...arguments on how to interpret the Reformation. Janz tries us much as he can to stay neutral and give explanations on what the questions are. He therefore, provides documents that hold the ability to place challenges on both viewpoints and supports a study of the texts themselves. In his book, Janz includes opinions explaining the significance of both Martin Luther and John Calvin. This paper is therefore, intended on highlighting the significance of these two individuals and contrasting the opinions contained in writings of each. The significance of Martin Luther Many people wonder why there exists a great fuss over martin Luther and the Protestant reformation. They also don’t understand how and why this German monk turned out to be a lightning rod for change in religion and community in Europe during the Renaissance. Many people also do not comprehend the significance of the circumstances and the importance Luther and his persuade on the Reformation and how it affects them in the present days. Back in 1520 Luther was thought of as an insightful church leader and other thought of him as an ecclesiastical terrorist. His thoughts transformed the universe essentially, and were the flashpoint where thoughts and tendencies, which had been blazing in Europe made people to begin talking, and they brought about bigger ideas. Martin Luther’s religious pilgrimage within the catholic framework has been considered to be the only framework that has ever been there. Luther pled for an...
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...political. If we did not, this democracy would not work and America would not be the same. It is up to the citizens to speak up for what we believe to be able to help maintain this wonderful country. I write to you to request that we create a holiday for Billy Graham. I feel that Mr. Graham very much deserves a holiday in his honor for all his influences on America. He has performed countless sermons to about 80 million people and millions more over radio or television. For about 3 million people, he helped by guiding them in their decisions to join Christ and has given confidence to countless more Christians. Billy Graham, as you may know, has helped at presidential inaugurations and presidential funerals. He has been comfort in times of need and even influenced Christians during the civil rights movement by stating his belief that all people of America should be treated equally, including black people. The most honorable characteristic of Billy Graham is the fact that he does all that he does simply because he believes it is the right, Christianly thing to do. He has definitely contributed a lot to the Christian society and it would probably be very different without him, seeing as he was a major factor of developing contemporary Christianity. Not only is the Christian community different, but possibly also the African American society. During the civic dispute about the rights and freedoms of black Americans, Graham invited Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. over to...
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...Martin & Malcolm & America In this paper, there will be a primary focus on two of the most prominent leaders during the civil rights era. These two leaders are Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. The paper will discuss how these extraordinary men made their phenomenal contributions to America by offering to bring about their own political, racial, and social views that were affecting the people of color. Their ability to voice their strong opinions about the injustices that were taking place among African Americans and the oppositions that were before them gave them the durability to prolong the fight for freedom and justice. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were both men of purpose, dignity, and pride. The ongoing effort they gave for the people and to the people helped them to earn the respect that has followed them for decades. For that reason, this paper will reflect the ways in which both men contributed to the African American culture and the shaping of America in an effort to bring about a change that was needed to move forward. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X had different political philosophies; however, they both went about using different methods to campaign for civil rights. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a champion of non-violent protests and peace marches. His speeches entranced both blacks and whites into action for the civil rights movement. MLK knew that if the blacks worked for peace, peacefully, then equality was inevitable. “What they...
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...heritage provides a common bond that gives relevance to the African heritage. The most important historical bond is the recognition that most all African Americans descended from slaves. Slavery The first slaves were introduced to the English-American colonies by a Dutch trader. He sold 20 slaves to settlers in Jamestown, Virginia. After this initial trade the larger global trade pattern between Europe, Africa, and America became well established and routine. African Americans were drawn from a diverse range of cultures and countries within the large continent of Africa, but most came from Western Africa. African Americans were sold and lived on plantations in the southern United States. Many of these plantations still exist today in the south, but are currently managed for other uses. Slaves...
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...Henry VII, she promised Henry that if he married her she would produce a son. Instead she gave birth to Elizabeth I, she was soon beheaded by Henry. Catherine of Aragon – Henry VII first wife who gave birth to a daughter, Mary. She was divorced and replaced by Anne Boleyn. Charles V – The Holy Roman Emperor who was a devoted Catholic, he opposed to Luther’s teachings. He summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial so he could take back statements. Yet Luther refused, Charles issued the Edict of Worms and declared Luther an outlaw. Charles went to war with the Protestant princesses who followed Luther, ordering all the princesses to the city of Augsburg. There the princesses signed the Peace of Augsburg. Christina de Pizan – One of the first European writeres to question different treatment of boys and girls. She was highly educated for her time and one of the first women to earn a living as a writer. She produced many books and manual son military techniques. Desiderius Erasmus – A Christian humanist who wrote his most famous work The Praise of Folly. Erasmus believed in Christianity from the heart, not one of ceremonies or rulers. He thought that in order to improve society, all must read the Bible. Edward VI – The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, he became King when he was nine years old. Too young to rule alone, so he was guided by adult advisors and only reigned for just six years Elizabeth I – The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became...
