...5/2/2012 Police Innovations American policing over the last three decades has gone through many changes and innovations. Police and researchers try to create innovations in order to prevent or reduce crime. Following the white flight and the development of suburban towns, police started to switch from their standard practices to improve their procedures. This paper will explain and compare ten police innovations in order to show how police officers and researchers work to reduce crime. These innovations include problem-oriented policing, community policing, “broken windows” policing, Compstat, hot spots policing, “pulling levers” policing, evidence-based policing, third party policing, Intelligence-led policing, and predictive policing. In addition, it will contain a personal recommendation of which reform police agencies should implement. The paper will explain specific examples on how this reform will be helpful to police agencies. Police and scholars work to enhance reforms vigorously in order to decrease crime, assist with community needs, and prevent further delinquency. Certain police reforms provide more decision-making power to the individual beat officer, and problem-oriented police gives vast amounts of discretion to them. Problem oriented policing (POP) is a logical way of looking at the problem in policing. The POP reform works to understand and analyze crime and policing tactics to try to prevent the crime or at least manage to slow the frequency of the crime...
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...Discretion is defined as the authority to make a decision between two or more choices. More specifically, it is defined as “the capacity to identify and to document criminal and noncriminal events. Every police officer has a great deal of discretion concerning when to use their authority, power, persuasion, or force. Depending on how an officer sees their duty to society will determine an officer’s discretion. Discretion leads to selective enforcement practices and may result in discrimination against certain groups of people or select individuals (Young, 2011). Most police officer discretion is exercised in situational situations with individuals (Sherman, 1984). Discrimination can lead to legal problems for an officer of the law. If discrimination due to an officer’s use of discretion results in a violation of due process it is a violation of the law (Young, 2010). Due process is the constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation of liberty, life, or property (Pollock, 2010). One of the main concerns with using discretion is the possibility of it leading to a violation of due process by racial profiling. Types of Negative Police Discretion Racial profiling occurs when a police officer uses a “profile” as reasonable suspicion to stop a person with the intent to obtain consent to search their belongings (Pollock, 2010). These stops are usually traffic stops and the officer is looking to obtain consent to search the...
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...CITY DEMOGRAPHICS AND CRIME PROFILE JO MORRIS AJS/514 April 18, 2016 Cheryl Reyes CITY DEMOGRAPHICS AND CRIME PROFILE Demographics does provide the specific necessary in obtaining knowledge that pertains to the city’s inhabitants. Acquiring this kind of information is vital of the creation of a flourishing municipality. The demographic data can offer critical material, such as the districts in which the residents reside in, high crime areas. The demographic attributes of the general public areas of expansion, class prospects, sales perspectives and the study of marketplace infiltration. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the social and intellectual contexts, the beliefs of the populace in reference to criminal behavior the changes applied when moving away from the city center, zones of transitions, and crime hot spots, as pertained to Chicago Illinois. Chicago is approximately 2000sq miles with an estimated population of 2.74 million residents. Within the city of Chicago there is a wide range of ethnic backgrounds and multiple cultural centers. Identification and rationale for the choice of one sociologic theory that best explains the crime in your chosen city The crime rate in Chicago is affected by the socioeconomic status of the residents. As the status decreases, the crime does increases. When the economy took a turn from the worse the economic status of individuals decreased more people found themselves in poverty or low income level instead of middle class...
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...KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS There are many grasses growing in the United States which require different maintenance and care. Some grasses do better in certain temperatures than others do and some are specific to certain regions as well. The purpose of my research paper is to explain the characteristics of Kentucky Bluegrass and its qualities. For example, Kentucky Bluegrass has many characteristics; one of the first characteristics of Kentucky Bluegrass is that it is a dark green colored grass. It is also a cool seasoned grass and has a beautiful appearance. The medium leaf texture has good uniformity and makes a strong sod through its rhizomes. Kentucky Bluegrass is used in many different places. Some of the places that it is used are athletic...
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...Kentucky Fried Chicken SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Acknowledgement First of all, our gratitude to All-Mighty ALLAH who gave us the energy, the motivation and the wisdom to accomplish this research task. Writing a successful text requires a team effort and we have enjoyed working with excellent teammates. Throughout the process of writing the report, many people stepped forward with tremendous efforts that allowed us to accomplish our stated goals. We would like to recognize the sincere and devoted efforts of many people who added their input to the processes of developing this Project Report. As stated in the developing story section, we received invaluable advices and suggestions during the development and revision process. Purpose Of The Project The purpose of this project is to find out the History, Functions, Operations and Services of KFC . Then do give suggestions and recommendations and in the end to conclude the effect of the implementations. Executive Summary This project gives a brief detail of Fast Food Industry in Pakistan The Final Project gives the brief snap shot of Situational Analysis on Fast Food Industry. The SWOT analysis indicates the Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats of the KFC. To get reasonable market share in Fast Food Industry required a reasonable amount of capital to open up outlets in different locations, plants with high definition equipments...
