...Student Names: Instructor’s Name: Course: 23 May 2014 Giovanni DiPlano Carpini was among the first European persons to enter the Great Khan’s court in the empire of Mongol. He was a Serbian primate as well as the Archbishop of Antivari between 1247 and 1252. He was also a disciple of Saint Francis of Assisi and held great reputation within the Fransiscan order. It is after the Mongol invasion on Eastern Europe and Legnica battle that threatened the European Christendom, that Pope Innocent IV then decided that to send him to the Mongolian empire. The reason for sending an emissary was partly for purposes of protesting against attacks on Christian people and the European lands. To prevent further attacks, he wished to convert the emperor into Christianity (Lane, 139). However, according to Giovanni’s account, he was also highly interested in understanding the military powers and abilities of the Mongols. As a Christian, Giovanni was amazed by the level of social integrity, cohesiveness and respect among the Mongols despite them not being Christians like him. He says that the tartars seemed more obedient than other people to their leaders whether they were secular or religious. They always respected them and never lied to them (Lane, 139). Actually even among themselves, there never occurred differences by word or by actions, which are similar characteristics and virtues, taught by Christianity that Giovanni was sent to spread. Moreover, there were no vices such as stealing...
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...varied throughout this time period. However, the Silk Roads still experienced many continuities as well, for example their original purpose which was to facilitate the exchange of goods between Asia and Europe never changed; they continued to influence many cultures especially with the traveling of religions; and the Silk Roads have always had long term affects and influence on powerful empires. Towards the beginning of their patterns of interaction in 200 BCE, the Silk Roads were minimally used in East Asia. As time progresses, the roads increase as did empires such as Rome and Han who grew both economically and culturally due to usage of the roads. But, instability and economic pressures took a toll on the two empires, and when Rome fell in 476, the Silk Roads were used far less than how they originally were. The roads managed to pick up again as the Byzantine Empire in the east emerged and was able to prosper from usage of the already available roads. However, the Mongols come into play and invade the empire and end Byzantine’s era with the Silk Roads. In Western Europe, society was in the period called the Middle Ages where trade was minimal and feudalism/manorialism had taken the place of trade since the fall of the Roman empire. The Mongols, who had invaded Europe, are determined to strengthen the roads again and expand trade, which they do successfully and also manage to dethrone the Islamic powers who had previously dominated world trade. Also...
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...To demonstrate their rejection of the Mongols, the Ming emperors a. severed relations with the Middle East and Central Asia and closed the borders to foreigners. b. built the Great Wall of China and deported all Mongols. c. changed the official language from Mongolian to Chinese. d. marched all the Mongols to the Korean border. e. formed close ties with the Manchu instead. a The emperor Yongle improved the imperial complex built by the Mongols called the a. Imperial House. b. Forbidden City. c. Heavenly Gates. d. Dragon's Court. e. Red Square. b Because Mongols controlled access to the Silk Road after the overthrow of the Yuan, the emperor Yongle put an emphasis on a. trade by ships. b. overland trade through India and Arabia. c. trade through Buddhist monasteries. d. trans-Pacific exploration. e. none of these; trade decreased because people could not afford to travel by Silk Road and pay Mongol tariffs. a Zheng He's primary accomplishment was a. converting barbarians to Islam. b. discovering new lands in the East. c. bringing wealth to China. d. acquiring Ming tributary states. e. discovering the Philippines. d Why didn't Ming China develop seafaring for commercial and military gain? a. The emperor feared outside contacts and influence. b. The peasantry were a strong voting lobby and refused to support it. c. The merchants were opposed to losing their domestic markets. d. The Mongol threat from the north took priority over...
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... the Muslims had fallen to Mongols. Arabs never able to unite the entire region again. Decline of Islamic caliphate: decline of caliphate and its economy was gradual and incomplete – not at all like the dramatic fall of Rome • authority of caliphate declined, landlords seized power, peasants became serfs on large estates • agricultural productively declined, tax revenues declined • Arab and Middle Eastern traders lose ground: European merchants began to exercise control of their turf and challenge the Arabs in other parts of the Mediterranean. Still, Arab and Persian commerce remained active in Indian Ocean. • The emerging Ottoman Turks expanded into southeastern Europe, and the power (both politically and militarily) was frightening to other people in other areas, such as western Europe. A Power Vacuum in International Leadership • Turkish rulers unable to reestablish Islamic position in international trade. Turks scornful of Arabs (though both were Muslim), did not promote trade, especially maritime trade, as vigorously as in past. • Turkic expansion was important well into 17th century, but real focus was on conquest and administration • Mongols developed first alternative international framework with influence in central Asia, China, Russia, Middle East, south Asia. Trade encouraged many opportunities for exchange of technology and ideas – western Europe was primary beneficiary. • end of Mongol empires turned attention to...
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...Through out world history we have progressed from hunter and gatherers, small bands of families, to small empires, into a large interconnected world. We have made the world smaller and smaller as we have progressed as a whole. As a great turning point in our history was between 600-1500 C.E. when the world became a much more integrated. This happened though population growth, expansion of territories, and increased trade between civilizations. In this paper I will show how that these three things brought Europe, Asia, and Africa closer together. With the continent of Asia I'm going to focus on the People of the Steppes, the Mongols. It starts with the unifier of the mongols Temujin, he united the different mongol clans becoming Chinggis...
