...qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. Through a network of UK and overseas offices, Edexcel’s centres receive the support they need to help them deliver their education and training programmes to learners. For further information, please call our GCE line on 0844 576 0025, our GCSE team on 0844 576 0027, or visit our website at www.edexcel.com. If you have any subject specific questions about the content of this Mark Scheme that require the help of a subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service helpful. Ask The Expert can be accessed online at the following link: http://www.edexcel.com/Aboutus/contact-us/ Summer 2010 Publications Code UA024034 All the material in this publication is copyright © Edexcel Ltd 2010 2 6GP03_3B 1006 General Marking Guidance • All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last. Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions. Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie. There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used appropriately. All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches...
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...socialism. On what grounds have conservatives supported paternalism? Explain the link between liberalism and constitutionalism. Why do anarchists view the state as inherently evil and oppressive? Why did Marx believe that capitalism is doomed to collapse, and how did he think this collapse would occur? Jan 2013 Section B To what extent do conservatives support tradition and continuity? ‘Anarchism is merely an extreme form of socialist collectivism.’ Discuss. To what extent have modern liberals departed from the ideas of classical liberalism? Section A = On what grounds have conservatives justified private property? Explain the link between liberalism and individualism. Why have democratic socialists believed that the victory of ‘gradualism’ is inevitable? On what grounds have anarchists rejected constitutionalism and consent? Explain how the neoliberal and neoconservative views of the role of the state differ June 2012 Section B Conservatism merely reflects the interests of the privileged and prosperous. Discuss To what extent have socialists favoured the common ownership of wealth Liberalism is defined by the desire to minimise the role of the state Section A Distinguish between negative and positive freedom. Explain the link between anarchism and utopianism. Why have some socialists advocated revolution rather than reform? Explain the implications of the conservative belief in organic society How and why has anarchism been associated...
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...Why have Marxist’s predicted that the state would wither away? * ‘Withering away of state’ – term coined by Engels, definition: Disappearance of the state as a political instrument of class rule due, due to the disappearance of social classes. * 1st reason: * ‘State’ is part of Superstructure– rooted from Marx’ theory of Historical Materialism (Superstructure vs Infrastructure) – Is part of the superstructure. * Therefore it reflects the class structure of the economic system – In capitalism, the state is the political guardian of the bourgeois society, the political agent of the economic ruling class = the instrument of class rule. * It will use both coercion and economic consensus to protect status quo, regardless of which party is in power. * 2nd Reason * State is Reformist: According to Marx, the most reformist parties (Labour) are most successful in protecting capitalism. (Hailsham Quote: ‘if you do not give the people reform…. revolution’) * Marxists reject the Parliamentary road to socialism - Revolution is true ‘people power’. State advocates to reform and therefore withering away of state expected in order to establish full communism. * Reforms can only alleviate the worst aspects of capitalism – they cannot, by definition, remove the exploitative roots of class conflict which will ultimately bring about the complete overthrow of capitalism. Therefore state loses its reason for existence and in order to...
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...the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank. Singapore ranked second, followed by Australia, New Zealand and Switzerland. The index evaluates economic freedom by looking at the rule of law, regulatory efficiency, the size of government and open markets. The 2012 report said that economic freedom for the world as a whole had declined over the past year. "Most of that decline is due to a large increase in government spending worldwide," said Edwin Feulner, president of the Heritage Foundation. "Governments have justified this spending as a necessity to restart economic growth but it hasn't worked. We think it's time to give the market a chance to show what it can do," he added. North America and Europe suffered declines in economic freedom over the past year, while economic freedom increased in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The US came 10th, down from ninth place in 2011. Mauritius, which ranked eighth, was the first sub-Saharan African country to enter the top 10, Mr Feulner said. Hong Kong retained its top ranking for the 18th consecutive year, but Mr Feulner said that Singapore "was narrowing the gap". The report said the introduction of a minimum wage in May last year had "moved Hong Kong modestly in the direction of a more bureaucratic and politicised economy". The UK came in fourteenth place, up from 16 in 2011, while China ranked 138, down from 135 in 2011. Hong Kong is accustomed to receiving kudos from American conservatives. Year in and year out, the...
