...Greek and Roman Architecture ART/101 5/15/2013 Mary Douglass Axia College of University of Phoenix Art takes forms in many different ways and has been around from the beginning of creation. In fact creation itself can be considered as art. The Greek and Roman architecture began around in the 600 BC, during the archaic period, according to scholastic web site Greek art and architecture reached its distinctive style. Greek architecture influenced Roman architecture and there are similarities in their art, culture and styles, yet there are also many differences because both the Greeks and the Romans techniques have unique characteristics. Greek architecture is featured by three distinct architectural types, which are the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, but they hardly use the Corinthian themselves, rather in later years it became the standard order in Roman architecture. In ancient times the heavier Doric order was considered masculine and the Ionic order graceful and feminine (Sayre 2010). Greeks effectively used these architectural styles in constructing buildings, theaters and temples. The Doric style was primarily used in mainland Greece with a further spread to the Greek settlements in Italy. The Ionic style was used in Ionia and the Aegean islands. The Doric style was more rigid and formal, whereas the Ionic was more decorative and calm and the Corinthian is more organic and still (Sayre 2010). The styles are mostly reflected in the three orders of column capitals...
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...Practices Art and Architecture Philosophical and Religious Beliefs City-states • Largest: Athens (Sayre, 2013) • Ruled by Democracy (Sayre, 2013) Three Social Classes: • Upper class (Sayre, 2013) • Middle class (Sayre, 2013) • Lower class (Sayre, 2013) Greek Islands were in the Southeastern corner of Europe, and were divided into two peninsulas (Ancient Greece Geography, 2012). Mountainous terrain and rugged coastlines, which offered good protection, but made it difficult for communication and trading (Ancient Greece Geography, 2012). Greeks attempted sophisticated economic analysis. They made and traded in both local and long distances, and had money to do so (Sayre, 2013). Because of the mountainous terrain, city-states used trade by sea (Sayre, 2013). The economy was focused on importing goods due to poor soil quality (Sayre, 2013). In 6th Century B.C, commerce and craftsmanship were developed (Sayre, 2013). Because the lives of the Greeks were dominated by their religion, their temples were by far the largest and prettiest (Sayre, 2013). The Greeks made three individual architectural systems, which were called orders, and each one had its own unique size and detailing (Sayre, 2013). Three orders: • Doric • Ionic • Corinthian This Parthenon belongs to the Greek goddess of wisdom, Athena Parthenos, and belongs to the Doric order (Sayre, 2013). This Erechtheion is a temple from classic Greek architecture and belongs to...
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...Compare/Contrast Greek and Roman Cultures ‘}A/*54mperial Ro | Similarity/Difference | Greek Culture | Roman Culture | 1 | Similar | Greek philosophy has always played a very pivotal part in Roman philosophy. As well as western philosophy. away from the mythological | Using similar philosophies as the Greek, mythological ideas were no longer used and more relevant types of discussion were used. began to rewrote to a less educated | 2 | Different | Greek women were thought of as property and allowed few rights Women in Greece were taught very basic education as young girls. They were taught how to make a home and rear children.(Barrow, M)2013 | While Roman women to be property of their male guardians. The Upper Class was given more rights. Such as owning and selling property. As well as being able to inherit from brothers. (Barrow)2013 | 3 | Similar | Greek children were treated as ones just awaiting adulthood. With few rights. Both male and female children were educated until age 12. Males were expected to continue education and do things such as learn to play instruments(Regain),2004 | Roman children were treated very much in the same manor as Greek children. Girl were taught more about raising the families and keeping a home. | 4 | Different | Greek soldiers were mostly foot soldiers and fought in a phanalax formation. This consisted of infantry 8 deep. They fought in close formation that made it more difficult to maneuver | Roman soldiers were horse riders...
