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History

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Submitted By liqz1997
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CS 030214
Kilder og arbejdsspørgsmål
Kilde 1.

Hvilken kilde er der tale om ? - foto Hvad skildrer kilden ? - Mænd, kamera, muligvis tolk Hvornår er det fra ? - 1917-1991 Hvordan kan vi datere kilden ? - Vi ved at den ene mand er fra sovietunionen, så på den måde kender vi tidsperioden

Kilde 2.

Hvilken kilde er der tale om ? - Foto Hvad skildrer kilden ? En tatoverede mand, opstillet Hvornår er det fra ? - Hvordan kan vi datere kilden ?

Kilde 3.

Hvilken kilde er der tale om ? - Artikel/reklame Hvad skildrer kilden ? - En mand, muligvis læge. Hvornår er det fra ? - 1970 Hvordan kan vi datere kilden ? - Ud fra personerne, atiklen og den generelle kvalitet.

Kilde 4.
Anders Fogh Rasmussens Nytårstale 1. januar 2002
God aften - og godt nytår! Det er første gang, at jeg som ny statsminister henvender mig til den danske befolkning på årets første dag. Jeg vil gerne benytte lejligheden til at sige tak for den venlighed, jeg har mødt i den korte tid, jeg nu har været statsminister. Jeg vil gøre mit yderste for at leve op til den tillid, der er vist mig. I aftes tog vi afsked med det gamle år. 2001 vil til alle tider blive husket for den forfærdelige terroraktion mod New York og Washington. Den 11. september var en dag, hvor den brutale virkelighed overgik selv de værste fantasier. Det gjorde ondt at se dette angreb på hjertet af den nation, som hele den frie verden skylder så meget.
USA er udpeget som fjende af alverdens terrorgrupper. Det er ikke tilfældigt. For USA repræsenterer alt det, som religiøse fanatikere og herskesyge tyranner frygter og foragter. Det amerikanske samfund er bygget på ideerne om personlig frihed, demokrati, menneskerettigheder og religiøs tolerance. I hele den vestlige verden har vi bygget vores samfund op på tilsvarende værdier. Det er de principper og værdier, som har gjort det muligt at løfte vor del af civilisationen fra fattigdom til velstand. Det er disse værdier, vi nu skal værne og forsvare. Vi skal kompromisløst bekæmpe terrorismen. Og den kamp mod det onde skal USA ikke stå ene om. Danmark har sagt ja til en amerikansk anmodning om militær bistand i Afghanistan. Regeringen er også parat til at bidrage til en FN-støttet fredsstyrke i Afghanistan. Det betyder, at Danmark sender soldater og fly til Afghanistan her i begyndelsen af det nye år. Jeg er stolt over, at Danmark kan yde en indsats. Og til jer, der skal afsted, siger jeg: Vi tænker på jer. Vi er taknemmelige over, at I på denne måde gør en indsats for jeres land og for frihed og fred i verden. Jeg sender også mange tanker til danske soldater og politifolk i Bosnien, Kosovo, Makedonien og andre af verdens brændpunkter. I gør en stor indsats for at sikre freden. I gør Danmark ære. Og I er med til at vise, at også et lille land kan gøre en forskel. I det nye år vil mange øjne være rettet mod Danmark. Den 1. juli overtager Danmark formandskabet i EU. Det bliver en historisk udfordring. Det bliver Danmarks opgave at lede forhandlingerne om udvidelsen af EU. Målet er at beslutte optagelse af alle de central- og østeuropæiske lande, der er klar. Det skal ske på topmødet i København til december. Ved at give landene i Central- og Østeuropa det sidste skub fremad, kan vi åbne for en lys og lovende fremtid. Det er også i vores egen interesse. Når vi handler med dem, handler de med os. Til syvende og sidst handler udvidelsen dog ikke om tegnebogen, men om sikkerheden. Ved at få nye demokratier med i EU skaber vi et helt og udelt Europa. Det er gennem et stadig tættere samarbejde, mere handel over grænserne og mere kendskab til hinandens historie og kultur, at vi bedst sikrer friheden og freden. Vi skal gribe denne historiske chance. Vi skal sætte nye mål for det 21. århundrede. Det gamle århundrede, det 20. århundrede, var præget af klassekamp, folkemord, undertrykkelse, verdenskrige. Det var århundredet for de totalitære ideologier. Totalitære ideologier, i hvis navn mennesker blev undertrykt og dræbt for en påstået højere sag. Det var kollektivismens århundrede. Systemernes århundrede. Lad os gøre det 21. århundrede til frihedens århundrede - præget af samarbejde, fred og respekt for det enkelte menneskes liv. Lad os sætte nye mål for udviklingen af det danske samfund. Vi brugte det 20. århundrede til at bygge den danske velfærdsstat. Nu skal vi udvikle den til et moderne velfærdssamfund, som passer til mennesker, der lever i det 21. århundrede. Kernen i velfærdssystemet er, at samfundet har påtaget sig ansvaret for at løse en række opgaver. Det skal vi bevare. Men det nye skal være, at vi forener det fælles ansvar med en personlig frihed til selv at vælge mellem forskellige løsninger. Vi har et fælles ansvar for, at vore ældre får ordentlig hjælp og pleje. Men den enkelte skal selv have lov til at vælge hvordan. Derfor skal de ældre