit from inequality tend to distance themselves and blame the victims, while the victims attempt to preserve memories of past atrocities (Perlman et al., 2015)....

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Meaning of History

...The Meaning of History Student’s Name University Affiliation MEANING OF HISTORY The term history combines a number of terminologies for it to have a meaning. It therefore refers to a systematic account of natural phenomena involving accounts of events that are narrated in a chronological order and deal with past of mankind. History can also be defined as the dialogues that relates the present with the past. Evolution of mankind sometimes defines the word history. It explains the story of man and his progression in civilization, his downfalls, successes, his laws and wars, religion, arts and development. In other words it can be summarized as the biography of great men who were heroes in the past. The origin of history started way back in Greek being connected to the world famous historians Thucydides and Heredeotus.The word history also relates to writers or narrators of events referred to as historians e.g. we have historians narrating the new history of the Era of the Polis. History follows the example of discovering past human dimensions which one of the history authors divides it into five different stages. The Golden age, the Silver age, the age of Bronze and finally the Iron Age. History incorporates a number of significance that helps us to understand its meaning better. It makes life richer by providing importance to the books one reads, the sites one visits and the kind of...

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History Is a Lie

...novels, essays, historical and scientific works. His best-known histories are The Age of Louis XIV (1751), and his Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations (1756). He broke from the tradition of narrating political and military events, and emphasized traditions, societal history and achievements in the arts and sciences. One of his famous sayings, “History is the lie commonly agreed upon”, is quite contrary as some agree with it while others argue that that is not the case. Based on the analysis and readings I agree with what Voltaire said. Some people associate history with past whereas history is not the same as past. As past is the occurrence of all the events even the minor ones while history is the selection of some events from the past which are then given meaning to by the historians. So what we study is not actually history but historiography (the writings of history). An example of which can be a person selling gingerbread man in a low lying area and some random people come to his stall and beat him up and kill him [1]. So the historians will not give importance to this event – which is definitely part of the past but it is not the part of written history. At the same time history is majorly affected by the involvement of the role of power in its writing. History is always created by the winners. This means that the people who are on the winning end of any event will determine what the correct history will be. This can be seen with the example of Germany losing...

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Health History

...Health history Function- Mental state n physical state for well being Intuition- gut feeling- from experience, Index of suspicion- asking question with reasons by comparying the situation and condition of the patient. They go hand in hand which come through experience. Health history S- symptoms through pqrst ( provoking and palliative) Provoke- what causes symtoms to be worst? Palliative- what causes symtoms to better? Q- Quality it means description. Open ended question Describing the symptoms. 1.What are you feeling? funny 2. Descibe funy? What is that mean? A bit tied.. 3. had you feeled before? 4. how is different from before? Feeling going from arms. R- Region and radiation Which art of your body are you feeling the symtoms? Where are you feeling tited ness? Around here- that means not localized. Is that your chest? Ask yes no for calrification’ Radiation- where else are you feeling the symptoms? Going up around neck and arms S- Severity (0 to 10) how severe is yoiur symtoms? Its about that 8. 0 no pain and 10 worst pain Does it stop doing anything? Daily activity T- time of actual symptoms When does it normally occur? How long does it last normally? Normally less than half hour but this is long Is it on and off? Constant or on or off? A- allergy- penesil, antibiotic, lacto biopsycho social model- nurses for allery NKA-nurse NKDA- doctor Burden- social worker Home- equipment Stair- ot to repair to help them Food to be...

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