...Sasha Cosenco HST 1150: World Civilization Since 1500 Annika A. Culver, Ph.D. May 15, 2011 History of White Potato The po·ta·to /pəˈtātō/ (1) an erect herb (solanum tuberosum) that has compound pinnate leaves, white, yellow, blue, or purple flowers, and green, yellowish, or purplish berries, is native to the highlands of Southern and Central America, and is widely cultivated especially in the temperature regions as a garden vegetable. (2) The edible starchy tuber that is an enlargement of an underground stem of this plant is called the Irish potato or white potato.1 The potato originated in the South American Andes, but its heartland of wild genetic diversity reaches from Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile across the Pampa and Chaco regions of Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Brazil and northward into Central America, Mexico, and the southwestern United States.2 The greatest diversity in wild potato spices occurs in the Lake Titicaca region of Peru and Bolivia, where the potato probably was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago.3 Exactly when such plants were first cultivated is uncertain: perhaps as early as 3000 B.C.E. and almost certainly before 2000 B.C.E.4 Sixteen-century Spanish explorers, who first observed the potato in Peru, Bolivia, Columbia, and Ecuador, compared the unfamiliar tuber food to truffles and adopted the Quechua name, papa.5 It first reached Spain probably around 1570.6 From there, the potato spread...
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...The articles “New World, New Foods,” by Tom Standage, “America, Found and Lost,” by Charles C. Mann, and “Food Assimilation and the Malleability of the Human Body in Early Virginia” all examine how the pre and post Columbian exchange have affected and continue to influence nations today. The effects of the Columbian exchange were so widespread that, it “… redefined the demographics of the Americas, Africa, and Europe…” as Standage argues throughout his article “New World, New Foods” (Standage 112). He begins his argument by chronicling the journey of two specific crops as they spread between the Old and New worlds. Sugar is one example; it became a staple across the world and played an integral part of two major trade triangles. The first included commodities from America including sugar, which was then traded for cloth, and was then traded for slaves that would produce sugar. The second included molasses which was used to produce rum and was then sold for slaves who produced the rum and sugar. Therefore, the cultivation of sugar forever changed the demographics of the Americas and Africa economically....
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...drink called "Xocoatll from the beans of the cocoa tree. In 1528, the conquering Spaniards returned to Spain with chocolate still consumed as a beverage. A similar chocolate drink was brought to a royal wedding in France in 1615, and England welcomed chocolate in 1662. To this point "chocolate" as we spell it today, had been spelled variously as "chocalatall, "jocolatte", "jacolatte", and "chockelet.11 In 1847, Fry & Sons in England introduced the first "eating chocolate," but did not attract much attention due to its bitter taste. In 1874, Daniel Peter, a famed Swiss chocolateer, experimented with various mixtures in an effort to balance chocolates rough flavor, and eventually stumbled upon that abundant product -- milk. This changed everything and chocolate's acceptance after that was quick and enthusiastic. Growing Cocoa Beans Cocoa beans are usually grown on small plantations in suitable land areas 20 degrees north or south of the Equator. One mature cocoa tree can be expected to yield about five pounds of chocolate per year. These are planted in the shade of larger trees such as bananas or mangos, about 1000 trees per hectare (2,471 acres). Cocoa trees take five to eight years to mature. After harvesting from the trees, the pods (which contain the cocoa beans) are split open, beans removed, and the beans are put on trays covered with burlap for about a week until they brown. Then they are sun dried until the moisture content is below 7%. This normally...
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...the Andes Mountains. The Inca Empire had villages and cities throughout the Andes Mountains. Some of these settlements were as low as sea level and their capital, Cusco, was at an altitude of 11,200 feet. The Andes are considered some of the longest and highest mountain ranges. In fact it’s tallest peak, Mount Aconcaqua, in Argentina, tops out at 22,841 feet (Zimmermann, 2013). Despite the fact that people were traversing mountains the people flourished creating trails, aqueducts and agricultural practices that still exist today. Almost every aspect of the Incas life were affected by the Andes. Due to the changes in climate and altitude from one settlement to another, the Incas had to develop resilient breeds of crops including potatoes, quinoa and corn (Graber, 2011). Not only were the mountains home to the Incas believed them to be Gods. They created some of the most indelible cities right into the sides of the mountains in an extremely precise manor that is still studied to this day. For these reasons and many more, the Andes Mountains are certainly one of reasons the ancient people of South America grew as a civilization. PART B The process of diffusion between early human societies can easily be seen through the use and distribution of the potato throughout the globe. The potato was originally cultivated in South America between 3000 and 7000 years ago although some scientists believe that it could have grown wild as long as 13,000 years ago (Chapman, n...
