...On the State of IP Spoofing Defense TOBY EHRENKRANZ and JUN LI University of Oregon 6 IP source address spoofing has plagued the Internet for many years. Attackers spoof source addresses to mount attacks and redirect blame. Researchers have proposed many mechanisms to defend against spoofing, with varying levels of success. With the defense mechanisms available today, where do we stand? How do the various defense mechanisms compare? This article first looks into the current state of IP spoofing, then thoroughly surveys the current state of IP spoofing defense. It evaluates data from the Spoofer Project, and describes and analyzes host-based defense methods, router-based defense methods, and their combinations. It further analyzes what obstacles stand in the way of deploying those modern solutions and what areas require further research. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.0 [Computer-Communication Networks]: General— Security and protection General Terms: Performance, Security Additional Key Words and Phrases: IP spoofing, spoofing defense, spoofing packet, packet filtering ACM Reference Format: Ehrenkranz, T. and Li, J. 2009. On the state of IP spoofing defense. ACM Trans. Internet Technol. 9, 2, Article 6 (May 2009), 29 pages. DOI = 10.1145/1516539.1516541 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1516539.1516541 1. INTRODUCTION In today’s Internet, attackers can forge the source address of IP packets to both maintain their anonymity and redirect the blame for attacks. When attackers inject...
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...ABSTRACT Without TCP/IP, there would be no internet. TCP and IP are two separate data communication and transmission protocols. They are considered the core protocols of TCP/IP network model. The model encompass four layers; application layer, host-to-host transport layer, Internet layer, and network access layer. Each layer process data that it receives and push up and down the model layers according to its intended function. This paper will provide an analysis of the layered protocol structure of TCP/IP networks. Keywords: TCP/IP networks model, application layer, host-to-host transport layer, Internet layer, and network access layer. INTRODUCTION All internet services that we use and rely on in our daily life are based on TCP/IP networks....
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...in the risk management process (eHow, 2011). A Risk Assessment is periodic assessment of the risk and magnitude of the harm that could result from the unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction of information and information systems that support the operations and assets of the organization. A risk assessment should include a consideration of the major factors in risk management: the value of the system or application, threats, vulnerabilities, and the effectiveness of current or proposed safeguards. Many organizations perform risk assessments to measure the amount of risks that could affect their organization, and identify ways to minimize these risks before a major disaster occurs. Department of Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) follows guidelines and policies governed by processes by which the organization assesses and manages exposure to risks. In this paper the subject to identify is the risks and potential effects associated with the areas of the organization pertaining to security, auditing, and disaster recovery. Security is divided in three major areas: Physical security includes access to the building, offices, and the rooms housing the organization’s servers and other critical computing devices. External threats to the organization’s computing network such as...
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...entire process by which viruses cause disease. Viral disease is a sum of the effects on the host of virus replication and of the immune response. Interest in viral pathogenesis stems from the desire to treat or eliminate viral diseases that affect humans. This goal is achieved in part by identifying the viral and host genes that influence the production of disease. Progress in understanding the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis comes largely from studies of animal models. The mouse has become a particularly fruitful host for studying viral pathogenesis because the genome of this animal can be manipulated readily. In some cases, non-human hosts can be infected with the same viruses that infect humans, but close relatives of human viruses must often be used. Viral Entry Three requirements must be satisfied to ensure successful infection in an individual host: • Sufficient virus must be available to initiate infection • Cells at the site of infection must be accessible, susceptible, and permissive for the virus • Local host anti-viral defense systems must be absent or initially ineffective. To infect its host, a virus must first enter cells at a body surface. Common sites of entry include the mucosal linings of the respiratory, alimentary, and urogenital tracts, the outer surface of the eye (conjunctival membranes or cornea), and the skin (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Sites of viral entry into the host. MID 31 V. Racaniello page 2 Respiratory Tract The most common route of viral entry...
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...a) Infectivity – the pathogen ability to survive, and multiply (infects) in a host cell b) Invasiveness – the ability to degrade and migrate through the extracellular matrix and invade the host cells. c) Virulence – the ability of the pathogen to defeat the host defenses which is to increase the severity and also the longevity of the symptoms d) Pathogenicity – the capacity to bring the disease situation. Pathogenicity is the sum of the effects of the destruction and obtrusiveness e) Host range – which has a pathogen that can contaminate. A few pathogens have certain host range. In this manner, the disease is restricted to one host. Different pathogens have wide host extents, and they can bring about illness in numerous species f) Horizontal...
