...shock x Immune mediated organ injury x Absence of any other known cause for such clinical abnormalities Sepsis Systemic response to infection manifested by two or more of the following: • Temperature > 38°C or < 36°C x Raised heart rate > 90/min • Tachypnoea (respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min or hyperventilation (Paco2 < 4.25 kPa)) • White blood cell count > 12 × 109/l or < 4 × 109/l or the presence of more than 10% immature neutrophils Septic shock Sepsis induced hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg or a reduction of >40 mm Hg from baseline) despite adequate fluid resuscitation Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Presence of altered organ function in an acutely ill patient such that homoeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention Pathogenesis Systemic sepsis may complicate an obvious primary infection such as community acquired pneumonia or a ruptured abdominal viscus. Frequently, however, an infective source cannot be identified and the type of organism cultured may provide no clue to its anatomical origin....
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...Concept of homoeostasis The importance of homoeostatic control Homoeostasis is the regulation and maintain of the body's internal environment. The levels need to be controlled so that the body can function properly, for example enzymes work at optimum temperatures/ pH levels around the body, so in order to function the internal environments must be controlled. Levels which are controlled tend to oscillate between high and low about the normal/ set point. Blood glucose levels: It is detected by the alpha and beta cells in the pancreas that the normal glucose levels are between 70-110 mg. When the blood glucose has been risen, this is detected by beta cells and they become activated, they secrete insulin which inhibits the alpha cells (negative feedback) and once it has reached its target cells it acts by causing cells to take up more blood glucose from the blood and can increase metabolism so the glucose is used. Glucose can also be converted into glycogen where it is used as an energy store. All of this lowers blood glucose levels. If the blood glucose levels get too low, alpha cells detect this and secrete glucagon; this inhibits the beta cells and causes glycogen to be converted into glucose. It can also turn fat into glucose to raise blood glucose levels. Uncontrolled regulation of blood glucose levels is known as diabetes mellitus, high blood sugar is known as hyperglycaemia, and opposite being hypoglycaemia. Heart Rate: Your heart rate increases when you exercise...
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...Unit 5Anatomy and physiology for Health and Social Care P5Explain the concept of homeostasis with reference to the control of heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood glucose levels. In this assignment I will be explaining the concept of homeostasis with reference to the control of heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and bloody glucose levels. Firstly, I will start this assignment off by explaining what homeostasis is. Homeostasis is the tendency toward a relatively stable equipoise between symbiotic elements, especially as maintained by functional processes. http://www.google.co.uk/#hl=en&q=homeostasis&tbs=dfn:1&tbo=u&sa=X&ei=sIhIUfPzGeiW0QWa5oHACw&sqi=2&ved=0C CwQkQ4&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=4e753e884ed8bf36&biw=884&bih=537 A simple illustration of homeostasis is when we get really cold in winter, our body starts to shiver and by shivering the body maintains heat and warm us up. Another example may be that an individual may feel hot from doing an intense workout or simply walking in really hot heat, our bodies maintain homeostasis by sweating, this helps us to cool down and maintain body temperature. Negative feedback is the mechanism in which the body sustains conditions within specific perimeters. The body does this by conflicting an alteration that deviates from the norm. In other words, deviation produces negative responses to counteract the deviation. Metabolism is the amount of all the chemical reactions occurring in a specific order...
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...Biophysics, and Cell Respiration Sian Hall What is biophysics? To answer this question we first must explore biology, and what exactly it entails. Biology is the study of living organisms, with many different, interacting fields. Biology is an important branch of science, as it is essentially the study of life in the world around us. Without biology we would not be able to examine the growth, structure, origin, function, evolution or distribution of living things. Four principles form the basis of biology; cell theory, evolution, genetics, and homoeostasis. Physics, on the other hand, is the branch of science that explores the nature and properties of energy and matter, including mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, electricity,...
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...The Purpose of Physiology • What is the evolutionary goal of every biological organism? Reproduction. • What must every organism do to accomplish this goal? Survive. • How do organisms maximize their chances of survival? Maintain homoeostasis. Homeostasis • Every physiological system is aimed at preserving one thing: Homeostasis. • Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal environment. Why homeostasis? Entropy: The tendency for all matter and energy in the universe to evolve toward a state of inert uniformity. Homeostasis: The tendency of biology to fight entropy to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. How is homeostasis maintained? Energy needs to be added to the system. What does that energy do? It fuels physiological machines that are built to keep aspects of the body constant. Maintenance = Homeostasis Maintenance Physiology How is homeostasis maintained? Control theory: A control center senses when an physiological condition is out of balance and stimulates an effector organ to return the condition to the normal, optimal level. Homeostasis: Recap Why maintain homeostasis? To preserve physiological function, in order to increase survivorship, in order to increase reproductive fitness… Evolution Shapes Physiology • Evolution is itself a process that allows populations of organisms to adapt to their environments. Evolution and Genetics • Evolution is defined as: changes...
