...Thomas Aquinas and His Use of the Scholastic Method Hayden Robinson World Civilizations The Scholastic Method is a way of proving a theory proposed by another scholar in a series of comparison, argument, and compromise. One well known user of this method was the scholar Thomas Aquinas. In Thomas’ book Summa Theologica, he proves that the existence of God is self-evident using this. Thomas offered The primary question that will be made an example of will be Question 2: The Existence of God. Seeing the Scholastic Method in these three articles will be an easy feat. With reading what he writes about and paying close attention to how he writes it, one can see strong elements of Scholasticism in his method of proving that God exists. Article One states the objections of the existence of knowledge, that God is “known”, as well as the existence of truth. Thomas gives these objections as examples proving that God’s existence is self-evident. He also states possible counter-examples so he may effectively counter the counter-examples with his “I answer that”. This statement of counter-examples show Scholasticism by making an agreement between two sides of the argument. Which is why he uses counter-examples as the “other side” of the argument that God’s existence is self-evident. Another form of the Scholastic Method is other books and or philosophers. Like one quote, Aquinas uses the verse Hebrews 11:1 which says “faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things...
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...Philosophy 3 December 2013 The Existence of God: Theories of Thomas Aquinas and St. Anselm Everyone has a fundamental idea of God that they have thought of believing it or not believing it. Throughout history many theologians have tried to conjure up ideas and theories to prove the existence of God. In this essay I will explain two different philosophers ontological approach to proving the existence of God, and how their theories relate and compare to one another. The first philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas explains the existence of God in five different proofs. The first argument he attempts to prove the existence of God through, is the "unmoved mover" argument. He claims that since there is motion in the world, and motion has to be caused by another thing, which has to be caused by another thing, leads to the original mover, God who caused the first motion. The argument can be broken down like this: 1. Nothing can move itself. 2. If every object in motion had a mover, then the first object in motion needed a mover. 3. Movement cannot go on for infinity. 4. This first mover is the Unmoved Mover, called God. Aquinas motion includes any kind of change or growth. Aquinas argues that things that are at rest is the natural condition for them. Something that is moving is unnatural and must have been put into that state of motion by some external force.(Higgins) In the second argument for the existence of God, Aquinas bases it on the theory of Causation. He claims...
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...God existence In the Middle Ages the existence of God was unquestionable to theologians. They simply knew that He was not an invention of humans. Even so, many of them tried to prove that God was real. The main conflict in the XI century was between two social groups: First of all, those who saw theology as a Bible commentary –and said that God was unreachable and a mystery-. Secondly, those who thought that rational analysis would be better -and were in favour of a more empirical and rational knowledge-. Religion and philosophy were largely mixed. The task of philosophical theology was to clarify, determine and explain the existence of God. How were philosophers supposed to do it? What are the different approaches taken by two of the most important medieval thinkers –Anselm of Canterbury and Thomas Aquinas-, and how do they differ? ***** Both Thomas Aquinas and Anselm of Canterbury identified God as a supreme being with a large number of attributes, necessary for life and the cause of the universe. They acted as mediators between the philosophical problems of their time. Anselm of Canterbury defined God as "that than nothing better can be thought" -meaning that we think of God as the most perfect being, the supreme being-. He considered it possible to demonstrate the existence of God from the mere intellectual understanding of the concept of God. He rejected the observation of the world. The existence in reality is greater than in the mind alone...
