...Structure and composition of the Earth The overall composition of the Earth is very similar to that of meteorites, and because of this, it is thought that the Earth originally formed from Planetesimals composed largely of metallic iron and silicates. What makes Earth unique? Soon after the Earth formed, unique processes occurred - division into metallic core, silicate mantle and crust - which, along with surface water, made it different from the other planets in our Solar System. The formation of the early mantle was important as it consisted primarily of ferromagnesium silicate minerals, some of which contained water as an essential component (e.g. amphibole group minerals). Water-bearing magmas (molten rock) from deep in the lower mantle then rose towards the surface (being liquid, they were lighter than the surrounding solid rock) and emerged as volcanic eruptions. The Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere developed from the degassing (loss of gaseous elements such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) of the early-formed core and mantle during this volcanic activity. In the present, abundant gases are still released from the Earth during volcanic eruptions and these are mainly composed of water (77%), carbon dioxide (12%), sulfur dioxide (7%), and nitrogen (3%), with minor amounts of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur, chlorine and argon. The Earth can be divided into two main parts. Atmosphere: measured from the surface of the Earth upwards to 150 km (anything above this...
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...Geography plate tectonics and associated hazard notes Plate tectonics and associated hazards Geomorphology – the study of landforms of the earth’s surface Plate tectonics – a theory explaining the structure of the earth’s crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of the rigid lithosphere. Geomorphological hazard – an event causing harm to people or property, caused by Geomorphological processes e.g. plate tectonic movement. Francis Bacon 1620 As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912 other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. Robert Mallet 1870s Robert Mallet was a nineteenth century scientist who managed to measure the speed at which earthquakes spread. Alfred Wegner 1911 While at Marburg, in the autumn of 1911, Wegener was browsing in the university library when he came across a scientific paper that listed fossils of identical plants and animals found on opposite sides of the Atlantic. Intrigued by this information, Wegener began to look for, and find, more cases of similar organisms separated by great oceans. Orthodox science at the time explained such cases by postulating that land bridges, now sunken, had once connected far-flung continents. But Wegener noticed the close fit between the coastlines of Africa and South America. Might the similarities...
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...and Mexico- According to the Red Cross, more people are left homeless by natural disasters than wars. It is estimated that by 2050 more than 200 million people will be homeless and more than 160 million people are left homeless by famines, droughts and other natural disasters. More and more people are immigrating from México to the United States because of increases in weather disasters such as drought and famines. 3) Northern Europe- The warming of the earth has been beneficial for the wines till now. The vines are getting better and the fruits riper. A son of a farmer after a study was able to track the rising of temperatures between 1950 and 1999. Better conditions for wines are also in Holland, Belgium and Denmark. Soon the farmers will be more and more benefited by the growth of fruits, especially grapes from which wines are made. This will also be good for the countries as wine is very famous in Northern...
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...29, 2006, Lusi mud volcano in Porong sub-district, East Java, Indonesia has been spurting voluminous hot mud and gas, with uncertain knowledge when it will cease. The progressing eruption has been causing major impact on human life, social, economic and environment in this highly populated region. Breached regulations including Indonesian regulations, constitutions, and APPEGGA rules of conduct are outlined. There are five critical concerns related to ethical and professional conduct arising from the occurrence of Lusi mud volcano. The concerns include negligence to best practise procedures, particularly drilling in high pressure zone; conflict of interest between public, government and private sector; violence to human right, public safety; and crisis management related to mitigating the impacts on environment, social, economic especially in compensation process to the victims. 1. Introduction Sidoarjo/Lapindo Mud flow, is geologically identified as a mud volcano (Sawolo, et al 2009). It is generally known as Lusi, a short name of Lumpur Sidoarjo. Lumpur means mud in Indonesian language. Lusi mud volcano is located in Porong sub district, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. It is located about 30 km south of Surabaya, capital city of East Java Province. Porong sub district is quite populous area covering 1 residential areas, agriculture zones and manufacture and business centres that significantly support economic supply of East Java Province...
