...The White Paper on Local Government 9 March 1998 The White Paper is dedicated to the memory of Tshepiso Mashinini (1966-1998), chairperson of the White Paper Working Committee, and all the other women and men who contributed to the building of a democratic system of local government in South Africa CONTENTS Foreword by Minister Mohammed Valli Moosa Foreword by Mr Pravin Gordhan Introduction SECTION A: CURRENT REALITY 1. A history of local government 2. The current state of local government 2.1. The different forms of municipality 2.2. Local government finance 2.3. Administration 2.4. Legislative complexity 2.5. Powers and functions 2.6. Global and national trends 2.7. The transition process 3. Settlement patterns and trends 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Settlement types 3.3. The implications of current settlement patterns 4. Defining the challenge for local government 4.1. Challenges facing South African municipalities 5. Concluding comment SECTION B: DEVELOPMENTAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. Characteristics of developmental local government 1.1. Maximising social development and economic growth 1.2. Integrating and coordinating 1.3. Democratising development, empowering and redistributing 1.4. Leading and learning 2. Developmental outcomes of local government 2.1. Provision of household infrastructure and services 2.2. Creation of liveable, integrated cities, towns and rural areas 2.3. Local economic development ...
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...quit his party, the economy slipped into recession, and Bush's popularity began to fall. All this changed dramatically after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S.A. With great skill and determination, Bush rallied the nation together, taking swift action against perceived terrorist threats, building an international coalition against terrorism, and taking the war to the perpetrators of the acts in Afghanistan. His job approval ratings soared to record levels, and he gained new respect from leaders and the public. The opening vignette thus illustrates how external events influence the presidential office. Especially during times of war and national crisis, the natural capacities of the institution are enhanced, as the public looks to the President during emergencies, and the person holding it has their power increased, more easily overcoming the constraints placed upon it by the Constitution and other structural and political factors. In wartime, presidents generally have their way with Congress on defense and foreign policy matters, and are tempted to govern by executive orders and agreements, with minimal...
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...An Essay on Fiscal Federalism Wallace E. Oates Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 37, No. 3. (Sep., 1999), pp. 1120-1149. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28199909%2937%3A3%3C1120%3AAEOFF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A Journal of Economic Literature is currently published by American Economic Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aea.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://www.jstor.org Tue Apr 24 17:00:09 2007 Journal of Economic Literature Vol. XXXVZZ (September 1999) pp. 1120-1 149 An Essay on Fiscal Federalism 1. Introduction ISCAL DECENTRALIZATION is in vogue. Both in the industrialized and in the...
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...obtaining some understanding of international organizations is the variety of organizational forms which need to be considered. Abstract classification schemes, particularly when simplified for convenience, tend to conceal the existence of well-developed groups of organizations with distinct features. The approach employed here has been to use several different ways of breaking up the range of organizations and to cite several examples of organizations of any particular type. The intent is not to put forward a new systematic classification of international organizations but rather to facilitate an appreciation of the variety of bodies which could be incorporated into any such scheme. A comment on the three conventional categories used (intergovernmental, international non-governmental non-profit, and multinational enterprises) is thus a valid point of departure. The second breakdown of international organizations is developed on the basis of the terminology used in the actual title of the body. The intent here is to show the limitations of this obvious, but...
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...Governance and leadership in general is a process by which people determine their destiny, on the other hand good governance or leadership lays emphasis on accountability, efficiency and responsiveness to the needs of the direct environment of the organization being governed. This involves identification of leaders to guide those being governed to fulfill their vision and mission while guarding against mismanagement of the same. The identification does not lay preference on any gender but over the years, the issue of gender diversity in business organizations and public administration has received increasing attention in both the academic literature and the popular press. The question has been whether greater participation of women in boards, top management and even in the political arena can be directly associated to better financial performance in an organization and on a macro level that participation at all levels impact positively on the economy. The mandate to coordinate policy formulation and integration in Kenya in regards to gender has been given to the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development. Various policy documents have been prepared towards finding a lasting solution to the issue of gender disparities in the work place. The National Commission on Gender and Development (NCGD) has been operational since 2004 and was formulated to enable the Ministry to carry out its mandate. Its mandate includes legal reform, advocacy, providing advice on gender issues...
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...years (1950 – 89) Its acknowledged that the start of the European integration can be identified in the “Schuman declaration” a speech by French foreign minister in 1950. He proposed that France and Germany and other nations wishing to join, pool their coal and steel resources. It was an opening of credit to Germany (only 5 years after the first tank left Paris) and it implicitly recognized the new world order with france and germany allied with the US. It was also a security measure for France with respect to Germany (the historical enemy) as coal and steel are the vital war resources and now were under independent common control. The opening of the programme to other European states was perfectly consistent with the evolution of European relations with respect to the US under the NATO treaty. France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Paris treaty and the European Coal...
