...The article on cold plasma and how its used and created is very interesting, helpful, and informational. It was interesting because not only did the article give facts about the cold plasma but also described what devices uses it, from magentas to circuit boards. Helpful and informational because it tells you about the pros and cons of creating cold plasma, and gives information about hot plasma. For example hot plasma is as hot as lightning. where as cold plasma has a temperature of 65 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The article also talks about the storage of the cold plasma. Its stored in a housing unit having a high voltage electrical inlet port and a gas compartment having a gas inlet port and a gas outlet port. The embodiment also has a modular electrode disposed within the gas compartment, wherein the modular electrode is coupled to the high voltage electrical inlet port. But with creating and storing cold plasma the exhibited electrode degradation and overheating difficulties through continuous device operation. The process conditions for enabling a dense cold plasma electron population without electrode degradation and/or overheating are difficult to achieve. The quality of this article is well put together and very informational; because it not only tells you everything there is to know about cold plasma, but it also gives what they do and how its stored. and also the tools and items that use cold plasma. Which is very helpful and makes one understand the article more...
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...HEAT 4.1 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 1. Define: The measure of the degree of hotness of an object. (a) Temperature Measured in SI unit Kelvin, K A hot object is at a higher temperature than a cold object. Form of energy, measured in Joules, J (b) Heat Heat is transferred from hotter object (higher temperature) to colder object (lower temperature) When an object is heated, it will absorb heat energy and the temperature will increase. When an object is cooled, it will release heat energy and the temperature will decrease. (c) Thermal Two objects are in thermal contact when heat energy contact can be transferred between them. (d)Heat transfer When two objects with different degrees of hotness come into thermal contact, heat energy is transferred between the two objects. (e) Mechanism of Thermal Equilibrium Energy is transferred at a faster rate from the hotter object to the colder object. Energy is also transferred from the colder object to the hotter one, but at a slower rate. There is a net flow of energy from the hotter object to the colder object. (f) Thermal When two objects are in thermal equilibrium, there is Equilibrium no net flow of heat between them. Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature 60 The hotter object cools down while the colder object warms up . After some time, energy is transferred at the same rate between the two objects. There is no net heat transfer between the objects. The two objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium...
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...Module 6 – Written Assignment – Analysis of a Specific Medical Advancement – Jeffrey Fischbein – 2/11/14 Rocket-Powered Prosthetic Arm We have all heard the cliché “you don’t appreciate what you have until it’s gone”. For some it can be a materialistic thing as a car or a cellphone. Others are boyfriends or girlfriends that recently broken up. But for some, it can be something much more than that. Something that is more personal to them. To others it can be a limb that was lost from war, an accident, and diseases such as diabetes. We can only imagine on how hard life can be without the use of our hands. Unfortunately it is a brutal reality to others who do live day by day with only one or no arms at all. Prosthetic arms have very limited actions as some don’t bend with just a hook at the end of it. Some of the other more advanced prosthetic arms only bend and move from two places, the elbow and the wrist. With today’s technology increasingly advancing, and with the help of a university professor, the six million dollar man with robotic limbs is not too far from becoming a reality. Professor Michael Goldfarb from University Vanderbilt and his team have developed what looks to be the beginning of new prosthetic arms to be human like and very functional. “The prototype can lift (curl) about 20 to 25 pounds – three to four times more than current commercial arms – and can do so three to four times faster. "That means it has about 10 times as much power as other arms despite...
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...Expansion Most substances expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled. Heat causes expansion because it increases the vibrations of the atoms or molecules of a substance. The increased vibration forces the atoms or molecules further apart and the substance becomes larger, i.e. expands. When the substance cools down, it becomes smaller, i.e. contracts. Expansion and Contraction of Solids Solids expand in all directions when heated but the amount of expansion is usually very small. [pic] The above experiments show that: after heating, the metal expands and will not fit into the gauge in either length or diameter; after heating, the ring expands an will let the ball pass through it; when the metal rod is heated, the pointer is pushed to the right indicating expansion. Force of Expansion and Contraction If there is an obstruction to the free movement of an expanding or contracting body, very large forces may be set up. These forces can be useful but they can be destructive as well. The steel bar in Figure 2 is held by a cast iron pin at one end. When the bar is heated, it expands and the nut is tightened to ensure the rod is firmly held. The rod is then allowed to cool snapping the pin as it contracts. [pic] Expansion of Various Solids When rods of the same length but different substances are heated through the same increase in temperature, they expand by different amounts. Table 1 shows the expansion of metre –long rods of...