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...COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT WORKING GROUP ON BENZENE POSITION PAPER September 1998 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT WORKING GROUP ON BENZENE 1 POSITION PAPER PREFACE Scope Summary 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Benzene in the atmosphere 1.2 Emissions of benzene 1.3 Atmospheric chemistry and transport 1.4 Benzene ambient air concentrations 1.5 Current National Standards and Guidelines 1.6 Summary 1.7 References 2. RISK ASSESSMENT Scope 2.1. 2.2 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6 Human exposure to benzene Health Effects National and other Health-based Air Quality Guidelines Evaluation of human health risks Recommendations for developing limit values Reference 2. ASSESSMENT METHODS Scope 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of monitoring methods 3.3 Network design and siting criteria 3.4 Other assessment techniques: air quality modelling 3.5 Data quality objectives 3.6 Random or continuous measurements 3.7 Information on air quality to the public 3.8 Upper and lower assessment thresholds 3.9 Summary 3.10 References 2 4 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Results of economic analysis 4.3 Discussion 5 DISCUSSION AND FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary of Chapters 1-4 5.2 Considerations to be taken into account in setting limit values for benzene 5.3 Options for consideration 5.4 Reviewing limit values 3 COMMISSION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Council Directive on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management...
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...Title registration for a review proposal: Broken Windows Policing to Reduce Crime in Neighborhoods Submitted to the Coordinating Group of: _X Crime and Justice __ Education __ Social Welfare __ Other Plans to co-register: _X No __ Yes __ Cochrane __ Other __ Maybe TITLE OF THE REVIEW Broken Windows Policing to Reduce Crime in Neighborhoods BACKGROUND Briefly describe and define the problem Crime policy scholars, primarily James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, and practitioners, such as Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton, have argued for years that when police pay attention to minor offenses—such as aggressive panhandling, prostitution, and graffiti—they can reduce fear, strengthen communities, and prevent serious crime (Bratton & Kelling, 2006; Wilson & Kelling, 1982). Spurred by claims of large declines in serious crime after the approach was adopted in New York City, dealing with physical and social disorder, or “fixing broken windows,” has become a central element of crime prevention strategies adopted by many American police departments (Kelling & Coles, 1996; Sousa & Kelling, 2006). In their seminal “broken windows” article, Wilson and Kelling (1982) argue that social incivilities (e.g., loitering, public drinking, and prostitution) and physical incivilities (e.g., vacant lots, trash, and abandoned buildings) cause residents and workers in a neighborhood to be fearful. Fear causes many stable families to move out of the neighborhood and the remaining residents...
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...Hannah Jones AP English P. 2 Research Paper 3/8/13 Illegal Ivory Trade Extinction rates have jumped massively in the last few years from one to two species going extinct per year to currently up to ten disappearing off of the face of the Earth per year. This problem seems to be getting worse and worse every year. In Africa, the elephants are disappearing rapidly. With such a fast rate, scientists believe all elephants will be extinct by the year 2035. In the 1980s, there were over a million elephants in the population; today there are less than 470,000. Illegal poaching seems to be the greatest cause of the loss of these animals because of the value that their ivory tusks have in the market. Are we just going to let all of the African elephants die for the selfish wants and need for an immaterial item of other people? Poaching is the illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of wild animals. Examples of poaching include hunting without a license or permit, use of a prohibited weapon or trap, hunting at the wrong time of the year, and hunting in a sanctuary or reserve, national park, or zoo. Poachers usually only take a very small part of the killed animals letting the rest of the animal carcass to rot and waste away. The ivory trade is highest today in Africa, China, and Japan with the U.S. Following right after. The demand for ivory is still on the rise. Ivory sculptures are common in the Asian culture, as well as ivory handles for guns and knives. Jewelry and piano...
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...Miller points out that the quantitative analysis of terrorism frequently focuses on terrorist attacks as the unit of analysis, rarely examining terrorist organizations. Using the GTD, she examines the terrorist activity of 557 organizations that were active for at least 1 year between 1970 and 2008. Much like research on conventional crime, prior research on terrorism has focused almost exclusively on the onset of criminal behavior and has neglected determinants of declining activity. Miller hypothesizes that organizations that attack more rapidly and more frequently will last longer. Using dual group-based trajectory models she calculates the annual ratio of attacks to attacks-at-peak for each organization in order to isolate patterns of onset and decline, independent of the absolute magnitude of activity. Miller explores the extent to which the ways that terrorist organizations begin can be used to predict how they will end....
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...their arsenal. The formation of a recording mechanism and format for various crimes committed in a region was the beginning of a new era in the field or crime prevention. The data records helped to identify the repeat criminals and the nature of crime that they commit. This also helped in providing a better judgment to the convicts. With the dawn of Information Technology, these records were transferred to the systems and this made it possible for the forces around the country to share the data and access it anytime and from any location. This further strengthened the power of the forces against the intelligent criminals. At this stage the Research and Development firms in USA law enforcement agency FBI, started experimenting with the data and the predicting algorithms used by major marketing and retail chains like Wal-Mart. Their research showed results and concluded that Police can use a similar data analysis to help make their work more efficient. The idea is being called "predictive policing," and some in the field believe it has the potential to transform law enforcement by enabling police to anticipate and prevent crime instead of simply responding to it....
