...organization of the Arabian tribes with that of the Turko-mongolian tribes of inner asia? The Arabian and turk0- monoglian had some similarities but they also had many differences I will first start with their similarities. Both the Arabian tribes and turko-mongolian consisted of nomadic people, they were a stateless society, with no formal government. Now let me talk about their differences the Arabian tribes were endxomous meaning they were intermarried this made the tribe very cohesive and insulated. Through this intermarriage created their social stricter which was called egalitarian meaning there was little difference among people no matter rich or poor everyone was on the same level. This made it very difficult to have a ranking system in the military. The Turko-Monoglian tribes were exgoumous meaning they married outside of the family this was very important especially with building political alliances. There social structure was hierarchical which made a ranking system in the army very important. How did this difference affect the patter of state formation in pre modern middle east-? These difference affect the pattern of state formation in the pre modern middle east because of having a hieracalce social structure it made it much more easy to create a state or even an empire because of the inside and outside power, along with rankings in the military systems the tribe transformed its self into different caste the ruling elite and the subjects. But what happened with...
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...Professor Hicks History 116 The Ottoman Empire was a very powerful and influential force in the world during the early 19th century. As the empire was predominantly of Turkish decent, other minority groups started growing within the empire. Eventually it came to a period where the Ottoman Empire felt these minority groups such as the Armenians, Greeks, as well as the Assyrians were becoming to strong and felt they were threating the empire therefore they were persecuted and the mass killings of the Armenian people being. The purpose of this paper is to dive into the times of the Armenian genocides before during and after the April 24th 1915 genocide attacks on the Armenian people. The various sources and references used in this paper will explain the various situations the Armenian people faced and how this has correlated to other world events at the time and how this has affected Armenian people for generations to come. The first part which we will look at is determining if the mass killings of the Armenian people is considered genocide or not as the people of Turkey time and time again failed to recognize that it was genocide. The genocide convention in 1948 defined the word “genocide” as an incident which involves a significant number of dead, as similar to the number of dead during the 1915-1916 era. “On 12 March 2010, the Swedish Riksdag recognized the 1915 Genocide in Ottoman Turkey” (Avedian). As the Swedish have stated that genocide did take place it further explains...
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...by the empires, and the conclusion of the war resulted in the destruction of the empires, particularly the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary Empire. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire allowed many Middle East countries to be self-governed, while the West such as Great Britain and France had more interest in Europe than in the Middle East enabled the former to play a dominant role of colonization in the region. This seeded confrontation between two different civilizations, resulting in chaos later and to a large extent helping shape the Middle East in today's world. This paper attempts to examine this history arguing how the Ottoman Empire declined and eventually dissolved at the end of WWI. It shows that the internal problems of the Empire, such as its backward political and economic system, failed to compete with the increasing influence of the Western European countries, whose government was more efficient and more industrialized than the former, in the Middle East. The paper starts with a discussion of the contemporary situation in the Empire, and then deals with the problems that led to the conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers over the Middle East during WWI. It finally analyzes how the defeat of the Ottomans and the increasing British and French dominance in the Middle East laid the ground for today's conflicts in the region between the Arabic states and the Jewish nation, which is supported by the West. Since 1600s the Ottoman Empire had controlled...
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...influences Turkey has made in other nearby cultures and countries. Also the impact and influence the history of Turkey has had in that region. Finally it will end with how visible the influences are, and briefly discuss all of its religious influences. The region that Turkey now occupies has very large roots in history, even though the current establishment of Turkey is very young. Before the region was named the Republic of Turkey, the area was called Anatolia. Anatolia has a history of civilization that dates as far back as 10,000 years. In centuries past, this region had been inhabited by the indigenous Hattis and Hurrians. At around 2300 BC the Indo-European Hitties arrived at Anatolia slowly reigning over the Hatties and Hurrians. The Hitties established the first empire in the region and remained settled for multiple centuries. The empire collapsed in 1200 BC and Anatolia was then settled by an Indo-European group known as the Phrygians and the Lydians. The Phrygians settled in Western and Central Anatolia while the Lydians lived in the Eastern region. In the 6th century BC, bothe the Phrygians and Lydians were invaded by the Persian Empire. The kind of Kydia, Croesus, compromised with the Persians to divide their region of Anatolia long the Kizilirmak River as an attempt to stop the invasion. However the Persians did not stick to their agreement and took control of the region until 333 BC. At that time Alexander the Great conquered both the western and eastern regions of Anatolia...