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...George Washington Carver For centuries scientists have expanded the many discoveries within the chemistry community that have provided the world with educational and personal impact. George Washington Carver was a man of honor and help that developed beneficial services to farmers and slaves during his time. He dedicated his life to research projects that over time changed Southern farmers declining economic crisis. “The products he derived from the peanut and the soybean revolutionized the economy of the South by liberating it from an excessive dependence on cotton” (“George Washington carver”, 1993). From being a teacher to well known advocate, Carver was influential man that committed his life to helping others no matter the circumstances. This led him to the developments of methods for conserving nutrients in soil and discoveries of new uses for crops like the peanut helped transform the agricultural economy of the South. Although born into slavery, George Washington Carver became one of the nation’s greatest educators and agricultural researchers/chemist. With a childhood illness that could have taken his life, Carver worked hard as a child with household chores and gardening. His keen interest in learning how to read, write, and spell took Carver to high places that all African American children dreamed of. He worked hard to get into college where many schools declined him because of his skin color. Regardless of such disappointing reasons, his determination and perseverance...
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...11 8. Referencing list…………………………….….pag.12 1. Executive summary McCain Foods Limited is seen as a top leader in the food industry, with an extended production over six continents. To maintain the leadership, the company needs to be aware of the external environment changes. The changes can occur in different areas, such as social, political, legal, technological and economic. These factors are analyzed properly for a better understanding related to the McCain Company and their industry. (www.mccain.com) 2. Introduction McCain Foods limited is a company with over 50 years of experience, being founded by Harrison and Wallace McCain in 1957. Operates in 160 countries and has various types of products especially based on potatoes. (www.mccain.com) The information provided in the report will be extracted from reliable sources that will be referenced both in text and last page which will be dedicated for references. It will be firstly based on McCain Foods case study and Mintel...
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...Enter Five Guys Burgers and Fries. Five Guys was founded in 1986 by Jerry and Janie Murrell in Washington DC. They wanted to give their sons the opportunity to either build a business or go to college. The business route won and the family opened a carry out burger joint in Alexandria, VA. Their premise was to concentrate on the quality of their product and the satisfaction of their customer. From that a simple yet beneficial business was born. The “Keep it simple” mindset has brought Five Guys tremendous success. “Now, over 20 years after Five Guys first opened, there are over 1,000 locations nationwide and over 1500 units in development. Five Guys continues to receive media attention and has grown a cult-like following around the world”. Five Guys took many years to perfect their business practices. Many of their practices differed from those of other businesses that also offered similar menu items but Five Guys didn’t consider them competition. They wanted to create something that they believed highly in. They didn’t waste time on fancy items but wanted to focus on perfecting the few menu items that were offered. All of their menu items were fresh, never frozen. Their burgers are made of 80% lean meat and all burgers are made to order, never...
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...edu/4767889/Financial_Information_Assignment The IKEA name combines the initials of IKEA founder, Ingvar Kamprad, (IK) with the first letters from the names of the farm and village where he grew up - Elmtaryd and Agunnaryd (EA). IKEA is a multinational company founded in Sweden in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad. It is the largest and world No.1 furniture retailer in the world, it has been operating in 315 stores in 27 countries. The company has annual sales of about EUR 27 billion (37 billion USD). The IKEA logo has hardly changed during the company’s history and the 1967 version remains a consistent symbol of the IKEA business. In 1996, the first IKEA store in Malaysia is opened at Mutiara Damansara , Kuala Lumpur. The vision of IKEA is “To create a better everyday life for the many people” and the business idea is “to offer a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them”. The vision also goes beyond home furnishing. We want to create a better every day for all people impacted by our business. IKEA’s employees work hard to achieve quality at affordable prices for customers through optimising the entire value chain. How did they do that, it is by building long-term supplier relationships, investing in highly automated production and producing large volumes. If you are searching for well designed, DIY, and inexpensive furniture, here is the place to go because IKEA is known for its well-designed, low cost products...
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...Michelle Wilkins Unit 6 Project SC 300 December 19, 2011 This is a very interesting paper to write as I am not a very regular eater, which I know is bad for me but I chose a lunch that I made for the guys yesterday and the breakfast that I had this morning. List all of the components of two of your meals. Meal 1 Lunch: We had roast, potatoes, carrots, and rolls. And we had Busch light for drinks Meal 2 Breakfast: We had scrambled cheesy eggs, sausage patties, gala apples, orange juice. A. Where did each component of your meal originate? List the country that each part of your meal came from. (i.e., Did that glass of red wine come from Australia? Is the cheese from France?) All of my food came from the United States for over different regions. The roast actually came from one of our own cows that we had on the farm. The potatoes came from Idaho, the carrots came from Colorado, the rolls were made from a local bakery, and of course the Busch light was made in St. Louis. Our breakfast meal were from; eggs are from Iowa, the sausage patties from somewhere in the United States, apples came from Washington and the orange juice came from Florida. B. List where you purchased the products from. I do most of my grocery shopping at our local Wal-mart about 10 miles away from our house. The exception is the beef that we get from our own cows that we take in to have processed from out local meat lockers. C. Consider...