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...BACKGROUND St. Thomas Aquinas was philosopher and theologian. Hewas born circa 1225 in Roccasecca, Italy. He is the son of Landulph, count of Aquino and his mother, Theodora, countess of Teano. Thomas had eight siblings, and was the youngest child. Though Thomas's family members were descendants of Emperors Frederick I and Henry VI, they were considered to be of lower nobility. Combining the theological principles of faith with the philosophical principles of reason, he ranked among the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism. An authority of the Roman Catholic Church and a prolific writer. In January 1274, St. Thomas Aquinas embarked on a trip to Lyon, France, on foot to serve on the Second Council, but never made it there. Along the way, he fell ill at the Cistercian monastery of Fossanova, Italy. The monks wanted St. Thomas Aquinas to stay at the castle, but, sensing that his death was near, Thomas preferred to remain at the monastery, saying, "If the Lord wishes to take me away, it is better that I be found in a religious house than in the dwelling of a layperson." On his deathbed, St. Thomas Aquinas uttered his last words to the Cistercian monks who had so graciously attended him: "This is my rest forever and ever: Here will I dwell for I have chosen it." (Psalm 131:14) Often called "The Universal Teacher," St. Thomas Aquinas died at the monastery of Fossanova on March 7, 1274. He canonized by Pope John XXII in 1323. Source: http://www.biography.com/people/st-thomas-aquinas-9187231#early-life& ...
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...a) St Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican friar and priest who produced a large amount of writing attempted to prove the existence of God. He was most well know for this through his book 'Summa Theologica' which was left unfinished when he died. Within this book he explains the 'five ways', which he used to try and prove the existence of God. Aquinas though of the 'five ways' in order to try to prove and explain the existence of God. Within this concept it is the first three of the five ways that have been used to form the cosmological argument. Aquinas has said that it may not be possible to prove that the universe came into existence. This is supported in his book 'Summa Theologica', Aquinas says "God's effects... are enough to prove that God exists, even if they may not be enough to help us comprehend what he is". The fist of the five ways is based on motion. Within this theory he attempts to explain that an object is only able to move if a force that s outside of the object is acting on it. He described this as being a chine of events or movements that are not able to go back to infinity. He describes that there must have been a first. He called this the 'Prime mover', the prime mover he described to be unmoved itself. As everything in existence has to be moved by something else and therefore must be linked back to the prime mover. The second way Aquinas said identifies a series of causes and effects that occur within the universe. In this part of the argument Aquinas observed...
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...Whether or not God exists is a debate that has been ongoing since the dawn of civilization. Although we might never be able to find a satisfying answer to the question, there have been multiple philosophers throughout time that have taken a worthwhile shot at it. One such philosopher was a monk from the 13th century by the name Of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas offers an argument in support of an existent god by pointing to what he calls efficient causation. The basis for this argument is that in a world where every reaction is caused by an action, there must be an original “push” of action to set the entire Universe into motion. This push, Aquinas says, is God. There are multiple ways to refute his reasoning, as well as multiple more in support...
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...philosophers Thomas Aquinas and Bertrand Russell. Each of them argues about the existence of God, and both have different opinions on it. Aquinas’ argument is about efficient causation, whereas Russell’s is the first-cause argument. I believe that Thomas Aquinas’s argument was validly challenged by by Bertrand Russell’s argument. I believe that Russell’s argument and Aquinas’ argument were both very well put together but I do believe that Russell’s argument is more valid than Aquinas’ because there is more hard evidence and facts that prove he is right, compared to Aquinas’ argument, which is more mind based and harder to grasp. There are less reasons proven to believe Aquinas’ argument over Russell’s argument. Aquinas’s argument is based on efficient causation. Efficient causation is easily understood by saying that for x to be the cause of y is for x to bring about y, or to explain y. Aquinas says that efficient cause comes in series, or causal chains. We basically cannot prove or see that something has its own efficient cause. If something happens, then something before it caused it to happen, and so on. Aquinas says “Therefore, if there were no first efficient cause, then there would be no last or intermediary efficient causes.” (Aquinas, 45). Aquinas argues that without this or any chain of events, then things would not happen. But he says that there has to be a first efficient cause. “We must therefore posit a first efficient cause, which everyone understands to be God.” (Aquinas...