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...Essay #1: Outline the reforms initiated in the Ottoman Empire by Selim III and how they were related to the reforms followed during the reign of Mahmud II? The reign of Selim III was a period of time of state-sponsored reforms. Some of the most important reforms was military reforms in which the Ottoman Empire tried to transform their armed forces in the image of many of the European countries. This was because when Selim became the sultan, the Ottoman Empire was fighting another losing war with Austria and Russia. For the sultan and his advisers, the lessons from the war was, if the military doesn’t improve the Ottoman Empire will crumble. Thus Selim III started a “series of reforms designed to reorganize the existing armed forces along European lines”. However one group was suspicious of the reforms, the Janissaries. The Janissaries were the most efficient military unit in the empire. The Janissaries were a slave army that numbered around 40,000 troops. They are known for their discipline, morale, and professionalism. And during times of peace they were used to maintain domestic law and order. So to appease the Janissaries and convince them to accept the new methods, Selim raised their salaries and rebuilt their barracks. However, that just made them more suspicious, and they “successfully resisted his moves toward reform”. Frustrated by this, the sultan tried to sidestep them by creating a new military unit called the Nazam-i Jedid to replace the Janissaries. They were trained...
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... mercantilism (p. 468) Quiz #2 1. caravel (p. 384) 2. conquistadors (p. 394) 3. Columbian Exchange (p. 431) 4. maritime (p. 402) 5. manumission . (p.467) 6. coerced labor systems (p.475) 7. plantation cash crop (p.470) 8. tariffs (p.469) 9. indigenous (p.393) 10. encomiendas (p. 439) 11. serfs (p.529) 12. mestizo (pp. 442 – 45) Historical Thinking Skills: Periodization, Causation, Contextualization Timeline Exercise: Annotate the timeline with two facts about the important effects of each event Unit 3: 1450–1750 (Early Modern) 1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople; end of Byzantine 1450s Gutenberg’s Printing Press; Portuguese expand trade in West Africa: Benin, Kongo 1483 Babur conquered northern India, and founded the Mughal Empire 1492 Reconquista completed; Columbus claimed Americas for Spain 1498 Vasco da Gama attacked Calicut 1517 Martin Luther posted 95 theses...
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...region is a must for the United States, however; since most Arab countries do not recognize Israel’s right to exist; it puts the United States in the sensitive position. The United States is Israel’s biggest supporter, when the United States changes policy with Israel; it puts other Middle Eastern countries in a state of uncertainty. What is now considered the Middle East; was once known as the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia. As one of the most powerful states in the world, the empire spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922 after WW I. The Empire was replaced by states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At its height the empire included most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna, including modern Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia, Romania, Greece, and Ukraine; Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Egypt; North Africa as far west as Algeria; and most of the Arabian Peninsula[1].( Ottoman Empire. (2009). The United States did not have formal Foreign Policies with the Ottoman Empire. Going in to WW I the Ottoman...
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...Why World War 1 was the worst world war? World War 1 was one of the worst world wars ever because of the new innovations of that time which made war more deadly and dangerous that previous wars. New inventions such as tanks, gas attacks, and trenches brought in more deadly. WW1 also started with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It eventually would start with Germany invading Belgium. WW1 would shape Europe and the world forever. How did WW1 start? It started in Sarajevo, Bosnia Sunday, June 28th, 1914. Archduke Franz Ferdinand who was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary rode in a parade to the town hall of Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip a Bosnian-born Serbian and six others had plans to assassinate the Archduke. The six of them...