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...of land that is surrounded by three bodies of water. Rome was located in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, this made Rome a center of trade. It was fast to communicate with Rome because it was open to Northern Africa, Europe, and Asia Minor. By trading with different countries and cultures, new ideas and inventions would have spread and be used by Romans. This is called cultural diffusion. An example of cultural diffusion in Rome is the architecture. By trading or learning about Greece, the Romans developed a style of architecture similar to the Greek style. Both civilizations have architecture that feature pillars and buildings built for gods or goddesses. In addition, many Roman gods can be translated into Greek gods. For example, the Greek god Zeus would be the Roman god Jupiter and the Greek goddess Aphrodite would be the Roman goddess Venus. Greek and Roman culture is very similar which could imply a lot of cultural diffusion. Rome was on a peninsula which means it was completely surrounded by sea. The sea would serve as protection from potential invaders. Geographic factors can promote cultural diffusion comparable to how the Italian peninsula helped the Ancient...
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...thrived for centuries. While the Romans did face adversity, they overcame their foes and prospered due to their colossal infrastructure. The systems that they constructed played a major role in the expansion and stability of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. Roman architects greatly admired Greek design, and because of this much of Roman architecture was based on that of the Greeks. While the Romans did borrow from the style developed by the Greeks, they did not copy their designs, but built on them. The Romans were very innovative in the styles and processes that they used in their constructs. Among their great architectural achievements are the development of the arch, the dome, and the aqueduct (Cartwright Architecture). The implementation of these design concepts allowed the Romans to build monumental structures that were supported by physics instead of countless pillars. Another milestone in their ability to build on such...
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...Spell Check-list Unlike the Greek city-states, the Roman republic embarked almost immediately on imperial expansion. Utilizing its citizen armies, the republic gained control of the entire Italian peninsula. Conquered regions were incorporated into the republic or allowed to remain as independent allies. Rome's greatest rival in the western part of the Mediterranean was the former Phoenician colony of Carthage in northern Africa. Between 264 B.C.E. and 146 B.C.E., Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. Rome's victory created an empire that extended from Italy to the Iberian peninsula and into northern Africa. The collapse of the Hellenistic successor states of Alexander's empire drew the Romans into the eastern Mediterranean. Greece, Macedonia, the Asian littoral, and Egypt were drawn into Rome's orbit. Rome and its Empire, (1995), Pearson Education, Pearson Longman, Retrieved from; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_wc_4/17/4390/1123999.cw/index.html The Regal Period. According to tradition, the first King laid the political foundations for the city, by creating the senate, and by dividing the people into curiae. He also extended Roman power by successful wars. Numa Pompilius is the antithesis, in many ways, of Romulus. He organized priesthoods, established religious rites, and sought to develop the religious life of the people. It was the main purpose of Tullus Hostilius, as it had been that of Romulus, to extend the material power of Rome. Ancus Marcius...
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...spurred on the Northern European Renaissance. The Renaissance period began in the early 14th Century and lasted until the late 16th Century. “Renaissance” comes from the French word that means “rebirth.” This time period is named and studied because of its unique art, literature, and music. It is also known as society's modern age. Early in the 14th Century, Italian scholars started to study the ancient cultures that preceded them, like those of Greece and the Roman Empire. This scholarly interest would lead to the Italian Renaissance. Italy and Europe was ready for change after the harrowing destruction of the Black Plague in the Middle Ages. Florence, Italy, was the home of the start of the Renaissance. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, culture, politics, and the arts had only been in decline. Petrarch advocated learning about Italy's Latin and Roman history. The Pope and the royalty liked this idea, so other scholars begun to study in the same vein. These scholars valued the accomplishments of the Romans, but they wanted to improve on their society instead of blindly trying to recreate the same thing. These scholars wrote books that would stimulate Italians' thinking and give them a new purpose. Italy was divided into distinct city-states, which gave them a more modern, and regional, cultural outlook. The city-states thrived, banking increased, and trade became more important....
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...The Roman emperor Aelius Hadrianus was a man of Italian origin, but Greek in culture who had a burning passion for knowledge and unquenchable thirst for travel. Hadrian was never the same, for his nature possessed many sides: a singer and musician, a physician, a geometrician, a painter, a sculptor all encompassed in a single emperor. Historian Ferdinand Gregorovius writes that an ancient Roman historian described Hadrian’s nature was so unique in that “A bel esprit of so brilliant a character has not often been seen among men.” Indeed, Hadrian was blessed with a gifted mind and a curious spirit for knowledge, seeking to know everything that there was to possibly know. His vast wisdom pervaded his role as ruler, and under his wise policies...