have frit valg af hjemmehjælp, plejehjem og plejeboliger. Vi har et fælles ansvar for, at de syge får den bedst mulige behandling. Men patienterne skal have frit valg. De skal ikke stå på venteliste i måneder. Hvis de offentlige sygehuse ikke kan klare opgaven inden for to måneder, skal patienten have ret til at vælge et privat hospital eller et hospital i udlandet uden, at det koster patienten en krone. Frihed indebærer også et ansvar. En dansk filosof, K.E. Løgstrup, har kaldt det "den etiske fordring". Den enkelte har aldrig med et andet menneske at gøre uden, at han holder noget af dets liv i sin hånd, formulerer Løgstrup det. Med andre ord: Vi har et ansvar over for medmennesket. I særlig grad har vi et ansvar for de mennesker, som er de mest udsatte i vort samfund: De hjemløse, misbrugerne, de sindslidende. Vi skal gøre mere for at hjælpe de grupper, som har svært ved at finde fodfæste i samfundet og på arbejdsmarkedet. Ikke ved at gøre dem til hjælpeløse klienter. Men ved at udvikle de værdier og stærke sider, som er i ethvert menneske. Ansvaret for medmennesket er ikke at gøre sig til det andet menneskes formynder. Ansvaret for medmennesket er ikke at tage selvstændigheden fra ham eller hende. Tværtimod er ansvaret for medmennesket at udvikle hans eller hendes selvstændighed, personlighed og selvrespekt. I det nye velfærdssamfund skal frihed og fællesskab gå hånd i hånd. På denne måde vil vi sikre, at forandring og tryghed går hånd i hånd. Vi går ind til det nye i fremtiden med det bedste fra fortiden. Fremtiden er ikke en fare, vi skal frygte, men en udfordring vi skal udnytte. Den nye regering vil vise fordomsfri ledelse. Vi ønsker velfærd, der virker. Det afgørende er ikke, om den nødvendige hjælp og service kommer fra det offentlige eller fra det private. Det afgørende er, at vi får noget ordentligt for skattekronerne. Vi er ikke bange for at ryste posen og se, om ikke noget kan gøres bedre og anderledes end i dag. Vi har ingen ideologiske blokeringer. Vi er ikke bundet af snævre interesser eller hensyn til bestemte grupper. Vi vil sætte mennesket før systemet. Den enkelte skal have større frihed til at forme sit liv. Vi vil gøre op med stive systemer, umyndiggørelse og ensretning. Vi tror på, at mennesker er bedst til selv at vælge. Vi behøver ikke eksperter og smagsdommere til at bestemme på vore vegne. I de senere år er der ved knopskydning skudt et sandt vildnis af statslige råd og nævn og institutioner op over alt. Mange af dem har udviklet sig til statsautoriserede smagsdommere, som fastslår, hvad der er godt og rigtigt på forskellige områder. Der er tendenser til et eksperttyranni, som risikerer at undertrykke den frie folkelige debat. Befolkningen skal ikke finde sig i løftede pegefingre fra såkaldte eksperter, der mener at vide bedst. Eksperter kan være gode nok til at formidle faktisk viden. Men når vi skal træffe personlige valg, er vi alle eksperter. Regeringen vil fjerne overflødige råd og nævn og institutioner. Det bliver en meget omfattende sanering. Vi vil rydde op i dette mellemlag, som tapper ressourcer og fjerner opmærksomhed fra det væsentlige. Det vil helt sikkert udløse et ramaskrig fra de berørte. Men det mest nødvendige er at sikre penge til sygehusene, de ældre og andre kerneydelser. Så må mindre vigtige formål vige. Et moderne velfærdssamfund bygger på et rummeligt fællesskab. Et fællesskab, hvor der er plads til personlig udfoldelse. Jeg kan bruge et billede fra naturen. Hvis et træ står indeklemt i skygge og savner lys, bliver det sært forkrøblet og saftløst. Jo mere plads og lys, træet får, desto flottere og rankere står det, og desto mægtigere folder grene og blade sig ud. Hvis det enkelte menneske står indeklemt i skygge og savner frihed, udfordringer og ansvar, bliver det mismodigt, viljeløst og initiativfattigt. Jo mere frihed, udfordring og ansvar vi mennesker får, desto mere stoute og selvstændige bliver vi, og desto bedre kan vi udfolde og udnytte vore evner til gavn for hele fællesskabet. Lad os udvikle dette rummelige fællesskab, hvor det enkelte menneske får lov at blomstre. Nu vil regeringen skabe rammerne. Men rammerne skal fyldes ud af hver enkelt dansker. Det er ikke alt, vi kan klare med lovgivning. Velstand kommer ikke fra statens gavmildhed, men fra menneskers arbejdsomhed. Velfærd kommer ikke fra politikernes lyst til at fordele værdier, men fra borgernes evne til at frembringe værdier. Fremskridt er ikke noget, en regering kan trylle frem. Det er noget, vi mennesker selv kan skabe - hvis vi får frihed til det. Lad os skabe den fornyelse, som kan løfte det danske samfund frem mod nye mål. Godt nytår! Hvilken kilde er der her tale om ? Tale Hvem er afsenderen ? Anders F. R. Hvem er modtageren ? Danskerne Hvordan er kilden tendentiøs (find eksempler med adjektiver) ? Hvad er kildens temaer (marker disse i teksten ? ) - Modstand, naitonalitet, fremgang Hvilke retoriske virkemidler bruger afsenderen ? Nationalitetsfølelse, sammenhold
Kilde 5.