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...In this section (weeks 5-8) we have traced the evolution of military institutions and technologies in the Non-Western world (primarily East Asia) and how they pertained to broader social and political developments. Can you discern any particular patterns in how various states responded to particular types of military challenges? Choose a particular place and time (for example, Tang dynasty China) and discuss the relationship between social and institutional developments and the use of specific military tactics and technologies. Nathan Wells While it has long been realized that military challenges were key to the development of Western society; the Non-Western world by comparison has often received short shrift in relation to this subject. This is best illustrated by Kenneth Chase, who begins his work Firearms: A Global History to 1700 with this query: “Why was it the Europeans who perfected firearms when it was the Chinese who invented them?” (1) The underlying message of the statement therefore is that while the region (East Asia) might produce the occasional interesting moment for military history, the real determinants for military theory were occurring elsewhere. Chase’s complete thesis is a bit more pragmatic; hinging on the observation that constant emphasis on steppe warfare led East Asian powers to neglect the increasingly important gunpowder revolution. This seems a bit heavy-handed, however and fails to address the fact that firearms and the gunpowder revolution...
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...How did migration, trade and nomadic invasion threaten and or aid classic empires and civilizations? Mason Pirio 10/12/14 Period 4 Migration, trade, and nomads effected early civilizations in many ways, some positive and some negative. Nomads made trade difficult at times and occasionally invaded sedentary civilizations. Trade helped boost early economies by providing civilization with useful resources which could not be found in their own region. Migration was key in terms of disseminating culture and ideas throughout the classical world. Migration and trade also spread religion; an example of this is when Buddhism spread from India to china. There were also many drawbacks to migration as it spread new diseases that some cultures were unequipped to deal with. Trade greatly aided the economies of early civilizations. Silk was a common item of trade in china, as china had the highest quality of silk at the time. The Silk Road was passage in which many travelers used to acquire silk from china. Trade was also important because some places had things that other places didn’t. Trade also encouraged the spread of new ideas and technology such as hunting methods, weaponry, arts, and most of all, religion. Nomads threatened the trade of early civilizations, and the civilizations themselves. A prime example of nomadic invasion is in china. China feared being attacked by the Mongols, so they built the Great Wall of China to defend from any attacks from the north. This can be both...
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... Marco Polo was a large influence to many of the later explorers. Be it through his book, “The Travels of Marco Polo”, which mainly described Polo’s travels through China, Indonesia, and Persia between 1276 and 1291. There have been many speculations through the years whether Marco Polo accomplished all of the things he said he did. Despite the negativity, Marco Polo affected history, and is still important in learning about history to this day. Details on Marco’s personal life is nearly non-existent, except for the information that is given in his book....
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...gunpowder were also popular items of trade along the Silk Road to Europe. As we can imagine this invention had a profound effect on human history and although gunpowder was invented by the Chinese, it gave rise to the powerful western world while it inevitably left China and the Eastern World behind. B. Description of the Chinese Culture (Brandy Miller) 1. Chinese Society: Understanding a people's culture exposes their normalness without reducing their individuality. There are many different realms of Chinese society. China is well known for its centuries of traditional values, customs and beliefs. These beliefs are deeply linked with the language, religions and collective values which have always been the center of traditional festivals, customs and everyday life of man as a collective in harmony with nature (Needham, J., 1986). Despite the strong Chinese cultural traditions, the last century has seen a great deal of social change in China. Most recently, increased involvement in the global economic market has led to a high level of prosperity in China which is unfortunately not shared by all. Global influences have also led to the increased interest in science and technology, which are...
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... In our Foundations of Russia course we watched the movie based off Oblomov , which was directed by Nikita Mikhalkov in 1979. This book tried to address what was going to happen to the people of Russia when serfdom was going to end. The challenge that Russia faced at the time was adapting to modern European life. Oblomov raised the question of whether the old elite could adapt to the rest of the world or if it would fail to implement a successful reform. During the mid nineteenth century, the implications of Russia losing the Crimean War were that Russia lacks mobility and technology. The loss of the war was a great shock to the system. It also was a window for the rest of the European powers to look and see how Russia’s influence was losing traction. At the time the disillusioned Tsar, Nicholas I, believed that “Russia’s greatness was founded on its Military forces”.1 After losing the Crimean War, it became obvious to Russia, and the rest of the world, that in order for Russia to keep growing and maintaining power, reform had to occur. After Nicholas I came Alexander II’s reign. Alexander II looked for change in Russia, and his first plan was to liberate the serfs. Peasants in Russia have always been the majority of the population. Getting rid of serfdom was seen as a call for revolution from above. There were many unanswered questions in the preliminary years of Alexander II’s reign, and Oblomov was David G. Rowley, Exploring Russia’s Past: Narrative...