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...flagella and pili or fimbriae. Bacterial surface components may have a primary biological function that has nothing to do with path ogenicity. However, there are endless examples wherein a bacterial surface component plays an indispensable role in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. Bacterial structures may act as permeability barriers that allow selective passage of nutrients and exclusion of harmful substances; adhesions used to attach or adhere to specific surfaces or tissues; enzymes to mediate specific reactions on the cell surface important in the survival of the organism; protective structures against phagocytic engulfment or killing; antigenic disguises to bypass activation oh host immune defenses; endotoxins, generally cell wall components, that cause an inflammatory response in the host; “sensing proteins” that can respond to temperature, osmolality, salinity, light, oxygen, genome of the cell that will cause expression of some determinant of virulence. In medical situations, the surface components of bacterial cells are major determinants of virulence for many pathogens. Structurally, a bacterial cell has three grchitectual reglens: append ages in the form of flagella and fimbriae; a cell envelope consisting of a capsule, cell wall and plasma membrane; and a cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome (DNA)...
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...Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice Brent Weaver Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice, CJA/423 Torria Richardson 5-30-11 Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice Society has shown racial diversity among communities. Racial disparity can be found in the criminal justice system. A system designed to be fair and equal to individuals is not existent. Racial diversity can be found at the time of arrest to the time of sentencing. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the diversity in sentencing. Case studies will be discussed throughout this paper. Leaders of criminal justice are not exempt of racial diversity. Racial diversity has changed over the years, but racial diversity remains strong in sentencing minorities. Diversity is not biased of offenses. Racial diversity can be seen in the smallest of charges, such as a traffic stop to the most serious sentence of the death penalty. Most of the sentences are because profiling an individual of minority. African Americans are likely to be the targeted racial group. Hispanic individuals are likely to be another racial group profiled for harsher sentencing. Racial disparity in the criminal justice system should always be considered a violation of ideas of the forefather’s of this nation as equal treatment under the laws of the United States Constitution. Many reasons for racial disparity can be identified in the sentencing process. The sentencing process is a difficult process, and adding racial bias may create a...
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...PA r T O N e Foundations of Network Security Fundamentals of Network Security 2 Firewall Fundamentals 43 VPN Fundamentals 79 Network Security Threats and Issues 111 CHAPTer Fundamentals of Network Security 1 C OMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY is very complex. New threats from inside and outside networks appear constantly. Just as constantly, the security community is always developing new products and procedures to defend against threats of the past and unknowns of the future. As companies merge, people lose their jobs, new equipment comes on line, and business tasks change, people do not always do what we expect. Network security configurations that worked well yesterday, might not work quite as well tomorrow. In an ever-changing business climate, whom should you trust? Has your trust been violated? How would you even know? Who is attempting to harm your network this time? Because of these complex issues, you need to understand the essentials of network security. This chapter will introduce you to the basic elements of network security. Once you have a firm grasp of these fundamentals, you will be well equipped to put effective security measures into practice on your organization’s network. While this textbook focuses on general network security, including firewalls and virtual private networks (VPNs), many of the important basics of network security are introduced in this chapter. In Chapters 1–4, network security...
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...disease (Praveen). Therefore, this is a very critical period in which the host must develop the right kind of commensal microbiota to maintain a stable, homeostatic...
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...Choose two of the defenses or syndrome outlined in this chapter and explain why you think they should or should not be accepted as a defenses in criminal law cases. The insanity defense states that you committed the alleged crime, but had no knowledge of the act that were committed at the time was right or wrong. I believe it should be allowed as a defense in criminal law cases, but due to the difficulty in proving beyond the reasonable doubt that the criminal was insane during the commitment of their crimes and the ethical implications of allowing disturbed criminals to avoid imprisonment. But I also agree that individuals should not be punished for criminal acts if they lack certain characteristics that relate to the ability to engage in rational thinking, including wrongfulness and consequences of their actions, or control their behavior. Those psychopathic traits may be inherited, that has set the stage for arguments that even those who commit the worst of crimes should not be held responsible for them. After all, they didn’t choose their genetic makeup or to be born without the capacity for understanding. When it has been successful, the apparent key to the success of these defenses lies in the concrete and observable nature of the abnormality: juries can see the tumor on a brain scan, and may be presented with evidence that the criminal behavior did not occur before the injury or that it stops after treatment. Although, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is stated to be...