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...sounds like. It is the way one may see the world or as Nash puts it in his book Life’s Ultimate Questions “the sum total of a person’s answers to the most important questions in life(392).” Everyone has a worldview whether we realize it or not. How does one get their worldview? Our education, our upbringing, the culture we live in, the books we read, the media and movies we watch, all can help shape our worldview. Nash says, “Worldviews contain at least five clusters of beliefs, namely, beliefs about God, metaphysics (ultimate reality), epistemology (knowledge), ethics and human nature (14).” Using these five sections I will share my worldview. In general my worldview is a Christian one. I believe that there is one God who exists in three forms who created the Heavens and the earth. In the Bible Genesis 1:1 tells of how God is the beginning of everything; he created the heavens and the earth out of nothing. God did create the world and everything in it. He not only created everything in but he created it and said it was good. Since God created everything in the world I believe he can and does control the world. I do believe in miracles and believe that we as humans where put here on earth to worship the on true God. Where does Epistemology, better known as knowledge come from? I believe...
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...Examine the cosmological argument for the existence of God. The cosmological argument is an a posteriori argument which intends to prove that there is an intelligent being that exists; the being is distinct from the universe, explains the existence of the universe, and is omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent and omnibenevolent. The basic notion of cosmological arguments is that the world and everything in it is dependent on something other than itself for its existence. It explains that everything has a cause, that there must have been a first cause, and that this first cause was itself uncaused. Many philosophers have explored the cosmological argument, including Aquinas, in much depth, through his Five Ways in the Summa Theologica. Thomas Aquinas rejected the ontological argument of Anselm, saying that had it been convincing, the existence of God would be self-evident to everyone. He argued that the fact people deny God’s existence is proof enough that it is not in fact self evident. Aquinas believed from faith that God existed and he believed that the real world contained enough evidence for this; Aquinas wrote the Five Ways in order to prove his beliefs. Each ‘way’ of the Five Ways is an exercise of reason, not of faith; they are the classical exposition of natural theology. The first three of the five ways are based on the cosmological argument. The first way that Aquinas proposed to support the cosmological argument regarded the ‘unmoved mover’; he stated that...
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...b) To what extent was Hume successful in his critique of the cosmological argument? [10]Hume makes some very important challenges to the Cosmological argument which some believe count decisively against it. One of the key areas he calls into question is the argument’s dependence upon what Leibniz termed the principle of sufficient reason. In this principle an adequate explanation must be a total explanation. The universe requires an explanation of itself as a whole. But many would say, as Russell later told Copleston: “Then I can only say that you’re looking for something which can’t be got, and which one ought not to expect to get.” If you have explained each individual element of a series any explanation of the series as a whole would seem to be superfluous, and besides he says that ‘the whole’ doesn’t really exist anyway – it is ‘an arbitrary act of mind’ that makes things into wholes. What we term the ‘whole universe’ in modern physics may be only a bubble in a larger reality that we have no way of grasping. Also if we are only entitled to talk about causes when we have had experience of them, then this argument would seem to be over-stretching itself in speculating upon what it cannot know. On the other hand, there is of course a problem with stopping at a certain point and saying that we should seek no further explanation, in that it is a basic presupposition of all scientific work. However, even though a principle of rationality is that we can find an explanation for...
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...Eschatological goal of existence? Since the beginning of human existence there has always been some type of battle about faith, belief, and the existence of god. When this class first began I didn’t know what to expect due to my own personal beliefs and spiritual upbringing, but as the course went on I was open to different views and ways to look at what has been taught for years. Even today there is still the constant battle on whom and what is the true belief and god. But one thing is for sure we all strive for a common goal and that is to be in the grace of whatever Deity you believe in when your time on earth is done. The first thing that comes to question is your belief in the existence of God. For many the belief in god is a very challenging issue. There will always be an ongoing controversial discussion whether or not God exist. It is not unusual for people to say that it is impossible to prove the existence of God. This impossibility derives from the idea that if the observable phenomena is absent, therefore, it does not exist. In truth, how can one presume to observe the divine, something that exists in the heavens? Mere observation is clearly not a possibility when dealing with a transcendent being. Evidence in the existence of God is in every cause and effect. We understand that nothing happens in and of itself. Every event originates from a preceding event. Those events, if traced back, will ultimately find its foundation with God. There are many beliefs...