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...COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT WORKING GROUP ON BENZENE POSITION PAPER September 1998 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT WORKING GROUP ON BENZENE 1 POSITION PAPER PREFACE Scope Summary 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Benzene in the atmosphere 1.2 Emissions of benzene 1.3 Atmospheric chemistry and transport 1.4 Benzene ambient air concentrations 1.5 Current National Standards and Guidelines 1.6 Summary 1.7 References 2. RISK ASSESSMENT Scope 2.1. 2.2 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6 Human exposure to benzene Health Effects National and other Health-based Air Quality Guidelines Evaluation of human health risks Recommendations for developing limit values Reference 2. ASSESSMENT METHODS Scope 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of monitoring methods 3.3 Network design and siting criteria 3.4 Other assessment techniques: air quality modelling 3.5 Data quality objectives 3.6 Random or continuous measurements 3.7 Information on air quality to the public 3.8 Upper and lower assessment thresholds 3.9 Summary 3.10 References 2 4 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Results of economic analysis 4.3 Discussion 5 DISCUSSION AND FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary of Chapters 1-4 5.2 Considerations to be taken into account in setting limit values for benzene 5.3 Options for consideration 5.4 Reviewing limit values 3 COMMISSION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Council Directive on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management...
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...of due process it is a violation of the law (Young, 2010). Due process is the constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation of liberty, life, or property (Pollock, 2010). One of the main concerns with using discretion is the possibility of it leading to a violation of due process by racial profiling. Types of Negative Police Discretion Racial profiling occurs when a police officer uses a “profile” as reasonable suspicion to stop a person with the intent to obtain consent to search their belongings (Pollock, 2010). These stops are usually traffic stops and the officer is looking to obtain consent to search the individual’s automobile. The “profile” used is based on race. In these cases, an officer is using their discretion to target minority groups because they believe they are involved in criminal activities. The concern with using this profile is that racial stereotyping of minority groups will lead police to crack down on minorities more than on other groups. While police see the action of racial...
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...over the Earth’s surface. It is also possible that the movements generate the Earth's magnetic field, called the magnetosphere. ------------------------------------------------- Hotspot (geology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Diagram showing a cross section though the Earth'slithosphere (in yellow) withmagma rising from the mantle(in red) In geology, the places known as hotspots or hot spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. They may be on, near to, or far from tectonic plate boundaries. Currently, there are two hypotheses that attempt to explain their origins. One suggests that they are due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary.[1] An alternative hypothesis postulates that it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism, but lithospheric extension that permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths.[2][3] This hypothesis considers the term "hotspot" to be a misnomer, asserting that the mantle source beneath them is, in fact, not anomalously hot at all. Well known examples include Hawaii...
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...Study Guide: Midterm Exam Concentrate your studies in the following areas. Questions for the Midterm Exam will come principally from this material. Lutgens and Tarbuck Textbook: Minerals (Chapter 1) * Know the definition of a mineral. a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence * Know the basic definition of a rock. the solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed on the surface or underlying the soil or oceans * Know how atoms of the same element are related. Atoms of the same element must have the same number of protons which is the atomic number. What do they have in common? They all have protons * Know definitions for the following terms: valence electrons, an electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell (valence shell) of the atom, that can be transferred to or shared with another atom. An electron in one of the outer shells of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms nucleus, the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth. atom, the basic unit of a chemical element element, ion, and chemical compound. * Know the difference between ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic compounds contain a metal cation bonded to a nonmetal anion. This means that the first element in the compound's name and formula is to the left of the zig-zag line on the periodic table above. Covalent compounds contain NO...