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...including political pundits believed that he was totally unfit to occupy any political office, let alone the highest in the land. Trump’s strange political views coupled with an absolute departure of what America’s mainstream politics is, immediately put him at the center of controversy. Interestingly though, he has continued to garner support across board with many subscribing to his views and school of thought. He is winning the primaries at an outstanding rate that he now seems to have a shot at clinching the Republican presidential nominee ticket. Both ends of the political divide i.e. Democrats and Republicans are left to wonder what is propelling his ascension to political relevance yet he is the least qualified candidates in terms of political experience. George Lakoff seeks to explore theories that could possibly explain the situation. George Lakoff is an eminent cognitive linguist at the University of California. He sets out to provide an explanation of how mind science plays a significant role in determining which presidential candidate wins elections in America. What traits they posses and which approach they take in luring electorate to vote for them. George’s bases his theory on framing issues in order to control peoples mind by shaping their thinking culture which conveniently serve the politicians purpose. He critiques the authoritarian approach that leverages on neuroscience to control the human mind. Being pro democracy,...
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...Capstone final project Student’s name Course Title Instructor Date submitted Is United States justified to adopt a first-strike policy against independent nations in war on terrorism? The attack on United States on September 2001 brought the truth and reality of terrorism to the land of America in a way that most people had not imagined. Over three thousand people lost their lives. With that several innocent lives lost, America and other friendly nations joined to condemn terrorism. United States accused Taliban government of Afghanistan of harboring perpetrators. The accusation led the United States to begin military operations in Afghanistan. Many nations accepted the military operations as a justifiable response. The Taliban became an easy target because they were sympathizers of terrorist. After a short successful military operations in Afghanistan, United States turned attention to Iraq. They began to build a case against the regime government of Saddam Hussein. The United States suggested that Iraq had also been supporting terrorist and developing nuclear weapons. It was after those inflammatory suggestions about Iraq that a different debate surrounding military operations in that country started to emerge. In September, 2002, American government published a document titled The National Security Strategy. The President, George Bush, pointed the enemy of twenty century as a shadowy network of individuals who were out to harm the society with inexpensive weapon...
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...preserving in the cultural heritage of our dispossessors as a nation, the Australian community has a collective consciousness that encompasses a responsibility for the present and future, and the past. To say that ordinary Australians who are part of the national community today do not have any connection with the shameful aspects of our past is at odds with our exhortations that they have connections to the prideful bits. If there is one thing about the colonial heritage of Australia that indigenous Australians might celebrate along with John Howard it must surely be the fact that upon the shoulders of the English settlers or invaders-call them what you will, came the common law of England and with it the civilised institution of native title. What more redemptive prospect can be painted about our country's colonial past?(65) From this perspective, the black armband view of history is a strand of 'political correctness'-the dominant but erroneous view of how we see ourselves and what we see as worthwhile in our culture. Historical understanding cannot be fixed for all time, Out of the present emerge new problems that require a re-examination of the past. The question we must ask is not “does history have to be rewritten?” but “does the re-evaluation of history lead to the discovery of historical truth?” In other words, does the re-evaluation of history deepen our understanding of the past and its relationship to the present, thus providing a more complete explanation of he course...
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...the strategic reasons behind the Merger good enough? Explain As a team, we had different views on this question. Some reasons make us think that it may be beneficial for AGI to grab the opportunity but some make us think that it might not be as promising as it seems. Let us see why we feel it is a good idea for AGI to acquire Mercury. Active Gear Inc. Mercury Athletic Footwear Revenue $470,285mn $431,121mn % Revenue Product wise 42% Athletic 58% Casual 79% Athletic 21% Casual Operating Income $60.4mn $42,299mn Revenue growth 2% to 6% 12.5% Active Gear was one of the most successful firms in terms of profitability, in the footwear industry. Mercury looked like a good opportunity for an attractive investment because they almost have the same revenues, while being smaller in size, in the market. The Percent revenue in the casual footwear in AGI compensates for the gap in Mercury. It’s a perfect balance. When we looked at the industrial average of revenue growth is 10% and AGI is below the standard, however Mercury is above by 2.55%. It is a good sign to move ahead for this acquisition, as it will enable AGI to remain at the top in the market. Both...