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...atmosphere on a cool day, 16˚C. How many calories of heat * energy must the iron ball absorb to reach the temperature of your body, 37˚C? Given: The * specific heat capacity of iron is 0.460J/gK. * 4. How many kilocalories of heat energy are required to heat all of the aluminum in a roll of * aluminum foil, 500g, from room temperature25˚C to the temperature of a hot oven * 250˚C? Given: The specific heat capacity of aluminum is 0.900J/gK. * 5. Calculate the amount of heat released from the combustion of 35.0g of propane gas, * C3H8. Given: The molar heat of combustion for propane is 2220kJ/mol. * 6. Using the amount of heat released from the propane in problem five to warm up 200g of * water, what would be the change in temperature of the water? The specific heat capacity * of water is 4.186J/gK. * 7. How much octane, C8H18, should go through combustion to produce 10,000kJ of energy? * Given: The molar heat of combustion for octane is 5471kJ/mol. * 8. When 5.8g of methane gas, CH4, reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas * and water vapor, 320kJ of energy is released....
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...Do all liquids evaporate at the same rate? Evaporation is when a liquid turns into a gas. The molecules move and vibrate so fast that they go into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor. Evaporation is very crucial in the water cycle. The hotness from the sun powers the evaporation procedure. Water starts to evaporate at about 32 degrees Fahrenheit but it occurs gradually. As the temperature rises, the evaporation starts happening quicker. So the warmer it is the faster evaporation happens. Evaporation rates also depend on the quantity of liquid there is. If there is little water in a place than less water is going to be evaporated from that area. If there are large amount of liquids in an area, a lot of water is going to be evaporated....
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...72-year old woman, said she was having difficulties paying for two different gas and water bills at her shelters that she runs to provide for women and children in need. One of the bills was roughly $21,000 and another bill was around $11,000 (Hutson, 2013). Due to the fact that she was unable to take care of those bills, the gas was shut off on Wednesday, October 16, 2013. This left all of the helpless people without heat or hot water which forced them to go to nearby cafeterias so they could get cleaned up. Clara’s Place, which houses 19 women and children, is one of the two shelters that have run out of gas. The other shelter – Clara’s House – also has approximately 40 women and is also in devastating financial misfortune. Both of these shelters have struggled financially in recent years, facing punishments from the town for building code violations and consequences from the IRS for being overdue on their payroll taxes (Hutson, 2013). With temperature going below 30 degrees, residents of both of these shelters finally had something be happy for. An anonymous donor has contributed a rather large sum of money in order to keep the gas successfully running at the two Chicago shelters (Garcia, 2013). The anonymous individual that has paid these gas bills has saved both of Clara’s shelters from being uninhabitable. All of their services were restored on Friday October 25th, 2013. Now that the gas has been turned back on, the 61 women and 23 children that reside at Clara’s...
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...ECTOTHERMS METABOLIC RESPONSE TO A CHANGING TEMPERATURE Abstract The effects of changing temperature on a chameleon’s metabolic rate by allowing the organism to interact with changing temperatures form 5oC to 40oC. In the laboratory, the animal was placed in a closed chamber, were the flow of gases was recorded, and the change in Oxygen intake was recorded using a gas sensor. Indirect calorimetry was employed. The data outcome shows a linear relationship between the animal’s body temperature and the ambient temperature, while also showing a small exponential relationship with steady increments of both the O2 consumption and body temperature, as the ambient temperature increased. Thus leading to a supported hypothesis. Introduction An ectotherm's metabolic rate is largely dependent on the temperature of its environment because, they are organisms that allow their internal temperature to mimic that of the environment they are inhabiting (Wyse, Hill & Anderson, 2009). Ectotherms control their body temperatures primarily through behavior. Contreras & Bradley (2011), found that as the temperature increased the metabolic rate of insects, which are ectotherms, increased; thus showing an expected linear relationship between temperature and mass-specific metabolic rate. The metabolic rate of an ectotherm can be measured by analyzing the oxygen intake per unit time per unit mass, using a respirometry system. In this lab the metabolic rate change of an ectotherm, a chameleon...
