Writing Task 1
Exercise 1.2 - p.24

2.) If the public education fails to improve the quality of instruction in both primary and secondary schools, then it is likely that it will lose additional students to private sector in the years ahead.

Answer: Conditional

5.) it is strongly recommended that you have your house inspected for termite damage at the earliest possible opportunity.

Answer: Advice

7.) If stem-cell research is restricted, then future cures will not materialize. If future cures do not materialize, then people will die permanently. Therefore, if stem-cell research is restricted, then people will die permanently.

Answer: Hypothetical

10.) Five college student who were accused in sneaking into the Cincinnati Zoo and trying to ride the camels pleaded no contest to criminal trespass yesterday. The student scaled a fence to get into the zoo and then climbed another fence to get into the camel pit before security officials caught them, zoo officials said.

Answer: Report

11.) Mortality rates for women undergoing early abortions, where the procedure is legal, appear to be as low as or lower than the rates for normal childbirth. Consequently, any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to forgo it, has largely disappeared.

Answer: Generalization

12.) The pace of reading, clearly, depends entirely upon the reader. He may read as slowly or as rapidly as he can or wishes to read. If he does not understand something, he may stop and reread it, or go in search of elucidation before continuing. The reader can accelerate his pace when the material is easy or less than interesting, and slow down when it is difficult or absorbing. If what he reads is moving, he can put down the book for a few moments and cope with his emotions without fear of losing anything.

Answer: Loosely

13.) I'm sick and tired of living in fear. I'm tired of plastic bags and duct tape. I'm tired of alerts telling me whether or not I can walk outside. America should be a bastion of hope. Jobs, affordable health care and respect from the world. these will bring hope, and hope is what prevents terrorism.

Answer: Belief

15.) Economics is of practical value in business. an understanding of the overall operation of the economic system puts the business executive in a better position to formulate policies. The executive who understands the causes and consequence of inflation is better equipped during inflationary periods to make more intelligent decisions than otherwise

Answer: Report

18.) No business concern wants to sell on credit to a customer who will prove unable or unwilling to pay his or her account. Consequently, most business organizations include a credit department which must reach a decision on the credit worthiness of each prospective customer.

Answer: Categorical

23.) The coarsest type of humor is the practical joke: pulling away the chair from under the dignitary’s lowered bottom. The victim is perceived first as a person of consequence, then suddenly as an inert body subject to the laws of physics: authority is debunked by gravity, mind by matter; man is degraded to a mechanism.

Answer: Definition

Exercise 1.3 - p.37

1.) Because triangle a is congruent with triangle b, and triangle a is isosceles, it follows that triangle b is isosceles.

Answer: Mathematics

2.) The plaque on the leaning tower of Pisa says that Galileo performed experiments there with falling objects. It must be the case that Galileo did indeed perform those experiments there.

Answer: Sign

3.) The rainfall in Seattle has been more than 15 inches every year for the past thirty years. Therefore, the rainfall next year will probably be more than 15 inches.

Answer: Prediction

4.) No e-mail messages are eloquent creations. Some love letters are eloquent creations. Therefore, some love letters are not e-mail messages.

Answer: Categorical

5.) Amoco, Exxon, and Texaco are all listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It must be the case that all major American oil companies are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

Answer: Generalization

6.) The longer a pendulum is, the longer it takes to swing. Therefore, when the pendulum of a clock is lengthened, the clock slows down.

Answer: Mathematics

7.) Paying off terrorists in exchange for hostages is not a wise policy, since such action will only lead them to take more hostages in the future.

Answer: Causal

8.) The Matterhorn is higher than Mount Whitney, and Mount Whitney is higher than Mount Rainier. The obvious conclusion is that the Matterhorn is higher than Mount Rainier.

Answer: Generalization

9.) Although both front and rear doors were found open after the burglary, there were pry marks around the lock on the rear door and deposits of mud near the threshold. It must be the case that the thief entered through the rear door and left through the front.

Answer: Causal

10.) The Encyclopedia Britannica has an article on symbiosis. The Encyclopedia Americana, like the Britannica, is an excellent reference work. Therefore, the Americana probably also has an article on symbiosis.

Answer: Analogy