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...DATA MINING FOR INTELIIGENCE LED POLICING The paper concentrates on use of data mining techniques in police domain using associative memory being the main technique. The author talks of constructing the data being easier and thus giving effective decision making. The author does mention making the process as simple as possible since there are not enough technically sound people into databases. The process involves a step procedural method. Further the author does explain the advantages of this system in police environment. The author mentions use of data mining activities by Dutch forces and how it makes the work easier to predict and analyze the scenario. The author talks about the tool and name given to it as Data detective. This tool involved a chunk of data stored in data warehouse. There has been a continuous development in the tool used here throughout the years making it more efficient than before. The data mining tool automatically predicts the trend and the lays down all the statistical report. This tool makes it easier for the police to pin out criminals and their trends easily. The process raises a challenge so that a predictive modeling can be developed better than before. The author talks about understanding the links and then predicting is important. The author also mentions that this involves pattern matching which is achieved by data mining. The tool also helps in automatic prediction of criminal nature matches a profile and this leads to be quite...
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...This chapter describes the research methods used for assessing the relationship between Alan Moore’s graphic novel readership and the effects, if any, it had on said readership in influencing whatever social or cultural reform that took place after his work’s had been published. This paper’s methodology outlines the set of procedures or method’s used to conduct the research; including the theoretical framework, data collection and data analysis method’s which were used. Methods Used The primary methods of research utilised in gathering data were predominantly qualitative. Gathering and analysing research and academic texts on Moore’s work both online and offline, and then compiling and contrasting the varied scholarly opinions on this paper’s...
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...Three Little Pigs: Four Interpretations - An Exercise in Paraphrasing By The Walden University Writing Center Staff This exercise is designed to help you improve your paraphrasing skills. You'll also get practice at writing a compare-and-contrast interpretive paper, which will help you with the process used in KAMs and other course papers. Three interpretations of the classic tale of the Three Little Pigs appear here, along with a mini-research study about wolves and pigs. To help you improve your writing skills, you can approach these pages in two ways: First, read the assigned questions below. Then read through the four short interpretive texts. Next, take some time to write a brief paper in which you answer the questions posed at the beginning. Were you able to easily summarize using your own words? Were you able to write without having the original source open in front of you? Did you include proper in-text citations? Assigned Questions 1. In no more than four paragraphs, summarize the story of the three pigs. (Refer to either the Higley or Ashliman version for direct quotes.) 2. Compare and contrast these four interpretations of the story, using direct quotes and paraphrases as appropriate. Try not to be judgmental; use the author's evidence for support. 3. Offer a brief critical analysis of the interpretations. What were the strengths and weaknesses, if any, of each? Three Little Pigs: Four Interpretations Gomez (1999) Literature...
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...National Institute of Justice JOURNAL Police Use of Force: The Impact of Less-Lethal Weapons and Tactics n Toward a Better Way to Interview Child Victims of Sexual Abuse Solving the Problem of Untested Evidence in Sexual Assaults Extending the Time to Collect DNA in Sexual Assault Cases Also in this issue In Brief: Block by Block: Zeroing in on Crime Trends Minimizing the Risks of Hazardous Materials: The CBRN Standard Improving Forensic Death Investigation In Brief: Expanding Research by Sharing Data n n i Building Knowledge to Meet the Challenge of CriMe and JustiCe National Institute of Justice John H. Laub Director, National Institute of Justice The NIJ Journal is published by the National Institute of Justice to announce the Institute’s policy-relevant research results and initiatives. The Attorney General has determined that publication of this periodical is necessary in transacting the public business of the U.S. Department of Justice as required by law. Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. All products, manufacturers and organizations cited in this publication are presented for informational purposes only, and their discussion does not constitute product approval or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Justice. Subscription Information Online https://puborder.ncjrs.gov/Listservs/nij/reg.asp Phone 301-519-5500 800-851-3420 Mail...
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...Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy Survey of Justice and Security CJA 500 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to address the fundamental aspects of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy, also known as CAPS. According to Walker and Katz (2008) this strategy was distinctively created to address the city and its reform to a new system of how police and citizens interact to lower crime rates and to come up with solutions for those in the community (Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing, para. 2). The second part of this research paper is to investigate an article that Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority to determine public opinion of this form of policing and positive trends related toward CAPS. McCanna (1999) discusses how the community and the police work together in the community for a joint effort to reduce crime and the overall result of her study and finding in Chicago (McCanna, 1999, p. 1). McCanna also discusses how since its implementation citizens have become more aware of CAPS and analyzes their satisfaction overall with CAPS. Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy In April of 1993 the Chicago Alternative Policing strategy was implemented by Police Superintendent Matt L. Rodriguez (“What is CAPS,” n.d.). Out of the 25 police districts there were five districts that were prototypes before the rest began to participate in 1994(“What is CAPS,” n.d.). These five districts were diverse in their socio and economic backgrounds...
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