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...healthy ways. 1st step Before we invest in anything, we must make sure that we have strong economic foundation. This prerequisite is the important thing to consider not only for personal investor, but also for business, government, and financial institution. By managing our budget we will know our financial condition. Make sure that the money spends is less than our earning, total assets are more than the liabilities, and all debts are under control. Besides, we must put aside money for emergency purpose at least 6 months net salary. For example, my current salary is RM2500. After deduct all expenses, I have RM200 that can be used for investment. 2nd step Establish our goals. For personal investor, goals can be retirement funds, business launch, build house, child’s education or wedding, fund in case of sick or disabled, or to increase future income. For business, government, and financial institution, their goal may be for projects fund such as to open new branches, build bridges for public user, to open other business in order to generate better income. Let’s say, my goals is to increase income to start a business after retirement, the grocery store, and to buy property. 3rd step By establishing our goals, we are able to adopt the investment plan by determine the date to met the goals. Let’s say now I’m 25 years and I have 30 years before retirement to start the business, and buying property. Assume that the salary will increase, and the expenses also dependent on fluctuation...
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...Mercury Athletic Footwear: Valuing the Opportunity Team 10 / Mergers and Acquisitions West Coast Fashions, Inc (WCF) was a large business, which dealt with men’s and women’s apparel. One of their segments was Mercury Athletic Footwear. WCF wanted to dispose off this segment. They just wanted to divest because they wanted to focus more on their core business and move it up to the elite class. John Liedtke was the Business Development Head at that time in Active Gear Inc. He had a clear idea that acquiring Mercury will shoot up AGI’s revenues for sure. It would also ensure an expansion of the key business. In order to get a clearer picture on the acquisition, he needed to compare and analyze the company’s financials well. By this he could gauge the pros and cons of this acquisition. Are the strategic reasons behind the Merger good enough? Explain As a team, we had different views on this question. Some reasons make us think that it may be beneficial for AGI to grab the opportunity but some make us think that it might not be as promising as it seems. Let us see why we feel it is a good idea for AGI to acquire Mercury. | |Active Gear Inc. |Mercury Athletic Footwear | |Revenue |$470,285mn |$431,121mn | |% Revenue Product wise |42% Athletic 58% Casual ...
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...Today million are still jobless with an unemployment rate at 9.7%, credit is tight, and businesses are slowly building back up. The sub-prime financial crisis of 2007 and 2008 financially destroyed the lives of many, but how could this have happened? So what is a sub-prime mortgage anyways? According to investopedia.com, a sub-prime mortgage is, “a type of loan granted to individuals with poor credit histories (often below 600), who, as a result of their deficient credit rating, would not be able to qualify for conventional mortgages. Because sub-prime borrowers present a higher risk for lenders, sub-prime mortgages charge interest rates above the prime lending rate.” Our credit rating is called our FICO score, which is simply a numerical value that through evaluation of our prior credit related purchases determines our credit risk or possibility of default. This process of generating scores was through the use of computer technology, which has enabled financial institution and other lenders, a more cost-effective process to determine who should be given a loan. Stepping back for a moment, we should understand that a mortgage is a loan given to households or businesses for the purpose of purchasing a home, land, or other structures. That property is used as collateral for the loan if the borrower should default. In addition, we should understand risk and the underlying ways that we need to expect to see to occur. As we know, anytime we give an individual the benefit of...
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...what the big deal is, if you don't support it, you don't have too but it shouldn't really effect those people, it should only effect the people that are gay or support the cause. Many people don't see the good in legalizing gay marriage such as adopting children, when couples are married it is easier for them to adopt children, so you can give thousands of children a better home. If this issue was reversed, and we were fighting for the legalization of heterosexual marriages, how would all the non-supports of gay marriage feel? Society isn't effected by two people getting married, if it was then marriage in general would probably not even exist if it caused that many issues. Not only is society not effect, no one else is for that matter. “A marriage is a relationship between two people. How does it hurt society or people not involved in the marriage? It is a personal commitment that really is no one else's business. Society shouldn't be dictating what two people can or can't do when no one else is hurt in the process. If the church or certain groups disapprove, that's their right, but it isn't their right to stop it”(Messerli). Marriage is a good thing, and it will benefit gay families, and their children without causing harm to anyone. Gay marriage may be new to some states, but gay families aren't new and these families have been functioning and living as families for decades without effecting anyone. Gay couples have the same problems and function the same as any other heterosexual...