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...provides an explanation for the world and is a trustworthy basis for belief in the existence of God. (21) The cosmological argument, also known as the first cause argument, is a classical argument for the existence of God. The word cosmological comes from the Greek for order and it is an inductive argument as the premises are true but the conclusion may not be, and it is also synthetic where the truth is determined by experience and needs to be proven. It is also a posteriori and also based on natural theology. The Cosmological argument finds its answer for the start of the universe through causes, meaning everything is caused by something, or everything is dependent on something else. The argument attempts to find proof for God’s existence stating that as something cannot come from nothing God must exist in order for anything and everything else to exist. The origins of the cosmological argument come from Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle. Plato 428-347 BC records one of the earliest versions of the Cosmological arguments in his book of ‘Laws’. Plato writes about the argument through an exchange between an Athenian and Clianis. The Athenian attempts to prove the existence of the gods by arguing that, of all the different types of motion, the motion “which can move itself” is “necessarily the earliest and mightiest of all changes”. It is clear from his argument that infinite regress does not exist therefore implying that there must have been a first cause. This first...
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...would rather believe in a different ontological explanation. When presented the concept of evolution, certain philosophers refute it and claim the idea of creation. Thomas Aquinas is a philosopher who believed in creation of man by a supreme being, God. In his most famous work, Summa Theologica, Aquinas gives five proofs of the existence of God through the five senses. In this novel, Aquinas also declared that God made every human being and every soul individually. He argues that God can bring something nonexistent into existence. Aquinas says that God does not simply change one existing thing into another but creates things into...
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...Fleche where his philosophical education would have focused on Aquinas and Aristotle – the dominant world view at the time. 3. 1616 – Received his law license. 4. 1637 – Discourse on Method 5. 1641 – Meditations on First Philosophy 6. 1644 – Principles of Philosophy 7. 1649 – Descartes moves to Sweden and tutors Queen Christina. 8. 1650 – Dies in Sweden in 1650. B. Descartes revolutionizes philosophy in two main ways. 1. In terms of epistemology, Descartes explores important issues via the first person point of view. He asks, “What can I from my own subjective point of view know about myself and the world around me.” This approach dominates philosophy after Descartes. 2. Descartes will also transform the way in which we think about substance. C. Descartes is a pivotal figure in the history of ideas since he writes at a time when the world is changing in important ways. The Meditations is a much discussed work. 1. Renaissance (1350-1550) 2. Reformation (Beginning in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century) 3. Scientific Revolution (Beginning in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century) D. At the same time however, Descartes does not represent a total or complete break with the old world view. Though...
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...about. Therefore, in his teaching sessions he would ask questions and answer them the best he could. So I wondered, how different would the education system be if we had follow Socrates way of teaching? Socrates is one of the most important people in western philosophy. I found it interesting that we have no writings from his own hand, from his two students Plato and Xenophon. I agreed with Socrates claim that appearance of the body is less important than how it functions and true beauty comes from spirit and character. I questioned if spirit and character is more important than the physical appearance, why do modern society judge an individual based on their physical appearance? Journal Entry 12. Chapter 6: the Theory of forms. Pages 144. Thursday, February 20, 2014. Knowledge Vs. Opinion Plato is one of the philosophers that interest me the most because of his search for knowledge outside his “comfort zone.” Plato left the Athens and wandered for twelve years and during that time he studied mathematics and mysticism. For me, as a math minor, it was interesting to see how mathematics influenced Plato’s philosophy and I wondered, does an individual’s knowledge in science and math affect their philosophy claims and theories? After he finished most of his writing he founded his academy “Academos.” I was fascinated how Plato lectured without notes for forty years. Does knowledge come from the heart and soul? In Plato’s work theory of Forms he attempted to provide a rational explanation...
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