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... Edexcel AS Politics ExamBuster 2009 Introduction to Unit 1- People and Politics Understanding the Examination and Exam Technique Choosing your questions In this unit you are presented with four questions. They are of equal value and each question covers one of the four sections of the specification. These are: Democracy and political participation Party policies and ideas Elections Pressure groups There is no significance to the order in which questions appear. Each question is divided into three sections (a), (b) and (c). When choosing which questions to do, the following principles are recommended: It is almost certain that you will be better off choosing your strongest question to do first. You should choose questions on the basis of how well you can answer the section (c) part. The (c) part carries 25 of the 40 marks available for the whole answer. Do not choose a question simply because you can do part (a) especially well. The (a) question is only worth 5 marks. It would be illogical to choose your strongest (a) part if you cannot do well on section (c). If you cannot decide between several (c) parts, i.e. you can do more than one equally well, make your choice on the basis of part (b) which carries 10 marks. But remember, it is the (c) parts that will determine most what your overall mark will be. So, when you first look at the exam paper, look at the (c) sections first. Assessment Objectives Each question is divided into three sections, as follows: carries 5 marks...
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...A COMMONWEALTH OF THE PEOPLE Time for Urgent Reform The Report of the Eminent Persons Group to Commonwealth Heads of Government Perth, October 2011 Published by the Commonwealth Secretariat Designed by Rob Norridge/norridgewalker.com Printed by Hobbs the Printers, Totton, Hampshire Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House Pall Mall London SW1Y 5HX United Kingdom info@commonwealth.int www.thecommonwealth.org Acronyms ACP ACTA ARV ASEAN AU CBA CBC CFTC CGF CHOGM CHRI CiO CMAG CMG CMGSS COG CS-DRMS CSFP CSO CYC CYDF CYO CYP EPG EU Gt G20 HIV/AIDS IDEA IEA IMF MDGs MFN SPD TRIPS UNDP WTO African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Anti-retroviral drugs Association of South-East Asian Nations African Union Commonwealth Broadcasting Association Commonwealth Business Council Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation Commonwealth Games Federation Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Chairperson-in-Office Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group Commonwealth Media Group Commonwealth Ministerial Group on Small States Commonwealth Observer Group Commonwealth Secretariat’s Debt Recording and Management System Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan Civil Society Organisations Commonwealth Youth Corps Commonwealth Youth Development Fund Commonwealth Youth Orchestra Commonwealth Youth Programme Eminent Persons Group European Union Gigatonnes The Group of 20 major advanced and developing...
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...A COMMONWEALTH OF THE PEOPLE Time for Urgent Reform The Report of the Eminent Persons Group to Commonwealth Heads of Government Perth, October 2011 Published by the Commonwealth Secretariat Designed by Rob Norridge/norridgewalker.com Printed by Hobbs the Printers, Totton, Hampshire Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House Pall Mall London SW1Y 5HX United Kingdom info@commonwealth.int www.thecommonwealth.org Acronyms ACP ACTA ARV ASEAN AU CBA CBC CFTC CGF CHOGM CHRI CiO CMAG CMG CMGSS COG CS-DRMS CSFP CSO CYC CYDF CYO CYP EPG EU Gt G20 HIV/AIDS IDEA IEA IMF MDGs MFN SPD TRIPS UNDP WTO African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Anti-retroviral drugs Association of South-East Asian Nations African Union Commonwealth Broadcasting Association Commonwealth Business Council Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation Commonwealth Games Federation Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Chairperson-in-Office Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group Commonwealth Media Group Commonwealth Ministerial Group on Small States Commonwealth Observer Group Commonwealth Secretariat’s Debt Recording and Management System Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan Civil Society Organisations Commonwealth Youth Corps Commonwealth Youth Development Fund Commonwealth Youth Orchestra Commonwealth Youth Programme Eminent Persons Group European Union Gigatonnes The Group of 20 major advanced and developing...
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...STUDY NOTES FOR GFOA BUDGETING EXAM A. SOURCE: LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE – CONCEPTS & PRACTICES Chapter 4 – Operating Budgets: A budget can be a process, a document, an accounting ledger, a plan, or a system. Local gov’t budgeting process unique – product of geographical, historical, economic, political and social factors peculiar to that jurisdiction. Budgeting is a unified series of steps to line and implement four functions: ❑ policy development – as policy instrument, CEO and legislative body need to articulate the goals, objectives and strategies that underline the budget – the flip side of proposing policy changes is accountability ❑ financial planning – includes gov’t financial condition; current/past-year trend financial act. by dept or prog; formal revenue est; look to the future to anticipate events/conditions; ensure debt service remains under control (while debt service receives first draw on municipal exp, financial plan set a rational debt service level for multi-year period ❑ service/operations planning – blueprint that governs the amount of service provided ❑ communications – way for decision makers to communicate changes in priorities, rationale for decisions and changes to vision in the future The final step in securing a framework w/in w/c the needs of policy setting, financial planning, service planning and communications can work is the development of quantitative performance measures. Environment/actors dictate the extent...