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...born in Porbandar in the present state of Gujarat on October 2, 1869, and educated in law at University College, London. In 1891, after having been admitted to the British bar, Gandhi returned to India and attempted to establish a law practice in Bombay (now Mumbai), with little success. Two years later an Indian firm with interests in South Africa retained him as legal adviser in its office in Durban. Arriving in Durban, Gandhi found himself treated as a member of an inferior race. He was appalled at the widespread denial of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He threw himself into the struggle for elementary rights for Indians. The United Kingdom granted India freedom on August 15, 1947. But Gandhi did not take part in the Independence celebrations. The partition of India into two nations India and Pakistan grieved Gandhi. The violent rioting...
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...Religious background of Holocaust 1. Introduction Anyone who bothers to investigate in any depth the Holocaust, and its many involved attendant subjects, inevitably encounters intellectual and emotional difficulties not usually met in other fields under examination. When studying the Holocaust, it is extremely difficult to maintain the same level of professional distance and objectivity that one practices with other subjects. Obviously, the magnitude of the destruction and suffering, the millions of lost lives and their untold stories, their unfulfilled hopes and dreams can be overwhelming. Furthermore, thoughtful and honest investigators will occasionally find that they have encountered an area of the Holocaust wherein are found agonizing personal ramifications. That is to say, the scholar is studying an event or a complex of issues that share key components of one’s personal background, beliefs, and values. It is highly unlikely that the scholar will be able to maintain absolute objectivity, feeling completely uninvolved in what is being examined. Instead, the person will most likely be compelled to ask some rather pointed personal questions, or probe into realms in which the investigator has close personal ties. When this occurs, it can be very distressing and painful. 2. A short insight on the background of Jews in Poland, Germany and Russia Several Polish noblemen of the middle ages showed special favour to Jews who immigrated because of persecution in Germany...
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...WRITING ASSIGNMENT 1 1. To what did the Latin religio refer? a) The Latin word L. religionem (nom. Religio) is defined as “a respect for what is scared, reverence for the gods”, and according to the text refers to the fear or awe a person feels in the presence of a spirit or a god. 2. Taoism and Confucianism are nontheistic religions, that is, religions for which belief in God or gods is nonessential. While gods are not alien to either Taoism or Confucianism, belief in/of gods is not central to either tradition. What are a couple of other religions that can be called nontheistic religions? a) A few additional examples of some nontheistic religions are Agnosticism, Atheism, Buddhism, Secular Humanism and Scientology. 3. What is Paul Tillich's definition for religion, and why do Hopfe and Woodward consider its development too broad? a) Paul Tillich defines religion as, “that which is of ultimate concern”. Hopfe and Woodward consider the development of Tillich’s definition of religion too broad for a world religions course because a philosophical exploration of Tillich’s definition of religion, yields many an individuals personal belief of what is of ultimate concern hardly lending to the general understanding of popular or mainstream religions they hope to accomplish in this text. 4. Explain E. B. Tylor's theory concerning the origin and evolution of religion. What is animism, and to what, "ultimately" and "finally," did Tylor think it evolved? a) E.B. Tylor’s theory...
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...indigenous (p.393) 10. encomiendas (p. 439) 11. serfs (p.529) 12. mestizo (pp. 442 – 45) Historical Thinking Skills: Periodization, Causation, Contextualization Timeline Exercise: Annotate the timeline with two facts about the important effects of each event Unit 3: 1450–1750 (Early Modern) 1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople; end of Byzantine 1450s Gutenberg’s Printing Press; Portuguese expand trade in West Africa: Benin, Kongo 1483 Babur conquered northern India, and founded the Mughal Empire 1492 Reconquista completed; Columbus claimed Americas for Spain 1498 Vasco da Gama attacked Calicut 1517 Martin Luther posted 95 theses...
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...Beginnings--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 The Founders of the Anabaptist Movement----------------------------------------------------------10 Persecution of the Anabaptists--------------------------------------------------------------------------12 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 Bibliography------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Introduction At a surface level looking at Anabaptists one will see a radically reformed sect of Christianity. Digging deeper will bring to light many groups coming together under the belief that the state church was no longer leading and teaching biblical theology. There were groups that popped up all across Europe in the wake of reformation lead by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli. Even before the time of the Anabaptist movement there was a high level of persecution for those who stood against the state church and the pope. There was a difference between what the reformers were doing and what the Anabaptists were doing. “The Reformers aimed to reform the old Church by the Bible; the Radicals attempted to build a new Church from the Bible.” There are also many great leaders from this radical group of Christians that need to be studied to know where this group was coming from. There is much more to this radical group known as the Anabaptists than meets...
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...Religions Report Catholicism is one of the earliest forms of Christianity with its elders being the Church of Rome and the Early Church, which are the original followers of Christ. With the influence of Paul, the great missionary, Christianity spread to the non-Jewish world. He traveled throughout the Mediterranean spreading the Christian message and founding numerous churches. By 313 CE, Christianity so heavily influenced the Roman Empire that it became the state religion and Rome became the center of what is now the Roman Catholic Church. However, Rome was split into two areas; the east under Constantine in what is today Turkey and the west under the Pope and a hierarchy of church officials (Fisher, 2005). These popes were traced back to the Apostle Peter and are therefore linked to those who were close to Jesus. It is this lineage, which is said to grant the Pope special authority as the leader of the Church. The Pope is considered incapable of making errors concerning key points of faith. The churches of the east did not fall in line with the Pope’s claim to overall church authority and other practices. This eventually led to the official break in the early second century and even the Crusaders, whose mission was to take back lands from Muslims, ransacked Constantinople by destroying a sacred altar and the Holy Church of Wisdom. This act left the east and west permanently separated even until today, though each remained powerful in their respective areas of the...