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...Compare and contrast the legacies of cultural syncretism in Africa and the Americas with the resistance to cultural change Westerners encountered in China and India. What cultural factors caused the differences in outcomes? What legacies have the differences in types of encounters and degrees of cultural change left today? Had syncretism not occurred in the Americas, how might modern culture be different? If cultural syncretism had taken root during early encounters in China or India, how might they be different today? The quest for wealth and power brought Europeans to Indian shores in 1498 when Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese voyager, arrived in Calicut (modern Kozhikode, Kerala) on the west coast. In their search for spices and Christian converts, the Portuguese challenged Arab supremacy in the Indian Ocean, and, with their galleons fitted with powerful cannons, set up a network of strategic trading posts along the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 1510 the Portuguese took over the enclave of Goa, which became the center of their commercial and political power in India and which they controlled for nearly four and a half centuries. Economic competition among the European nations led to the founding of commercial companies in England (the East India Company, founded in 1600) and in the Netherlands (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie--the United East India Company, founded in 1602), whose primary aim was to capture the spice trade by breaking the Portuguese monopoly in Asia...
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...The Shiites had power of Sunnis as caliph. The two groups had different beliefs and did not agree with each other's way of worship. 16) The impact that the first civil war had on the Islamic community, is that it caused changes in the societies and relationships between the communities. It also led to the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman, which affected much of the population because they had lost their Islamic community leader. 17) It is accurate to call Umar, Umar the Conqueror because Arab conquests outside of Arabia began during this time. Umar connected army service to be able to residence in large military camps, and also made important decisions that didn't allow the Arabs to be able to assume ownership of conquered territory during his caliphate. 18) To unite their caliphate, there were multiple steps that that the Umayyad caliphs had to take. They borrowed ideas and altered the administrative...
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...AP World History Survival Guide Name ________________________________ Teacher __________________________ Block _________________ Table of Contents | Pages | AP World History Overview | 3 – 7 | The AP Exam | 3 | World Regions | 4 – 5 | Five Course Themes | 6 | Four Historical Thinking Skills | 7 | Essays Overview | 8 - 15 | Document-based Question (DBQ) | 8 – 12 | Change and Continuity over Time (CCOT) | 13 – 15 | Comparative Essay | 16 – 18 | Released Free Response Questions | 19 – 20 | AP Curriculum Framework | 21 – 38 | Period 1 (Up to 600 B.C.E.)—5% | 21 – 22 | Period 2 (600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)—15% | 23 – 25 | Period 3 (600 to 1450)—20% | 26 – 28 | Period 4 (1450 to 1750)—20% | 29 – 31 | Period 5 (1750 to 1900)—20% | 32 – 35 | Period 6 (1900 to the present)—20% | 36 – 38 | Help with Some Confusing Subjects | 39 – 43 | Chinese Dynasties | 39 | Political, Economic, and Social Systems | 40 | Religions | 41 | Primary Sources | 42 | “Must Know” Years | 43 | * Many of the guidelines in this study packet are adapted from the AP World History Course Description, developed by College Board. The AP Exam Purchasing and taking the AP World History exam are requirements of the course. This year, the AP World History exam will be administered on: ___________________________________________ Format I. Multiple...
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...traditional division of Western history: early, the high, and the late Middle Ages. Middle Ages is an important part of Western Civilization. It through many different period of time of the Middle Ages helps Western Civilization development economy and political. Each period of Middle Ages affect to how Civilization changes and growth. Western Civilization had more strong and created many intellect men. Also, the last Pagan Europe was converted to Christianity with the Baltic people in the High Middle Ages, bringing them to Western Civilization as well. I. Byzantine and Islamic influence A. Byzantine influence In the textbook Humanities in the Western Tradition, First Edition Marvin Perry, Baruch College, City University of New York, Emeritus J. Wayne Baker, University of Akron Pamela Pfeiffer Hollinger, the University of Akron that discussion Byzantine and Islamic their cultural contribution to Western Civilization. * “The Byzantine and Islam have in common” by contributing writer that almost 700 years Byzantine and Islamic cultural fought the remains of the Roman Empire, but they also hared many cultural political and artistic that shape their societies in many ways. * Advantage: * Byzantine cultural contributions to Western Civilization Byzantine developed vital economy, sophisticated intellectual and artistic and also they had strong government that supported the Eastern Church. And then, Byzantine reached political height under Justinian...
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...the history in a balanced way, are based on a variety of materials, including lectures attended in a special workshop on Korean culture at Korea University in the summer of 1997. Map of Korea The overall pattern of development in the history of the Korean peninsula is a process that begins with an unknown number of early tribal groups that populate the peninsula in prehistoric times, wandering out of Siberia and areas to the west. Over time, some of these groups form more complex societies that eventually result in early kingdoms that grow up on the peninsula; in some cases extending westwards into what is now Chinese territory. As time and events unfolded, these kingdoms were unified, though the borders and degree of unity have continued to change over time—down to today. Besides the obvious split between North and South Korea, cultural differences (including dialect, food, and local identity) exist between the various regions of the peninsula. In some cases these differences are enough to influence the results of political elections. Nevertheless, Korean culture is highly homogenous in comparison with China, and even Japan. Over the last 2,000 years the Korean peninsula has been wracked...
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