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...Tissues Squamous Epithelial Tissue Squamous epithelial tissues are thin and flat, scale-like in appearance, tend to have larger, elliptically-shaped nuclei. Squamous epithelial tissue are used for filtration and diffusion. Due to their simple and thin construct, they allow for easy transmembrane movement. Squamous epithelium is found in locations where rapid diffusion or filtration take place. In the kidney, simple squamous epithelium lines the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus. Filtration and diffusion is instrumental to the kidney's function, as the kidney filters about 180 litres of blood per day. Simple squamous epithelium also makes up the alveoli in the lungs, where rapid gas exchange occurs, as oxygen enters the bloodstream through alveolar blood vessels and carbon dioxide exits as waste. Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue These tissues are equally wide as they are tall, creating a square profile with a spherical nucleus at its centre. Cuboidal tissues are able to provide a layer of protection from abrasion, foreign particles, invading bacteria and excessive water loss. In the kidney these distinct surfaces allow the simple cuboidal cells to facilitate in the absorption and transportation of substances that are filtered by the kidney. In the proximal convoluted tubules, the apical surface of the epithelium is lined with microvilli, creating a brush border, giving it a fuzzy appearance. The microvilli can aid in helping to transport material by “brushing” the molecules...
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...phenomenon in its entirety, we have to observe it also from a higher level: a holistic perspective (Bertalanffy, 1968). Systems approach administration is described as a system comprising subsystem, structure, people, action and interaction that enable it (administration or organization) to perform certain functions. Every system influences its subsystems and is also influenced by its subsystems. This system rejects the closed system approach of an organization or Classical theory of organization where it was stated that an organization is independent of the environment and society and is not connected to it. It states that the organization and environment work together and have frequent exchanges in order to adjust and in the end there is homoeostasis (stable state of equilibrium). It also rejects the theory of the Classical theory of taking decisions which are best and there is one best way of doing things, it rather supports the concept of equifinality (the property of allowing or having the same effect or result from different events), that means that anything done or decision taken in an organization, no matter how it is done but the intention should be the same, of getting the work done and achieving the goal, then the end results will always be the same or as desired. David Easton posits that policy making and decision making are closely related and adopts the systems approach to analyze public policy making and implementation process in a dynamic political system and the cycle...
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...Nutrition: A Handbook for Community Nurses JUDY BUTTRISS SARA STANNER AMANDA WYNNE WHURR PUBLISHERS Nutrition A Handbook for Community Nurses This page intentionally left blank Nutrition A Handbook for Community Nurses JUDY BUTTRISS PhD, SRD, RPHNutr Science Director, British Nutrition Foundation AMANDA WYNNE BSc, MSc, PGDipDiet, SRD and SARA STANNER BSc(Hons), MSc, RPHNutr Nutrition Scientist British Nutrition Foundation SERIES EDITOR MARILYN EDWARDS BSC(Hons), SRN, FETC Specialist Practitioner, General Practice Nursing, Bilbrook Medical Centre, Staffordshire W WHURR PUBLISHERS LONDON AND PHILADELPHIA © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd First published 2001 by Whurr Publishers Ltd 19b Compton Terrace London N1 2UN England and 325 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia PA 19106 USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Whurr Publishers Limited. This publication is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed upon any subsequent purchaser. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue...
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...Study Guide Essentials of Psychology By Robert G. Turner Jr., Ph.D. About the Author Robert G. Turner Jr., Ph.D. has more than 20 years of teaching and education-related experience. He has taught seventh-grade science, worked as a curriculum developer for the Upward Bound Program, and taught sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and honors seminars at the university level. As a professional writer, he has written nonfiction books, journal and magazine articles, novels, and stage plays. Contents Contents INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS LESSON ASSIGNMENTS LESSON 1: PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF THE MIND LESSON 2: THE MIND AT WORK LESSON 3: MOTIVATION, EMOTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PERSONALITY RESEARCH PROJECT LESSON 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS LESSON 5: PSYCHOLOGY FOR TWO OR MORE CASE STUDIES SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 1 7 9 43 75 117 127 147 167 171 iii YOUR COURSE Instructions Instructions Welcome to your course, Essentials of Psychology. You’re entering a course of study designed to help you better understand yourself and others. For that reason, you can think of this course as practical. It should be of use to you in living your life and reaching the goals you set for yourself. You’ll use two main resources for your course work: this study guide and your textbook, Psychology and Your Life, by Robert S. Feldman. OBJECTIVES When you complete this course, you’ll be able to ■ Describe the science and methodologies of psychology in the context of its...
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...Business and management terms dictionary 21-Gun Salute - Traditional honour given to royalty and heads of state, derived from the old signal of peaceful intent, when multiple firing practically removed capability for immediate threat due to re-loading time. 24-Carat/Karat - The purest form of gold (karat is US-English spelling, too soft for jewellery, hence gold jewellery is made of 22-carat, 18-carat, or 9-carat gold, etc., in which other metals such as copper are mixed. Carat is a measure of purity in which 24 parts equate (virtually) to 100% gold. 18-carat is therefore 75% gold. Less than 10-carat gold is generally not sold as gold. The carat measure of diamonds is different, for which carat is a measure of weight (1 carat = 200mg). 24-hour Society - Refers to a way of life available to many in the modern world in which people can work socialize, shop, bank, etc., 24 hours a day. The phenomenon has caused significant new thinking in business, management, marketing, etc., and continues to do so. ...
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