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...Socialism and Capitalism A Theory of Economics, Politics, and Ethics Hans-Hermann Hoppe The Ludwig von Mises Institute’s Studies in Austrian Economics Department of Economics University of Nevada, Las Vegas Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston/Dordrecht/London Distributors for North America: Kluwer Academic Publishers 101 Philip Drive Assinippi Park Norwell, Massachusetts 02061 USA Distributors for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers Falcon House, Queen Square Lancaster LA1 1RN, UNITED KINGDOM Distributors for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Centre Post Office Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoppe, Hans-Hermann. A theory of socialism and capitalism : economics, politics, and ethics / by Hans-Hermann Hoppe. p. cm. Includes index. © 2010 by the Ludwig von Mises Institute and published under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Ludwig von Mises Institute 518 West Magnolia Avenue Auburn, Alabama 36832 mises.org ISBN: 978-1-933550-73-2 Socialism and Capitalism Hans-Hermann Hoppe A Theory of Acknowledgements Three institutions assisted me while I wrote this treatise. As a Heisenberg Scholar I enjoyed the most generous financial support from the German Science Foundation (DFG) from 1982 through 1986. The present study is the most recent work I completed during this period. Additional support came from the...
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...AFFIRMATIVE ACTION--MORAL COMPENSATION OR REVERSE DISCRIMINATION? For forty years the issue of affirmative action has been subject to a tremendous amount of debate and controversy. When President Kennedy proposed the idea of preferential treatment in 1961, the nation was in the midst of radical changes regarding civil liberties. It was a time when the injustices imposed upon minorities were beginning to be recognized, and people wanted to make up for the years of oppression that served as a barrier for the advancement of minorities in America. At the time, the idea was morally justified and socially appropriate. While it is still a morally commendable effort today, the system has become an attempt to atone for the sins of our country's past, and a double standard that threatens every citizen's liberties. The first problem with affirmative action is the obvious fact that it is an attempt to end discrimination with discrimination. When a company or university discriminates against a white male for the sake of bettering the outcome of another racial group, an injustice occurs. Affirmative action is the governmental legislation of the active discrimination of one person over another an unacceptable and dangerous double standard. Secondly, affirmative action seeks to reconcile the injustices of the past. The horrible atrocities of the past, including slavery and the refusal to grant women and minorities the right to vote, cast an ugly shadow on the history of our nation. But affirmative...
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...leverage. Furthermore, it would be inadequate to adopt the forecast horizon dictated by RMAG and Big Sur of 10 years as cash flows only breakeven in Year 8 (Fig.2). Ohlson & Zhang (1999) affirmed that “Casual observation suggests that the horizon rarely exceeds 15 years” yet a planning period of 15 years is appropriate as RMAG has heavy R&D expenses that generate products with lengthy development stages and greater time until profit realisation. Cash flow forecasts provided by RMAG management and Big Sur analysts for the next ten years were analysed and accounts over the 1995 to 2005 were averaged as, “cash flows can be biased as a result of managers being either too conservative or too optimistic” (Titman et al. 2011). RMAG’s forecast was biased upwards whilst Big Sur’s forecast was relatively conservative. Hence, a hybrid of the two forecasts was adopted to negate bias over 1996-2005 and forecasts for 2006-2010 were derived by trend projections. Assumptions: RMAG’s cash flows are derived from multiple product lines that operate in differing markets at varying stages of the product life cycle, hence it is inaccurate to adopt a single growth rate. To maintain consistency, all figures were in nominal terms (Fig.1). Firstly, Cancer Diagnostics which includes diagnostic test kits,...
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