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...drop 3ml of HCl directly from the bottle. The mixture was mixed well and the diluted 9ml solution was added to the test tube. Hydrogen: I placed a place of Zn metal in the test tube with the diluted solution. I then capped the test tube with a rubber stopper with a short, straight plastic gas delivery tube through the center. The test tube was then placed into one of the wells on the well plate. The test tube had to be upright so it was necessary to wrap the tube with a piece of paper towel to hold it into place. Reaction was observed and recorded. A pipette bulb was filled with water and placed on top of the test tube’s gas delivery tube. The well plate with the test tube was placed in the tin while the gas displaced some of the water. When the water in the pipette was completely replaced by the gas I quickly removed it and placed my finger over the opening to prevent any gas from escaping. I lit a match and gently squeezed out some of the gas and observed and recorded the reaction. I then took a marker and marked 3 equal parts on the pipette. The pipette was again filled with water and placed on the gas generation tube like previously. When the bulb was 2/3 filled with gas it was removed and placed in a well with the opening done to be used later in the experiment. The test tube was taken apart and the items disposed of properly. The test tube was thoroughly cleaned for the next experiment. Oxygen: A few pieces of Mn were placed into a clean test tube then...
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...Key Terms In a lab experiment there has to be a detailed written page. On the written page you should include purpose, hypothesis, materials, procedure, observations, conclusion, application, and finally a diagram. Purpose is used to describe why the experiment has to be done. Hypothesis is used before the experiment has started; it is an educated guess or can be said as a prediction. Materials are one of the 4 most important pieces in a lab. Without the materials you don’t know what tools to use for the experiment. Procedure is the second most important part in a lab; it is used to describe how to do the experiment. Without the procedure no one would know what to do and I can assume that experiment won’t turn out so good. Observations, observations are split up into two groups quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative is things measured by volume, mass, numbers, and length. Qualitative is what is observed during the experiment using all 4 senses (see, hear, smell, feel). Conclusion is the second last part to write in a lab, it is telling us if the prediction was correct, and what your group noticed. And finally the application, the application is just a comparison or real life example that can relates to the experiment. And then in the end just need to draw a diagram that looks exactly likes the experiment. Now these are just key words that should be used in an experiment most often. Flow rate is just a rate in which the liquid can flow. It is measured in volume (mL)/Time...
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...to fall at the bottom of the glass bottle 3. Set the egg on top of the bottle with small side pointed downward 4. Observe what occurs Results: 1. The egg sat on top of the bottle slightly wiggling while the fire burned. 2. The egg blocked any more air getting into the bottle resulting in the fire going out. 3. When the fire extinguished the egg was rapidly sucked into the bottle and drops to the bottom. Conclusion: 1. The pressure of the air inside and outside of the bottle is the same before the experiment began. Therefore the only force that would cause the egg to enter the bottle is gravity and the diameter is too small for just that force to work. 2. According to Gay-Lussac's law, the pressure of a gas of fixed mass and fixed volume is directly proportional to the gas's temperature. When we changed the temperature of the air inside the bottle, we changed the pressure of the air inside the bottle because the volume of air is constant therefore the pressure increased. 3. Heated air expands and tries to escape so when the fire finally when out the air pressure changed again as the air cooled and contracted. 4. When the fire consumed all the oxygen inside the bottle, the flame went out and the remaining air in the bottle cooled down. Cool air takes up less space, exerting less pressure inside the bottle. 5. Now the pressure inside the bottle is lower than outside the bottle and the greater air pressure from...