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...Assess the view that religion was once mainly a conservative influence but today is more a force for social change (30 marks) In the past religions role as a conservative force was portrayed by the monarchy, ruling the divine rights in medieval Europe, and the Egyptian pharaohs were considered as almost God-like figures and so no one questioned their authority. Feminists and Marxists both agree that religion is a conditioning device that oppresses people, diluting the demand for social change to protect the interests of the men and the ruling class. This is partially supported by the Functionalist approach, Durkheim expressed the belief that religion provides social cement, reinforcing traditional beliefs chosen by religious moral code; such as the 10 commandments for Christianity, for the good of society. However there are numerous examples of ways where religion has acted as a force of change, such as the war in Palestine, the wars in former Yugoslavia and in a positive way, the actions of religious leaders, such as Ghandi and Martin Luther King. In today’s society religion has acted as both a conservative force and a force of social change, as shown by ‘Islamic Fundamentalists’ in Iran and Afghanistan, and Christian fundamentalism reintroducing the teachings of creationism in the US. Religion is also seen to be a conservative force because it functions to preserve things as they are, it stabilises society and maintains status quo. Most religions have conservative moral...
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...people follow today. Malcolm X emerged in 1960 as a unique and separate voice in the movement. His beliefs were seen as an alternative to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr's, which puts him alongside one of our greatest leaders in the Civil Rights Movement ( Muir, Hugh. "Malcolm X: The Man behind the Myth." ) . As Malcolm X grew older his ideas changed and were influenced by his experiences in his life. When he was growing up in Lansing, Michigan, the Ku Klux Klan was still an issue, these terrorists burned his house down and later murdered his father. Malcolm X moved to Harlem after the loss of his father and soon, unfortunately, turned to crime and was quickly arrested and sent to jail. In prison, the experience was quote "eye opening " ( ushistory.org: pg. 1). While in prison Malcolm began to read books to educate himself and through the other inmates influence he converted to Islam. When he was released from prison, he became a new man. Among other people Malcolm X looked up to, a few names stood out, Elijah Muhammad and Wallace Fard . Wallace Fard was the head of the Nation of Islam in the 1930s and saw Christianity as the white man's religion (ushistory.org: pg 2). Those who followed Wallace Frad were known as Black Muslims. When Wallace Fard mysteriously disappeared, an up-and-coming leader by the name of Elijah Muhammad took over the Nation of Islam. The nation attracted many followers from which were mostly prisoners who were looking for guidance. Many people today think that...
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...Erasmus’ humanist passion and drive to replenish Christianity made him a man of his time. however, his urge of temperance and sympathy proved him to be ahead of his time (129). The amount of dedication Erasmus gave to changes within the church left a true impact both in his time and in future eras. He was able to correct the corruption of the church and have the followers of the church personalize their religion and relationship with God. Further, the liberal tradition of European culture was partially sculpted by Erasmus. Erasmus’ choice to translate and publish the Bible from Latin into Greek, had a later influence on Dutch translations. Erasmus was open to change within the church and his drive for the truth within lead to liberal traditions in Europe. After the book was published the church’s only option was to use liberal judgement if they wanted to keep their followers. Then, Erasmus sparked inspiration within other individuals by rewriting the New testament in Greek. The church had control over what information of the Bible was told to their followers because it was not translated into their language. However, when it was rendered into Greek, they were then able to create their own opinions about the religion and the traditions of the church. Separately, Erasmus inspired Martin Luther and William Tyndale. Both in which ended up translating the bible into German and English. Further, “Erasmus expressed...
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...social issues in society, involving women and oppression. Von Arnim was friends with Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe for a period of time. Von Arnim, who was known for many novels and essays, wrote on topics involving social and political reform, which appealed to many groups of oppressed people, such as women and Jews. Although she had a husband and seven children, Bettina von Arnim was vocal in rejecting the exclusivity of traditional gender roles in 19th century Germany, through her literary works. Von Arnim’s most famous work is called Goethe’s Correspondence with a Child, a fiction based on her relationship with Goethe. The story depicts her as a child, who sits on Goethe’s character’s lap, and how her gender affects the relationship they had. One of her other works, Gritta, was an alternative view of the typical “male saves female archetype”. In the novel, the female plays the role of the hero. In her later life, after her husband died, she began to publish more and more works, including some by her husband. Her husband’s death was a significant event in von Arnim’s life. When von Arnim became a widow, she published a large amount of works such as autobiographies and fiction based on social equality and gender equality. Von Arnim was a benefactor of the ideas of free speech and freedom of press, as the author used it immensely. Von Arnim also portrayed strong views on socioeconomic differences. Her opinions of favoring the poor made...
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