1. Bekjendtgjørelse fra Sundhedscollegiet Kolera 1853

1

Den 27. juni 1853 offentliggjorde Sundhedskollegiet gennem aviserne, hvilke forholdsregler befolkningen skulle tage for at forebygge kolerasygdommen. Samtidig gjorde det opmærksom på, hvordan en kolera-smittet skulle behandles, indtil der kom lægehjælp.
1 Det kongelige Sundhedskollegium blev oprettet i 1803 som et statsligt forvaltningsorgan, der skulle føre tilsyn med landets medicinalvæsen og alle offentlige sundhedstiltag.
Her er bekendtgørelsen fra Berlingske Tidende.

Bekjendtgjørelse fra Sundhedscollegiet.
Da en ondartet Cholera i de senere Dage har viist sig i Kjøbenhavn, og i flere Tilfælde havt Døden til Følge, i nogle endog efter faa Timers Forløb, uden at det har kunnet eftervises, at Sygdommen har været indført andetsteds fra, og da det ved Erfaring tilfulde er godtgjort, at Grunden til denne Sygdoms Udbredelse hovedsagelig maa søges, foruden i Temperatur og Veirforhold, ogsaa i Levemaaden og i urigtige eller i mangelfulde diætetiske og hygieiniske Forhold, saa finder Collegiet sig opfordret til at offentliggjøre nedenstaaende Forholdsregler til Forebyggelse af Sygdommen, og tilføier dernæst en Anviisning til foreløbig Behandling af samme.

