...Egyptians were some of the first epidemiologists They removed the foreskin for health benefits One of the hypothesis is the schistosomiasis organism that meant uncircumcised men were more easily infected 1981 first case report of HIV, which was reported to the WHO 33 million people are currently infected with HIV HIV Virus Doesn’t infect red cells, but infects white cells Infects the system that’s supposed to defend the system AIDS Auto immune deficiency system Victims die of many different causes because they are susceptible to many different types of invasions Affects adults and leaves the very young and the very old which doesn’t help stimulate the economy HIV Fourth leading cause of mortality world wide Number 1 killer in SSA 2007, 12 million kids were orphaned by AIDS the numbers keep growing people need antiretroviral drugs for life and need to change the types of drugs Uncircumcised men had a much higher rate of vascularized STDs, such as syphilis One of the first physicians to make the connection determined that a lesion on the penis meant that there was a venue for the disease to spread HIV was most prevalent in countries without the majority of men circumcised -> circumcision helped protect men from contracting HIV There were three randomized trials – 2 sponsored by NIH Orange farm in South Africa Half of men circumcised, half are not 60% in reduction in the risk of acquiring...
Words: 1177 - Pages: 5
...HIV prevention in Africa A continuing rise in the number of HIV infected people is not inevitable. There is growing evidence that prevention efforts can be effective, and this includes initiatives in some of the most heavily affected countries. One new study in Zambia has shown success in prevention efforts. The study reported that urban men and women are less sexually active, that fewer had multiple partners and that condoms were used more consistently. This is in line with findings that HIV prevalence has declined significantly among 15-29 year-old urban women (down to 24.1% in 1999 from 28.3% in 1996). Although these rates are still unacceptably high, this drop has prompted a hope that, if Zambia continues this response, it could become the second African country to reverse a devastating epidemic. This suggests that awareness campaigns and prevention programs are now starting to work. But a major challenge is to sustain and build on such uncertain success. What form should AIDS education take? Peer education A social form of education without classrooms or notebooks, where people are educated outside a 'school' environment but still have the opportunity to ask questions. Most peer education focuses on providing information about HIV transmission, answering questions and handing out condoms to people in a workplace, perhaps in a bar, or where a group of women gather to wash clothes. Most peer educators make contact with their target audience at least...
Words: 832 - Pages: 4
...Tripti; COH/200301; Total nos of Pages: 7; COH 200301 Potential impact of early antiretroviral therapy on transmission David Paoa, Deenan Pillayb,c and Martin Fishera HIV/GUM Research Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, Department of Infection, University College London Medical School and cCentre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, UK b a Correspondence to Deenan Pillay, Centre for Virology (Bloomsbury), Windeyer Building, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK Tel: +44 20 7679 9482; fax: +44 20 7580 5896; e-mail: d.pillay@ucl.ac.uk Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 2009, 4:000–000 Purpose of review In this review, we will discuss the potential of early highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV on an individual and population level. We will focus on the biological plausibility and behavioural factors associated with HAART use and interventions that might influence such a strategy. Recent findings Empiric and phylogenetic studies support the view that recent HIV infection is a highly infectious disease stage. Evidence increasingly demonstrates that individuals on fully suppressive HAART are significantly less likely to transmit HIV to sexual partners and some even suggest that such individuals cannot transmit HIV. Changes in risk behaviour are associated with the availability of HAART but behavioural studies offer contradictory observations regarding the direction and magnitude of...