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...The early Greek and Roman cultures fundamentals or descriptions were illustrated in the table beneath. Greek Culture Roman Culture Government Aristocrats once ruled the Greeks. After a number of years of war, the Democracy was presented and effective. Political, philosophical, and literary held great concerns. (Economic History, 2010) The Roman government is an uncompromising version of the Greeks. From the Monarchy there is a civilization change, holding the military and political control was the Aristocratic republic. “Executive, legislative and the judicial branch” were the branches that were presumed so that the political control would be composed. (2)(UN RV History, 2011) Geographical Greece is a peninsula. It has several smaller peninsulas attached. Peninsula meaning it is enclosed by water on three sides. Southwestern Europe is where it is positioned. It is “51,000 square miles” (Kidport, 2012) The “Seven Hills and The Tiber River” is what Rome’s geographical area consists of. (Maps of World, 2000) It forms the “backbone of the peninsular” and it is the western part of the Apennine Mountains. (Maps of World, 2000) Terrain Greece is roughly 20% made up of island and it has a small amount of plans, the rugged mountainous and the rocky terrain is what divided the cities and the states. (Kidport, 2012) As for the land, it was not capable of sustaining plant life and it was unnourished. On both sides there were small islands with swampy...
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...1) The Classic period is from about 500 to 350 b.C. In this period nearly all possible cultural expressions flourished: philosophy, politics, literature, music, painting, sculpture and architecture. 2) The Hellenistic period emerged, approximately, 323-30BC. Beginning after the conquests of Alexander the Great, the period experienced prosperity and progress in the decorative and visual arts, exploration, literature, sculpture, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, and science. The Hellenistic era experienced an age of eclecticism, a new awakening of the diverse knowledge and theories present in Greek culture. Instead of contemplating and debating ideals, logic, extinguished emotion, or consummate beauty, people would explore and analyze reality. 3)The Romans painted directly on the walls of their rooms, and also on portable panels. In Third and Fourth Style wall paintings, we can even see imitations of portable paintings - these are paintings of paintings, as it were. Domestic interiors were claustrophobic - windowless and dark - so the Romans used painted decoration to visually open up and lighten their living spaces. Technical elements of Roman painting include the fresco technique; brightly colored backgrounds; division of the wall into multiple rectangular areas; multi-point perspective; and effects 4)Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realism movement of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction...
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...Language Latin became the prominent language during the Reign of the Roman Empire. Wherever the Roman Empire was ahead the Latin language was spoken. When the Empire fell is when Latin was switched over to Vernacular. Many people chose to speak this language other than Latin. It became a way of life and how the culture would develop in later years. Religion played a huge role in this. Charlemagne believed that in order for one to practice Christianity they needed to be able to read and write it. He began to crusade for the introduction of Literacy at this point. The English would speak The Old English type of language and the Anglo Saxons would start using Vernacular. The type of Vernacular Language often depended on the social class of that individual. Lower classes spoke what we know as English and the upper classes spoke the vernacular dialect ("End of Europe's," 1997) . Most of the vernacular language was introduced by entertainers and poets who would travel to the area carrying out stories that they had heard. Most of these writings were romantic and spoke of loss and tragedy. This was of course the Dark ages. They spoke of longing and whoa in love. Vernacular was adapted so they could understand these writings. Language was originally used in religion, and therefore became part of the culture that one existed in. It was thought that in order to practice a religion one needed to be able to speak that language and write it as well, which is where Charlemagne...