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...Works Cited Beiderwell, Bruce, Linda F. Tse, Tom Lochhaas, and Nicholas B. DeKanter. "Interacting with Instructors and Classes." College Success. Vol. 1.0. N.p.: n.p., 2010. N. pag. Print. Briscoe, Tony. "Hallways, Stairwells Are Bullying Hot Spots." The New Bullying. Michigan State University, 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. "Bully Facts & Statistics." Bully Facts & Statistics. MBNBD, n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. <http://www.makebeatsnotbeatdowns.org/facts_new.html>. "Bullying and Suicide." Bullying Statistics. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. <http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/bullying-and-suicide.html>. Burnett, John. "In Texas, A Police Officer For Everyone?" NPR. NPR, 15 Oct. 2009. Web. 25 Apr. 2013. "CCTV Effectiveness and Context." Technologies of Control. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. <http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/criminology/msc/unit8/page_10.htm>. Copeland, William E., Dieter Wolke, Adrian Angold, and Jane Costello. "Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers in Childhood and Adolescence."Jama Network. Jama Psychiatry, 20 Feb. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Grenoble, Ryan. "Amanda Todd: Bullied Canadian Teen Commits Suicide After Prolonged Battle Online And In School." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 11 Oct. 2012. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. "Install Video Surveillance Cameras Cost." Cost to Install Security Cameras. FIXR, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. "New Hampshire: Number of Police Officers...
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...Case Challenge Bingo! Mad Angles July 2012 Instructions: Registered Teams will submit a case analysis document comprising no more than 5 pages of single spaced, 12-point font (including illustrations and excluding TOC, Cover page). Along with the word document each team must submit a 10-slide presentation of the case analysis/solution suggested. There is no pre-determined structure to analyse the case. Participants are free to use any format which best illustrates and provides convincing arguments for their idea. Wherever necessary, the participants must make references to the sources of information and data. Case presentations will be judged based on identified criteria – the originality, creativity and uniqueness of the idea will receive the highest weightage; the implementability, sustainability and scalability of the idea; its fit with ITC’s vision and the manner in which it can leverage ITC’s strengths; the thoroughness of research, analytics and economic logic used to defend viability and execution of the idea. Last date for submission of case solutions is 7th August 2012. Teams must send their entries to the email ID provided for the campus. For full details please refer to the Interrobang Season 2 Case Challenge Brochure available with your Campus Point of Contact or contact interrobang@itc.in ITC Interrobang Season 2 Case Challenge : Bingo! Mad Angles Bingo! Mad Angles ITC Interrobang Case Challenge 20121 The early 2000’s at ITC Limited Headquarters,...
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...FSW tool at rotational speed of 1600 rpm, processing speed of 60 mm/min and axial force of 8 kN. A tool made of HCHCr steel; oil hardened to 62 HRC, having cylindrical threaded profile was used in this study. Optical micrographs revealed a defect free FSP zone. TiC and B4C particles were uniformly distributed and well bonded with the matrix alloy. The hardness of the FSW zone increased to 25% higher than that of the matrix alloy. Key words: Surface composite, Friction stir processing, TiC, B4C. 1. Introduction Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with ceramic particles exhibit high strength, high elastic modulus, and improved resistance to wear, creep and fatigue compared with unreinforced metals which make them promising structural materials for aerospace and automobile industries. However, these composites also suffer from a great loss in ductility and toughness due to the incorporation of non-deformable ceramic reinforcements, which limits their wide applications to a certain extent [1]. The surface properties dictate the life span of components in several applications. A combination of high surface wear resistance and high toughness of the interior bulk material is required to prolong the life span. This balance of properties is not achievable in many cases in monolithic or homogeneous materials. Therefore it is desirable that only the surface layer of components is reinforced with ceramic particles while its bulk retains the original composition...
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...Introduction The purpose of any classification system is to obtain an efficient arrangement of information in a simplified and generalized form. Thus climatic statistics can be organized in order to describe and delimit the major types of climate is quantitative terms. Obviously no single classification can serve more than a limited number of purposes of satisfactory and many different schemes have therefore been developed. Some schemes merely provide a convenient nomenclature system, whereas others are an essential primarily further study. Many climatic classifications, for instance are concerned with the relationship between climate and vegetation or soils but surprisingly few attempts have been made to base a classification on the direct effects of climate on man. General classification related to plant growth / vegetation. Numerous schemes have been suggested d for relating climatic limits to plant growth or vegetation growth rely basically or two basic criteria the degree of aridity and warmth. Aridity is not simply a matter of low precipitation but of the effective precipitation i.e. precipitation minus evaporation. The ratio of rainfall/temperature has been used as such an index of precipitation effectiveness or the ground that higher temperatures in cease evaporation. W. KOPPEN CLASSFICATION A prime example of this type of classification is W. Koppen published between 1900 and 1936. The key features of Koppen’s final classifications are temperature criteria and...