Words: 3950 - Pages: 16
...Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic by working alongside the communities on a state and national level. They are also partners with other countries abroad in research, surveillance and evaluation of activities among the world’s population. The activities monitored are critical to CDC due to the estimated 1.1 million Americans infected with the disease. Some of these infected populations do not know they are infected and the number increases each year. CDC’s programs help improve the medical treatment, care and outside support for individuals living with the disease. HIV/AIDS control factors and prevention is focused on individuals that do not have the virus. CDC wants to prevent the spread of the HIV/AIDS by placing the emphasis on preventing the transmission by infected people. “Ongoing, brief prevention counseling is a cost-effective measure that can be incorporated into routine care for individuals living with HIV. Prevention IS Care therefore includes tools for medical care providers to use on a daily basis with those patients who are living with HIV. Informational posters and patient education brochures develop patients' knowledge about HIV, facilitate open dialogue and information exchange, and strengthen patients' ability to make healthy choices. And continuing education opportunities are included for medical care providers to update and add depth to their knowledge and skills” (DHSS, 2012). The Prevention Method’s of CDC towards...
Words: 586 - Pages: 3
...Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic by working alongside the communities on a state and national level. They are also partners with other countries abroad in research, surveillance and evaluation of activities among the world’s population. The activities monitored are critical to CDC due to the estimated 1.1 million Americans infected with the disease. Some of these infected populations do not know they are infected and the number increases each year. CDC’s programs help improve the medical treatment, care and outside support for individuals living with the disease. HIV/AIDS control factors and prevention is focused on individuals that do not have the virus. CDC wants to prevent the spread of the HIV/AIDS by placing the emphasis on preventing the transmission by infected people. “Ongoing, brief prevention counseling is a cost-effective measure that can be incorporated into routine care for individuals living with HIV. Prevention IS Care therefore includes tools for medical care providers to use on a daily basis with those patients who are living with HIV. Informational posters and patient education brochures develop patients' knowledge about HIV, facilitate open dialogue and information exchange, and strengthen patients' ability to make healthy choices. And continuing education opportunities are included for medical care providers to update and add depth to their knowledge and skills” (DHSS, 2012). The Prevention Method’s of CDC towards...
Words: 570 - Pages: 3
...Running head: NURSING, AN INTEGRAL PART OF HEALTH PROMOTION Nursing, an Integral Part of Health Promotion Grand Canyon University: NRS 429V September 18, 2011 Nursing, an Integral Part of Health Promotion Introduction Everyone in this global society has rights. All humans are born free regardless of race, color or creed. Everyone is entitled to these freedoms. In the pursuit of these freedoms, health is encompassed under these dignities. Everyone on this planet has the right to be healthy. This paper will examine the nurses’ role in helping people attain these rights. What and Why of Health Promotion? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as “a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1998, p. 1). Health promotion is the process of empowering people to expand control over, and to improve their health. Health promotion is an encompassing process- it is social, it is political, it is economical, it is ever-changing. It not only embodies measures focused on strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals to attain their inalienable right to attain optimal health, but it is also directed towards changing global perspective as well. Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over the factors of health, thereby improving their health (WHO, p. 1). Nursing Roles and Responsibilities Involvement is essential to sustain health promotion...
Words: 1113 - Pages: 5
...Running head: HEALTH PROMOTION Health Promotion In Nursing H. Rachelle Thompson Grand Canyon University NRS-429V Family Centered Health Promotion August 12, 2012 Health Promotion in Nursing Health promotion comes in many forms and it can be done almost anywhere, in the community, at home, and on even larger scales across the nation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss health promotion as it is defined, as well as it’s purpose, the differing types of health promotion, and the implementation of health promotion, giving consideration to the role of the nurse. Health Promotion With the changing healthcare system and the rise in chronic illnesses and non-communicable diseases there is an increased need to educate the community and patients individually in order to reach optimal levels of wellness. Health promotion occurs not just on the small-scale, by holding yearly flu clinics at the health department, but also on the national scale, such as the push for lifestyle modifications in the fight on obesity that has become politicized (Carter et al., 2011). Health promotion itself can be difficult to define (Peckham, Hann, & Boyce, 2011), but according to Jadelhack the definition of health promotion is “the process which enables people to improve control over the determinants of health and as a result to improve their own health” (2012, p. 65). Purpose The goal of health promotion is to give individuals the knowledge and power to control certain aspects...