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...largely due to external challenges” How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. I agree that the eventual decline of Veniceis due largely to external challenges.(Point) One example would be the rise in maritime competition. With the discovery of new maritime routes such as that around the Cape of Good Hope, Venice lost its monopoly of the lucrative spice trade and greatly reduced the large profits which Venetian traders had earned for centuries. The Portuguese could now buy their spices directly from India and this led to competition with the Venetians. (Example)Therefore, maritime competition meant that Venice’s revenue declined drastically as it was no longer the only source of supplies from the East. (Explanation) Thus the eventual decline of Venice is due to this external challenge as the decline in revenue from maritime competition meant that Venice could not finance it defence against the new military rivals it faced.(Link) Another external challenge that led to the fall of Veniceis the emergence of new military rivals.(Point) As the Ottoman Empire expanded, the Venetians had to fight hard for their control of the Adriatic Sea. The Ottomans had acquired territories along the coast of the Adriatic Sea and launched attacks at Venetian territories from there.(Example) Venice had to use its galleys to fight off these attacks, thus disrupting the use of galleys for trading purposes. Therefore the war with the Ottoman drained and weakened Venice’s resources...
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...of Armenian citizens during the First World War. The eventual happenings of those mass murders generated strong tensions with Turkey, by mentioning that the political heir of the Turkish Ottoman Empire responsible for the carnage (Smith 1-22).. But he refused to acknowledge the responsibility of academics, Governments and international organizations. The bodies of the women and children were basically the subject of protagonist discourses and the policies. The issue of belief in Armenian genocide and proof have brought the acceptance towards the continuing disputes that the crimes against the Armenian people were part of the many claims which were intended to target the Christian Armenians. During the Armenian genocide, Armenian women were owned and were forcibly kept as the wife and sex slave. This paper discusses the War bride in the Armenian genocide which had adverse effects afterwards. Body: The genocide definition corresponded to the nationalist government of the young Turks, who seemed to share the idea of equal citizenship with ethno-religious minorities (Greeks, Armenians and Jews) in the Constitutionalist revolution of 1908. Until this duration, they lived under autocracy of the sultan in a situation of pluralism-subordinate. Legal (Turkish) Muslims prevailed over minorities. Ottoman tolerance was also the consideration that any dissent against their domination triggered relentless punitive action. Nationalist uprisings of the 19th century in the...
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...significant role in my life. In addition, I happen to have a friend named Mehmet, who is from Turkey. But I never knew any information about Turkey until I found this country on a world map. That’s when I learned the following facts: Turkey is located in both Europe and Asia, and it shares a border with Greece. So when I started taking the course Geography of the Middle East at Old Dominion University, I decided to select Turkey for my research paper. Perry Library and Larchmont Library were excellent places for literary materials. I also consulted Internet sources and my class textbook as additional resources. Turkistan, a region in central Asia, is a Persian term which means “Turks’ land” or “land of the Turks”. The Young Ottoman Turks considered this name for their country before they decided on “Turkiye, an adaptation of the European name” Turkey (Lewis 333). Although “[t]he name Turkey has been given to…Anatolia…since its first conquest by the Turks in the eleventh century,” the Turks officially referred to their country as Turkey when it won its independence in 1923. (Lewis 1). Turkey’s relative geographical position distinguished it from most of the other countries of the world. It is situated on two continents: (southeastern) Europe and (southwestern) Asia. European Turkey, or Eastern Thrace, constitutes only 3 percent of the country’s land area, and “[t]he other 97 percent…is…in Asia and is called Anatolia, or Asia Minor” (Orr 19; Sheehan 7). Turkey’s...