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...Seeking Asylum: The Buffalo State Hospital In American architecture, one thing rang true: America borrowed from the greatest countries and empires. Throughout much of the early years of the United States, there was not a singular distinct type of architecture, both in the domestic and public sectors. Borrowing from well-established counties became a second nature. Hunting and pecking through thousands of years of pre designed architecture helped American architects, like Henry Hobson Richardson, grab the best of the best and led them to create marvelous masterpieces. From Greek and Roman flares to the beauty of Queen Anne and Federal style, American architects have waded through them all. By doing so, elaborate and attractive buildings began to pop up through much of the United States Eastern Seaboard. One of the most influential American Architects to come out of this time period is Henry Hobson Richardson. He helped develop a definite American Style of architecture and one of the most important. His influence on building design has made an impact on such architects as Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Sullivan. Siegfried Giedion, author of Space, Time and Architecture, states that “Richardson’s study of historical precedence- in this case Romanesque buildings-led to the design of the new forms Richardson was after.” Henry Hobson Richardson was born in a Louisiana Parish on September 29th, 1838 to Catherine Priestley and Henry Richardson. He was born into a well-to-do...
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...ARTS TEACHERS’ GUIDE Grade 9 ARTS Teacher’s Guide Unit I WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS GRADE 9 Unit 1 ARTS TEACHERS’ GUIDE GRADE 9 Unit 1 WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS LEARNING AREA STANDARD The learner demonstrates an understanding of basic concepts and processes in music and art through appreciation, analysis and performance for his/her self-development, celebration of his/her Filipino cultural identity and diversity, and expansion of his/her world vision. key - stage STANDARD The learner demonstrates understanding of salient features of music and arts of the Philippines and the world, through appreciation, analysis, and performance, for self-development, the celebration of Filipino cultural identity and diversity, and the expansion of one’s world vision. grade level STANDARD The learner demonstrates understanding of salient features of Western music and the arts from different historical periods, through appreciation, analysis, and performance for self-development, the celebration of Filipino cultural identity and diversity, and the expansion of one’s world vision. CONTENT STANDARDs The Learner: demonstrates understanding of art elements and processes by synthesizing and applying prior knowledge and skills demonstrates understanding that the arts are integral to the development of organizations, spiritual belief, historical events, scientific discoveries, natural disasters/ occurrences and other external phenomenon ...
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...Throughout history, the evolution of humankind has been observed to thrive off of the idea of social structure to develop an existence of logic that invents controversial topics. This trend could be traced back as far as the Renaissance in relation to artists vs. artisans, or the uprising of mass movements pertaining to equality in recent decades, and especially in current events where anyone and everyone is concerned with whether or not, “You can’t sit with us.” –Mean Girls (2003) There has always been a line drawn in the multi-faceted socio-political realm, on to the linear plane that is life. But the visibility is nothing shy of vague. Paul Goldberger, an architecture critic for the New Yorker, published the book: “Why Architecture Matters”...
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...Architecture Comprehensive Examination Reviewer HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. The ornamental blocks fixed vertically at regular intervals along the lower edge of a roof to cover end tiles. a. ancones c. acroteria b. Antifixae 2. A continuous base or structure in which a colonnade is placed. a. stereobate c. stylobate b. Torus 3. The market in Greek architecture. a. Megaron c. agora b. Pylon 4. The smallest among the famous pyramids at Gizeh. a. Pyramid of Cheops c. Pyramid of Chephren b. Pyramid of Mykerinos 5. The largest outer court, open to the sky, in Egyptian temple. a. Sanctuary c. Irypaetral b. Irypostyle 6. The inner secret chamber in the mastaba which contains the statue of the deceased family member. a. Pilaster c. serdab b. Sarcophagus 7. The grandest of all Egyptian temples. a. Palace of Sargon c. Great temple of Ammon, Karnak b. Great temple of Abu-Simbel 8. The principal interior decoration of early Christian churches. a. stained glass c. painting b. mosaic 9. In early Christian churches, it is the covered space between the atrium and the church which was assigned to penitents. a. baldachino c. narthex b. apse 10. A dome placed on the drum. a. simple c. compound b. superpositioned 11. The architect of a church of Santa Sophia Constantinople, the most important church in Constantinople. a. Ictinus and Callicrates b. Apollodorous of Damascus and Isidorous on Miletus c. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorous of Miletus 12. The second largest medieval cathedral...
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