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...phenomenon can be observed in the creation of supersaturated solutions, or mixtures that contain far more of the solid dissolved in a liquid than would be possible under room temperature conditions. One application of supersaturated solutions can be seen in the production of rock candy where high-temperature sugar solutions readily form sugar crystals on the surface of objects placed in the solution. For gases that are dissolved in liquids, however, the trend is just the opposite. Cooler temperatures increase the solubility of gases in liquids, and higher temperatures decrease the solubility of gases. An example of the effect of temperature on dissolved gases can be found in the loss of dissolved oxygen in lakes or streams during extremely hot weather, a condition that results in the death of fish. In physical chemistry, saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of it will appear as a separate phase (as a precipitate if solid or as effervescence or inclusion if gaseous). Factors Affecting Saturation · The solubilities of ionic solutions increase with an increase in temperature, with the exceptions of compounds containing anions. · Finely divided solids have greater solubilities. · In contrast to the solubility rate, which depends primarily on temperature, the rate of crystallization...
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...centrifugal pump when a) suction presuure < vapor pressure of liquid at that temperature b) suction presuure > vapor pressure of liquid at that temperature c) suction pressure = vapor pressure d) suction pressure = developed head 3. Centrifugal pumps are normaly used for pumping a) Gas b) Liquids c) Gas & Liquid mixture 4. Check valve is used for a) Very precise control of flow b) Unidirectional flow c) Multidirectional flow d) None of these 5. Purpose of relief valve in a reciprocating pump is to a) Protect pump against developing excess pressure b) Facilitate uni-directional flow c) Reduce discharge pressure d) Control the rate of discharge 6. The schedule number of a pipe is an indication of its a) Size b) Roughness c) Material density d) Wall thickness 7. Differential manometer measures a) Absolute pressure b) Gauge pressure c) Pressure difference d) Pressure gradient 8. Compressors are used a) To increase pressure of gas b) To increase velocity of gas c) To increase temperature of gas d) None of the above 9. Which of the following facilitates close control of flow of fluids a) Gate valve b) Globe valve c) Butterfly valve d) Check valve 10. Baffles in mixing tanks are provided to a) Reduce swirling and vortex formation b) Increase structural...
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...approximately 760 mm Hg; i.e., the weight of a column of mercury measuring 1 mm2 and 760 mm tall. This equates to about 29.7 inches of mercury. If we reduce the pressure above the sample that we are heating, we can reduce the boiling point of the liquid. This is referred to as a vacuum distillation or carrying out a distillation in vacuo. For example, while water boils at 100oC (or 212° F) at 760 mm Hg, it boils around 22oC at 20 mm Hg. The boiling point of a liquid is a physical characteristic of a compound. Many factors go into the estimation of the boiling point of a liquid such as the shape (round, oval, elongated), the mass and most importantly, hydrogen bonding (H-bonding). Methane with a mass of 16 does not engage in H-bonding and is a gas at room temperature while water (mass 18) boils at 100oC. While we can often guess the relative boiling points of a series of compounds, it is rather difficult to calculate a boiling point based on first principals. Similarly,...
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...Simple and Fractional Distillation I. Introduction Distillation is one of the oldest and still most common methods for both the purification and the identification of organic liquids. It is a physical process used to separate chemicals from a mixture by the difference in how easily they vaporize. As the mixture is heated, the temperature rises until it reaches the temperature of the lowest boiling substance in the mixture, while the other components of the mixture remain in their original phase in the mixture. The resultant hot vapor passes into a condenser and is converted to the liquid, which is then collected in a receiver flask. The other components of the mixture remain in their original phase until the most volatile substance has all boiled off. Only then does the temperature of the gas phase rises again until it reaches the boiling point of a second component in the mixture, and so on. There are two types of distillation namely simple distillation and fractional distillation. In this experiment the efficiency of the two types of distillation will be compared. II. Methodology The following is the methods needed to perform fractional distillation. The gather the materials needed for the experiment such as the fractional distillation set-up, alcohol lamp, and vodka after which start performing the experiment. 1. Assemble the distillation set-up. 2. Prepare atleast 30 test tubes calibrated down to the 0.5 ml and number each test tube accordingly...
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