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...To what extent did the Principles governing British Foreign and Imperial Policies remain the same between 1856 and 1902? Throughout the period 1856 to 1902, the principles governing foreign and Imperial Policy saw a great change in their detail as events in this time period unfolded, however the main aims of these principles stayed the same. An example of this can be seen in the foreign policy principle based on a fear of Russia and France that gradually changed over this time period into a fear of Germany instead. The detail changed, in particular who the fear was based on, but the principle, that of a fear of other powers threatening Britain’s position, stayed the same. What also must be acknowledged when looking into the change and continuity between these principles over the time period is that they are interconnected. Thus, with the main principles being divided into four main groupings: a fear of Russia and France, the need the maintain the balance of power in Europe, the desire to extend trade and Empire and support for constitutional states, change that affected the balance of power is also linked into the fear of Russia and France turning to a fear of Germany and how they came to threaten empire and trade and so on. This must be kept in mind when analyzing how far the principles remained the same. This first Foreign and Imperial policy being based on a fear of Russia and France, did gradually change over the time period to be based more on a fear of Germany, however...
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...Study Guide For Final Examination 1. Examine the process and the transition from the more traditional "putting-out" system to the rise of the factory system. What would be the economic and social implications of this change? (Class notes and Bentley & Ziegler, chapter 29) World population was growing, so there was a demand for more finished products. Before the factories, products were produced out of people’s homes and the process took a lot of time. The factories opened and centralized the materials (and people making the products) getting made to one place. The rise of factories came about with new technologies and new machines. Entrepreneurs worked with scientists (engineers) to make machines to mass produce the goods. Started with the textile industry (imported from India and then British government banned the imports of textiles from India and then the demand became greater) because the demand for textiles was not being met with the “putting out” system. Spinning machines made thread and then the flying shuttle would weave to make cloth. Social implications included opening of schools – even for women on a positive side and as a negative side, it led to overcrowding in the cities (which led to theft and prostitution), unemployment (people traveled to the cities to work in the factories and there weren’t enough jobs to go around), health concerns (sanitation and pollution) and child labor. Economic implications would include the rise of the two different classes –...
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...history of the relations since Israel’s independence and Turkish government and politics towards this. It summarizes the declining of relations between these two countries and their continuing relations that are worsened through last years and also it explains the solution to this problem. 2 RUNNING HEADER:WHAT IS THE COOPERATION BETWEEN TURKEY AND ISRAEL? History Background of Turkey and Israel relations: Israel, created a nation in the land of the Palestinian Arabs, millions of Palestinians have fled their homeland forced with weapons used by Israel Army. The government of USA was the first country to recognize Israel. Turkey was the first Muslim country to recognize the state of Israel. Israel, in fact, destroyed the Ottoman state and order in the region as the last nail in the coffin nailed. Nevertheless, the Republic of Turkey, on the contrary on March 28th 1949 was the first Muslim country to recognize Israel. This recognition took place during the reign of Ismet İnönü, the help from the United States, according to experts, was to underline the country's Western identity and to get the international Jewish support. According to Turkish Foreign Minister Sadak Israel had now become a reality all over the world and Turkey had to recognize the fact that Israel was an independent country. Hızlı stated that “The recognition of Israel was one of the most complicated problems regarding international relations and Turkey had to overcome the problem...
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...INR 2001: Intro to International Relations January 12, 2015 Big Themes in International Relations * Conflict or Cooperation? Pays to Cooperate: Success in business- Don’t shoot customers * Major Actors in Conflicts * Chines, Navy, NATO, and Somali Pirates * States fighting other states * States fighting rebellions within the state * Conflict between non-state actors * Not all conflict is between states, much if not most is below the level of state-state conflict * Conflict maybe driven by man interests- ethnic conflict, material resources, land * Cooperation * Lots of Conflict and lots of Cooperation * Examples * Cooperation focused on economic issues, why? * All sides gain from economic exchange so it literally pays to cooperate * Is cooperation or conflict the natural state? * Economic cooperation mitigates conflict * Globalization or Fragmentation? * France-Germany and the European Union * Free trade agreements and NAFTA * What is Globalization * Examples: * Increasing level interconnectedness * What it means for international relations * More interdependence * Cultural aspects, both positive and negative * Is globalization a new phenomena * Less and less dialogue more usual stuff happening * 50 million died as a result 1918 Spanish...
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