Words: 1231 - Pages: 5
...Running head: HEALTH PROMOTION 1 Levels of Health Promotion Latha Verson Grand Canyon University Health promotion, also known as prevention, has always been prevalent in health care. It has always been considered better to stop an illness from occurring rather than treating it once it has. But that is not the extent of health promotion. Health promotion is the provision of information and education of individuals and families (Unknown, 2012). As stated by the World Health Organization, health promotion seeks to give an individual control over their health. In health promotion, the actions taken are not limited to just individuals, but also extends to the community, environment etc (Unknown, 2012). Prevention also involves taking control of the determinants of health like the community, economics, environment (Unknown, 2012). Every state, county, town, has its own different approaches to health promotion. But mainly, they revolve around improving personal health, clean environment, strong community and better personal skills (Unknown, 2012). Health promotion is extremely important in the nursing field. Nurses are usually the primary care givers in a medical setting and have direct contact with the patients. Nurses can spread the message that prevention is better than the cure. They can bring across the point that prevention is more cost effective and can provide a better life for patients. They can help to prevent diseases from occurring and spreading and can advocate...
Words: 1152 - Pages: 5
...South America and the Caribbean. According to the Census Bureau in 2010, 36% of America is part of a racial or ethnic minority group, and 17% of the total population of the United States of America is Hispanic (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). This minority group’s health has many factors affecting it, and like the rest of America the top causes of death are cancer and heart disease. Unlike the rest of America though, another leading cause of death is from injuries (CDC, 2014). Socioeconomically, Hispanic men tend to have higher risk jobs than white men, with more chance of injury, and the homicide rate for Hispanic men is three times that of white men (Escarce, Morales & Rumbaut, 2006). The population of new immigrants is usually part of the lower rungs of our socio economic system. Migrating for work, and living in poverty, they have little to no political power and there is often a fear of those in control (Page-Reeves, Niforatos, Mishra, Regino, Gingrich & Bulten, 2013). In 2012, 23% of students in elementary and high school were Hispanic, but less than 7% were college students (CDC, 2014). Education needs to be prioritized in these communities, including health care education. In 2010, one-fifth of all new cases of HIV were Hispanics, which is three times higher than for non-Hispanic cases (CDC, 2014). Access to health care is a much-needed resource. Geographically a health clinic might be too far to travel to, and if a family doesn’t have transportation...
Words: 1099 - Pages: 5
...Tertiary prevention will include legal frameworks for imposing limitations to physical access to victim and punitive measures in case of violation. The solution of the problem of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence is clearly multidisciplinary and multi angle and several bodies have to sit around the table for a coordinated action seeking to end violence. For a short term effect it may appear that focusing on the woman or victim will have more impact however looking at the long term shift in behaviors, these interventions will be weighted...
Words: 1149 - Pages: 5
...Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention Interventions: Haiti 2010 *Primary prevention nursing interventions: Primary prevention and nursing interventions include: the workers and volunteers receiving available, necessary and appropriate shots prior to entering Haiti. For the Haitians, immunization would also be given. This is very important against, Hepatitis, and other rare, yet deadly diseases, such as measles, mumps, rubella, and pertussis. Education regarding: safe and proper sanitation practices; hand washing and personal hygiene; maintaining trash in designated areas; staying active by volunteering/assisting and caring for other fellow Haitian children and neighbors; clearing and cleaning out clutter and using available resources to cook and keep foods in safe places that are clean; dry and free from infestations of bugs; clearing out puddles of water that attract mosquitos; and assigning an adequate amount of people per shelter or tent in order to not overcrowd any particular living/sleeping quarters; and lastly educated patients on the first sign of diarrheal disease and to seek medical attention in order to contain the disease. These prevention interventions would be started as early as the 1st phase, and throughout 5th phase. I would enroll the collaboration of the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), the Red Cross and FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). *Secondary Prevention nursing Interventions: Secondary prevention and nursing interventions...