Forholdsregler at iagttage til Forebyggelse af Sygdommen.
1) Man maa undgaae Opholdet i indsluttet, fordærvet og fugtig Luft. Denne maa derfor flittigt renses og fornyes ved dagligen at aabne Vinduerne og fjerne alt, som fylder Luften med skadelige Uddunstninger; den størst mulige Reenlighed saavel i som omkring Boligerne maa iagttages.
2) Man maa vogte sig for Forkjølelse, deels ved ikke at udsætte sig for pludselig Vexel af Varme og Kulde, deels ved en passende Klædedragt, deels ved snarest muligt at skifte vaade Klædningsstykker. I Særdeleshed gavnligt er et varmt Bælte om Maven og uldne Klæder nærmest Kroppen, hvorved mild Hududdunstning befordres.
3) Man maa sørge for Reenlighed, saavel i Linned og Lagener, som ved Badning og Vaskning af Legemet, dog ved kolde Bades Brug i fri Luft anvendes særdeles Forsigtighed, ligesom ved de varme Bade.
4) Man maa vogte sig for uafbrudt Aandsanstrengelse, nedtrykkende Sindslidelser, især Ængstelse og Frygt, Nattevaagen og Alt, hvad der for resten svækker Legemet.
5) Man maa iagttage Maadeholdenhed i Spise og Drikke. Saavel Mangel paa disse som en altfor stor Mængde og slet Beskaffenhed har i denne Henseende en skadelig Indflydelse. Man maa desaarsag afholde sig fra Nydelse af alle sværtfordøielige, sure, fede, opblæsende og afførende Fødemidler, saasom raa, især umodne, Frugter og Haveurter, Meloner, Agurker, Kaal og Roer, det Fede af Flesk, meget fede Fisk o.s.v. Gavnligt er det at tilberede Maden med en passende Tilsætning af de almindelige Kryderier.

Af Drikkevarer maa især undgaas daarligt Vand, slet gjæret eller suurt Øl, suur Melk og en umaadelig Nydelse af Brændviin. Derimod vil en ringe Qvantitet af sidstnævnte Drik, tilberedet med krydrede og bittre Substantser, ikke skade de dertil Vante; lige saa lidet som en maadelig Nydelse af god Viin.
I almindelighed fortsætter man bedst sin tilvante Levemaade, forsaavidt den ikke staar i Strid med Ovenanførte.
Anviisning
til at kjende og behandle Choleraen, indtil Lægehjælp kan erholdes. 1. Bekjendtgjørelse fra Sundhedscollegiet Kolera 1853
2

Choleraen udbryder enten pludseligt, eller efter at den Syge i nogen Tid har følt sig ilde og lidt af Mathed, Uro, Tunghed i Hovedet, Svimmel, Trykken i Hjertekulen, Spænding i Underlivet, Madlede, Qvalme, Brækning og – næsten altid – Diarrhoe med eller uden Kneb og Trækninger i Lemmerne.
Den Syge bør da strax gaae i Seng og dække sig vel til, mod Diarrhoe og Maveknebene tages en Theeskeefuld americansk Olie hver anden Time nogle Gange, samt drikke flittig varme Drikke, f. eks. Salep2, Riis-, Havre- eller Bygsuppe, almindelig Thee eller Camille-, Hylde- eller Pebermyntethee, hvortil kan sættes lidt Viin eller Cognac. For end mere at befordre Transpirationen, som altid er gavnlig, kan tillige tages Minderer-Draaber, efter Alderen fra en Theeskeefuld til en Spiseskeefuld hver anden Time, eller 20 til 30 Campherdraaber. Er de varme Drikke den Syge meget imod, eller forværre de Brækningerne, da kan ofte koldt Vand, helst med Iis i, taget et Glas hver ¼ - ½ Time i Forbindelse med Minderer- eller Campherdraaberne gjøre god Nytte. Vedbliver Diarrhoen kan man til Voxne give 5-10 Opiumsdraaber i Forbindelse med Campherdraaberne, og mod Maveknebene anvende med Nytte Indgnidninger med tyk Campherolie alene eller blandet med omtrent 1/6 Opiumsdraaber.
2 Stivelsesholdigt stof, der virker bindende.
3 Ca. ¼ l.