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...REAT LAKES UNIVERSITY OF KISUMU TICH FACULTY DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY NUTRITION BACHELORS OF SCIENCE IN COMMUNITY NUTRITION YEAR 3/4 DISTANCE LEARNING MODE: MAY-AUG 2014 NUT 423: HEALTH PROMOTION COURSE MODULE Course Coordinator: Damaris Nelima Email:damarisnelima@yahoo.com Course facilitator:Dr. Rose Olayo Email:rose_olayo@yahoo.com 1 . What is Health Promotion? Health Promotion occurs upstream with the aim of preventing people falling in or being pushed. Downstream we have secondary (aim to detect disease early so that treatment can be started before irreversible damage occurs e.g. screening), and tertiary prevention and health care (management of established disease e.g. to minimise disability and prevent complications e.g. foot care for people with diabetes). Mid-stream we have primary prevention and health care, usually individual, for example attempts to reduce risk of contracting disease (educating smokers, vaccinating). And upstream we have health promotion including social policies and health promotion programmes, such as taxes on tobacco, smoke free legislation and advertising bans. This may include health education, which aims to reduce ill-health and increase positive health influencing people’s beliefs, attitudes and behaviour. Health Promotion has a dual role to prevent ill health and promote positive health. “Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental...
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...LDP616: GENDER ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT Gender Mainstreaming The role of the state in mainstreaming gender issues and concerns in development Nyabochwa, Mary Mamo 1st February 2011 Lecture: Dr. Isaac Were. Table of Contents ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Why gender issues .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.0 GENDER MAINSTREAMING .......................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Clarity on certain aspects of gender mainstreaming ......................................................................... 8 2.2 some key misconceptions................................................................................................................ 10 3.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF GENDER MAINSTREAMING ........................................................... 11 3.1 Definition of “gender mainstreaming” ............................................................................................. 11 3.2 Practical steps...
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...Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Theories of International Relations This page intentionally left blank Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Material from 1st edition © Deakin University 1995, 1996 Chapter 1 © Scott Burchill 2001, Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater 2005 Chapter 2 © Jack Donnelly 2005 Chapter 3 © Scott Burchill, Chapters 4 and 5 © Andrew Linklater, Chapters 6 and 7 © Richard Devetak, Chapter 8 © Christian Reus-Smit, Chapter 9 © Jacqui True, Chapter 10 © Matthew Paterson 2001, 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright...
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...extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract This dissertation analyses the problem of how to create more just and democratic global governing institutions, exploring the approach of a more formal system of collective decision-making by the three main actors in global society: governments, civil society and the business sector. The thesis seeks to make a contribution by presenting for discussion an addition to the system of international governance that is morally justified and potentially practicable, referred to as ‘Collective Management’. The thesis focuses on the role of civil society, analysing arguments for and against a role for civil society that goes beyond ‘soft power’ to inclusion as voting members in inter-governmental decision-making structures in the United Nations (UN) system, the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organisation...
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...2009 > hot topics 69 TOPICS HOT L e g a L i s s u e s i n p L a i n L a n g u a g e This is the sixty-ninth in the series Hot Topics: legal issues in plain language, published by the Legal Information Access Centre (LIAC). Hot Topics aims to give an accessible introduction to an area of law that is the subject of change or public debate. International law 1 overview What is international law? – difference between international law and domestic law – Why do States obey international law? – subjects of international law – How do international law and domestic law interact? 4 sources of international law Jus cogens – international conventions and treaties – Australian treaty practice – custom – general principles of law – judicial decisions and writings of publicists – ‘hard law’ and ‘soft law’. 8 states What is a State? – rights of States – self-determination – creation and recognition of new States – case studies. AUTHOR NOTE: Jane Stratton currently leads corporate social responsibility programs in a leading Sydney law firm, teaches law students at a Sydney university and independently, undertakes community development projects in Western Sydney. Her work has included legal and policy roles in the Public Interest Advocacy Centre, the Australian Human Rights Commission, UN High Commission for Refugees and the ICTY. She has experience in litigious and political advocacy. Jane holds qualifications in law (Honours)...
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