Words: 667 - Pages: 3
...Assignment: Prevention In the ideal world substance abuse would not exist as many other debilitating diseases. However, we know we do not live in an ideal world of nonexistence. Substance abuse is just that a debilitating disease that is not just an individual disease but also a family disease. In prevention the key factors are identifying the risk factors and promoting protective factors and with that the critical age to target is youth. By substance abuse being a learned behavior, the best prevention method is to provide the tools and techniques for the youth not to look at the risk around them that can drive them to using, but to ensure nonuse. In protecting the youth from the possibility of substance use and turning into abuse, the primary level of prevention is to be utilized. In primary prevention as stated “the human services is designed to prevent a disorder, disability, or dysfunction from occurring in the first place.” (Burger, 2011) As stated above, part of the primary prevention level would be to educate on how to protect oneself from the possible risk factors that exist around the individual. This could be self esteem, emotional, friendships, peer pressure, decision making, and so on that can live youth the environment of negativity and poor learned behavior. In an act of providing the primary level of prevention with substance abuse it’s to learn how to build the self esteem, the differences between emotions, what to look for in friends, the difference...
Words: 848 - Pages: 4
...adopting cultural practices of the dominant society 10. What is assimilation? Becoming in all ways like the members of the dominant culture 11. Ethnocentrism refers to what? The view that one’s own culture’s way of doing things is best 12. What inconsistencies present a significant barrier to effective health care? Language of clients and the language of providers 13. According to Purnell and Paulanka (2008), cultural competence involves what? Cultural competence involves respecting the differences in others, including ethnicity, ethnoculture, and religious beliefs 14. What are the three levels of prevention of disease in community-based health promotion? Primary prevention – promoting healthy lifestyles though immunizations, encouraging exercise, and healthy nutrition Secondary prevention – targeting populations at rick for certain diseases Tertiary prevention...
Words: 584 - Pages: 3
...average citizen in their quest to sustain live on daily bases has little time or ability to research on health issues. This is why health promotion by health practitioners, government and non-government agencies and organizations alike must find a way to promote health for the benefit of the general public. The objective should be to promote health at primary, secondary and tertiary levels to enable us help people discover how to archive balance between activities of daily living (ADL) and to pursue state of optimal health by supporting and encouraging them to change negative and unhealthy lifestyle. Unfortunately this is not always the case as stated in a journal “Primary care professionals are in good position to readily conduct primary prevention and health promotion both in at-risk patients and in the general population as part of the comprehensive care program. However, primary care professionals show resistance to implementing these activities, citing barriers in clinical practice such as workload and lack of skills and knowledge, problems related to the professional-patient relationship and lack of confidence in the effectiveness of these interventions “(Rubio & Fernandez, 2014, p. 1) Nursing roles and responsibilities evolve in health promotion mostly in the form of educating, role models and patient advocates. The roles of nurses by virtue of their profession has placed them in the unique position of being well informed and up to date with new health issues more that...
Words: 1079 - Pages: 5
...Health Promotion Adam Elder August 15, 2014 To start let’s define primary, secondary and tertiary health promotion. “With primary health prevention the goal is to protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place. For Example, education about good nutrition, the importance of regular exercise, and the dangers of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. Secondary prevention, happen after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow the progress of disease (if possible) in its earliest stages; in the case of injury, goals include limiting long-term disability and preventing re-injury. For example, recommending regular exams and screening tests in people with known risk factors for illness. Finally Tertiary prevention; this focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems. The goals include preventing further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life. For example, cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic pain management programs and patient support groups” (Retrieved from https://www.iwh.on.ca/wrmb/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-prevention). “Health promotion is the process of enabling individuals and communities to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health” (Dawson, A., & Grill, K.). Health promotion is needed in nursing. Nurses...
Words: 873 - Pages: 4