De heftigere Tilfælde, som enten udbryde pludseligt eller følge efter de anførte mildere, ere: hyppig, smerteløs Diarrhoe, Brækning, heftig Tørst, indvendig Hede; den udaandede Luft, ligesom ogsaa Tungen og Huden fornemlig paa Hænder og Fødder iiskolde, Huden desuden sammenskrumpet, bleg eller blaalig, ofte bedækket med kold Sved, Øinene indsunkne, omgivne af blaae Ringe, Stemmen hæs, Pulsen svag, neppe følelig, Vandladning standset; der indfinde sig smertefulde Kramper i Underlivet, i Armene og Benene, Sløvhed og Ligegyldighed, dog uden Tab af Bevidsthed, og ofte med Kraft til at gaa oppe, selv kort før Døden.
Udtømmelserne ved Brækning og Diarrhoe kunne i Begyndelsen være galdeagtige, men senere bestaae de af en tynd, Havresuppe eller Riisvand lignende fnokket Vædske.
Under disse Omstændigheder anvendes, foruden de allerede anførte Midler, Gnidning af Huden med Børster eller uldne Klude dyppede i Brændeviin med Salt og Peber (en Spiseskeefuld af hver til en Pægel3), eller i Campherspiritus eller Terpentinolie; hvor Huden er koldest lægges desuden Dunke med varmt Vand i, eller Poser med varmt Sand eller Aske; paa Armene, Læggene og i Hjertekulen lægges Sennepskager (Sennepspulver udrørt med varmt Vand eller Eddike og lagt mellem linnede Klude) som naar de have ligget 15 til 20 Minuter aftages, for kort efter atter at paalægges; den heftige Tørst og Brækninger lindres oftest ved iiskoldt Vand, eller ved at synke smaa Stykker Iis, sjeldnere befinder den Syge sig bedre ved lunkne Drikke. Strømmer Blodet til Hovedet med stærk Døsighed og Tunghed, anvendes kolde Omslag, som skiftes hver 4-5 Minuter, og 6-8 Igler i Tindingerne. De heftige Kramper lindres bedst ved Indgnidning med Campherolie, hvortil som anført kan sættes Opiumsdraaber.
Da Sygdommen lettere hæves, jo tidligere Midlerne anvendes, er det godt at være forsynet med nogle af de ovennævnte, nemlig Americansk Olie, Campherdraaber, Opiumsdraaber, tyk Campherolie, Camillie- eller Hyldeblomster, Sennep, Brændeviin, Peber.
De her anførte Medicamenter kunne erholdes fra Kjøbenhavns Apotheker uden Recept.
Det Kongl. Sundheds-Collegium i Kjøbenhavn den 26de Juni 1853.

Hvilken kilde er der her tale om ? - Bekendtgørelse Hvad er kildens indhold ? - Forholdsregler choral-sygdom Hvem er afsenderen ? - Sundhedscollegiet Hvem er modtageren ? - borgerne Hvilken tendens er der i kilden ? - Gammelt dansk sprog Hvordan kan vi vurdere kildens troværdighed ? - afsenderen

Kilde 6.

Mange danskere udvandrede tidligere til USA. En af dem var Leonardo Dicaprios far (Svend Peter Dicaprio) som dermed har danske rødder (hvilket de færreste ved). Hvad lavede han (find detaljer ved at søge info om ham på nettet) ? - Komiker Hvordan kan vi datere denne kilde ? - Sort/hvid. Hvordan kan vurdere denne kildes troværdighed ? Bruge hans søn som vidne.

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