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...their atmospheric composition and properties, thus, to deduce the planets’ habitability. Favoured by their close proximity, studying the atmospheres within our own Solar System and seeking for resemblance is a fundamental first step before we proceed off to extra-solar systems. While the ultimate goal of detecting a true Earth twin is some time off, we are busy trying to understand the atmospheres of hot Jupiters and hot Neptunes through observing primary and secondary transits of these exoplanets. During the past decade, conflicting observations between ground- and space-based facilities, different methods of data treatment, and resolving limitations of measuring instruments have been a source of debate in the astronomy community. Controversies over the atmospheres of two of the most extensively studied exoplanets, HD 189733b and GJ 436b, are discussed here. Through a series of investigation and evaluation, the hot Jupiter, HD 189733b, is believed to possess a carbon-monoxide-rich atmosphere with a sodium-abundant troposphere, topped with high-altitude haze. The hot Neptune, GJ 436b, despite having a much lower surface temperature than HD 189733b, probably also has a carbon-monoxide-rich atmosphere. High atmospheric metallicity and exotic disequilibrium chemistry are both capable of explaining the dispute in GJ 436b’s atmospheric composition. Future work is also discussed in the light of recent discoveries of some super-Earth exoplanets. Subject headings:...
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...contaminated food. Staphylococcal is the name of the condition caused by the enterotoxins that some strains of Staphylococcus Aureus produce (BBB Staphylococcus Aureus, 2012). Foods related with staphylococcus food poisoning include poultry and eggs; meat and meat products; salads such as tuna, chicken, or egg; baked goods such as cream-filled pies; milk and dairy products. Mishandled food during preparation and kept in a considerably high temperature known as the temperature danger zone 41 degrees to 141 degrees are involved in staphylococcal food poisoning. Also staphylococcal can be spread by hand contact, coughing, and sneezing. Food handlers are the number one cause of food poisoning outbreaks unclean food surfaces can also cause staphylococcus aureus. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration 1,364 children became ill who ate lunch that was served to 16 elementary schools in Texas. The food was prepared in an outside kitchen and delivered to the schools. The epidemiological studies revealed that the children who became ill ate chicken salad. The chicken was prepared by the kitchen; after boiling the chicken it was cooled at room temperature using fans. After preparation of the chicken salad it was kept refrigerated overnight between 42 degrees and 45 degrees, placed in thermal containers and delivered to the schools and was kept at room temperature until served. Contamination occurred during the cooling process, the chicken was not cooled quickly and the...
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...Executive summary:This assignment focuses on energy efficiency in both refurbishing buildings and in Commercial Buildings.It also investigates methods such as the SPP, ROR and IRR to calculate the most energy efficient solutions.The assignment outlines the role of the COAG and summarises the legal requirements in accordance with NCC Volume 1 Part J1 (energy efficiency).It also explores energy efficiency regulations in commercial building services such as the CBD Program and its compliance issues, NABERS and BEEC. | | | CONTENTS Title Page 1 Contents 2 Question 1: Council of Australian Governments 3-4 Question 2 (i): SPP and ROR Calculations 5 Question 2 (ii): Internal Rate of Return 4 Question 3: NCC Volume 1 Part J1 (Building Fabric) 6 Question 4 (i): CBD Program 7 Question 4 (ii): Compliance Issues 7 Question 4 (iii): NABERS and BEEC 8 References 9 Question 1 How does the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) hope to improve energy efficiency in the Australian economy? How will this affect the building industry? In 2009, retail buildings accounted for the largest share of energy consumption in commercial buildings with office buildings not far behind. The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) states that the total energy consumption for all commercial buildings is expected to rise by 24% over the period 2009 to 2020. The COAG implemented a method to improve energy efficiency...
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