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...Definitions 1 1.3 Writing Conventions 3 1.4 STIG Distribution 3 1.5 Document Revisions 4 1.6 INFOCON 5 2. ENCLAVE SECURITY GUIDANCE 7 2.1 Traditional Security 7 2.2 Enclave Perimeter Security 7 2.2.1 Enclave Perimeter Network Intrusion Detection System (IDS) 8 2.2.2 Router Access Controls 8 2.2.3 Enclave Firewall 9 2.2.4 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Encryption 9 2.2.5 Local Enclave LAN IDS 10 2.2.6 Modem Pools (Dial-in Access) 10 2.2.7 Content Security Checking 10 2.2.8 Intrusion and Misuse Deterrence System (IMDS) 11 2.3 Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) 11 2.4 Computing Environment 11 2.4.1 Operating System (OS) Security 12 2.4.2 Host-based IDS 12 2.4.3 Content Security Checking 13 2.5 Application Security 13 2.5.1 World Wide Web (WWW) Applications 13 2.5.2 E-mail Systems 15 2.5.3 Mobile Code 15 2.5.4 Database Applications 17 2.5.5 Domain Name Service (DNS) 17 2.6 Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) 18 3. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS 21 4. INFORMATION ASSURANCE VULNERABILITY ALERT (IAVA) PROCESS 23 5. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT GUIDANCE 25 5.1 Purpose 25 5.2 Recommendations 25 5.3 Protocols 25 5.4 Operating Systems (OSs) 25 5.5 Encryption 26 5.6 General Considerations 26 5.7 Software Development References 26 5.7.1 Microsoft Windows NT OS 27 5.7.2 UNIX OS 27 ...
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...Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the Varicella-Zoster virus. It is transmitted from person to person by direct touching the blisters, saliva, or mucus of an infected person and through air by coughing and sneezing. Chickenpox is characterized by an itchy rash on the face, scalp, and trunk with pink spots and tiny fluid- filled blisters that dry and become scabs four to five days later. The incubation of chickenpox is ten to twenty-one days and the disease is contagious 1 to two days before the appearance of the rash until the blisters have dried and become scabs ( CDC, 2011). Approximately four million people get this disease every year and it is commonly seen in children and mos frequently in the late winter and early spring. The symptoms includes a sudden onset of low-grade fever, feeling tiredness, and weak followed by itchy blister like rash all over the body. The other symptoms are low appetite, muscle and joint pain, feeling ill, and it appears fourteen to sixteen days after the exposure to someone with chickenpox. Mild or asymptomatic infections occur in children but it is more serious in infants and adults. Chickenpox is life threatening to infants and adults and those who have impaired immune system ( Maurer & Smith, p.212, 2012). Fetal effects are rare congenital symptoms which presence as congenital vericella syndrome with infection during the first trimester of pregnancy, low birth weight, extremity atrophy, scarring of the skin...
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...communications link between other machines. This masquerade aims to fool other machines on the network into accepting the impostor as an original, either to lure the other machines into sending it data or to allow it to alter data. The meaning of“spoof” here is not “a lighthearted parody,” but rather “a deception intended to trick one into accepting as genuine something that is actually false.” Such deception can have grave consequences because notions of trust are central to many networking systems.In reality, the attacker is fooling (spoofing) the distant computer into believing that they are a legitimate member of the network. The goal of the attack is to establish a connection that will allow the attacker to gain root access to the host, allowing the creation of a backdoor...
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...HOW COMPUTER SAVVY ARE YOU? Computer Savvy knowing what computers can do and what they can’t knowing how they can benefit you and how they can harm you knowing when you can solve computer problems and when you have to call for help Other practical payoffs: Know how to make better buying decisions Know how to fix ordinary computer problems Know how to upgrade your equipment & integrate it with new products Know how to use the internet most effectively Know how to protect yourself against online villains Know what kinds of computer uses can advance career INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information. TWO PARTS OF IT COMPUTER – is a programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data–raw facts and figures–and processes, or manipulates, it into information we can use. COMMUNICATIONS – also called telecommunications technology, consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for communication over long distances. Effects of IT to: Education When properly integrated into curriculum and classroom it can: a. Allow students to personalize their education b. Automate many tedious and route tasks c. Reduce teacher’s workload HEALTH Computer Technology is radically changing the tools of medicine. It helps free medical workers for more critical tasks Telemedicine – medical care delivered via telecommunications Robots like da Vinci surgical...
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...one of the fastest growing companies here in the Charleston, SC area for the past few years. SAIC is a FORTUNE 500® scientific, engineering and technology applications company that uses its deep domain knowledge to solve problems of vital importance to the nation and the world, in national security, energy and the environment, critical infrastructure, and health. The Company's approximately 41,000 employees serve customers in the U.S. Department of Defense, the intelligence community, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, other U.S. Government civil agencies and selected commercial markets. Headquartered in McLean, Va., SAIC had annual revenues of approximately $10.6 billion for its fiscal year ended January 31, 2012. (About SAIC 2012) SAIC is rank number 5 on the Top 100 government contractors list of Washington Technology; with $4.1 billion in government contracts revenue and $1.4 billion in civilian contracts revenue and approximately 41,000 employees worldwide. SAIC is the principal defense contractor for Joint Intelligence Operations Capability-Iraq (JIOC-I), a capability that provides military forces with access to critical intelligence while it has maximum value, and visualization applications that highlight locations and possible vulnerabilities of adversaries across multiple theaters of operation. The company also has led the way in homeland security and public safety, developing the Integrated Container Inspection System (ICIS) to examine...
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