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...of rich soil and tiny rocks) deposits left from the rivers during flooding, making ideal farming areas. Although the area was ideal for farming it was still extremely difficult to do due to this regions climate that usually only produced ten inches or less of rain. So with the drought and still occasional flooding, the Mesopotamian society had to learn how to control these factors to be able to succeed in this region. They had to build an irrigation system to help protect their homes from the floods and move water to their fields during the droughts. With this irrigation system it allowed for them to have a surplus in crop. Also, having access to the rivers allowed for them to trade some of their surplus crops to obtain other needed supplies to help continue building their society. “With irrigation and the necessary drainage, southern Mesopotamia became a land of plenty that could support a considerable population” (Edzard, D., 2015). After becoming more advanced, a process of urbanization evolved and the Sumerian civilization – from which one of the earliest forms of writing originated – took root. Wandrei, K. (2015). How Did Mesopotamia's Geography Lead to Its Development?. Retrieved from http://education.seattlepi.com/did-mesopotamias-geography-lead-its-development-6650.html. Edzard, D. (2015). History...
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...The Columbus Exchange made a huge impact on the Americas and Europe. The Native Americans and Europeans way of life was changed with the exchange of plants and animals. Animals were transported from the Old World to the New World and this impacted their variety of food. Before Columbus, there was a large difference between the animals in the different worlds. The Native Americans had very few animals, and most of their labor work was done all on their own without the help of large animals like horses and cows. The Europeans had an abundant amount of animals that they used as servants to help with labor. In 1493, Columbus had his second voyage from the Old to the New world. During this voyage was when he brought over horses, sheep, pigs, cattle,...
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...Semester Paper: Food, Inc. “The way we eat has changed more in the last 50 years, than in the previous 10,000.” - Michael Pollan, Food inc. This single statement paints a vivid picture in ones mind. Not only is the way we grow our food changing, but we are also changing our bodies. According to the documentary “Food, Inc” , in the 1950’s, it would take farmers about 68 days to fully grow a chicken. Now? It takes about 47 days to fully grow a chicken, and it is twice as big due to the fact that these chickens are injected with hormones. While this literally brings more food to the table, it might not be worth it in the long run. There are many advantages as well as disadvantages that come with the industrialization of food. Using the chicken as an example. In the documentary, they explained that everyone loves white meat, therefor they make the chicken breast incredibly large to produce more meat from one animal. This is good in a sense that more food is being produced, but the truth is, it is changing, physiologically. According to an article written on mericola.com, girls as early of the age of seven are beginning go through puberty changes, something that was not happening until the ages of 12-13. Another disadvantage about the industrialization of food is the stuff we use to grow our food. Example? Most of our fruits and vegetables are grown using pesticides, which are to keep insects off of them. You may say “yeah keeping bugs off is good, i don't want a worm in my apple”...
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...Running head: GEOGRAPHY AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF Geography and the Development and Diffusion of Human Societies GKE1- Western Governors University Geography and the Development and Diffusion of Human Societies Evaluating and researching how environmental and geographical factors, such as the availability of resources and location of land have affected and continue to affect the human race through development, distribution, and diffusion is not only intriguing but complex as well. The ancient site of Mesopotamia, appears to have been the first look at the world’s civilization. Mesopotamia; is Greek for between two rivers. This actually created a significant physical geographical factor that contributed to the Mesopotamian people, the land being fertile, and the beginning of civilization and urbanization. Mesopotamia was flat land that was situated between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. The land was rich in nutrients and clay that allowed for the Mesopotamian people to plant crops, build shelters to live in and store their harvested crops, also allowed for the benefits of domestication of animals. Even through all of the development of their lands it was not without transgression, they did have to overcome many environmental issues: floods, droughts, storms, dust, heat, disease and even death. The Mesopotamian people held strong and allowed them to overcome and prosper (Mark, 2009) (Guisepi, 1998) (Historical TV, 2013). With...
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...acquire information on the marketing mix, which includes; product attributes, distribution strategy, communication strategy and pricing strategy. Each country comes with it’s own marketing challenges and obstacles. What works well in one country, might be a failure in another country if the same marketing mix is used without consideration to the market segmentation. An important aspect of a marketing strategy requires a marketing segmentation, a company must be able to differentiate their products to represent the culture of the host country. Fast food restaurants must carefully consider all aspects of the targeted market in order to be successful. McDonalds is a well-known fast food restaurant all over the world and they are very successful due to their market strategy and how well they adapt to the segmentation of each country they operate in. “McDonald’s products are standard in all franchises. However, the company adjusts to culinary differences in various cultures .” In the case of India, McDonalds offers vegetarian burgers to practicing Buddhists who are not permitted to consuming beef products because of religious believes. McDonalds was able to take their services to India by changing their products to the market demand. Beef products are not in demand in India, and if McDonalds served beef patties in India they would have been unsuccessful. Changing the product to better serve the market demand affects the price. McDonalds will not be able to sell any of their products...
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...Meanwhile, that same year, Herman W. Lay began his potato chip business in Nashville by delivering snack foods. He then purchased the manufacturer, and the H.W. Lay & Company was formed. It soon became one of the largest snack food companies in the Southeast, and LAY'S brand Potato Chips is still America's favorite potato chip. In 1961, the Frito Company and the H.W. Lay Company merged to become Frito-Lay, Inc. Today, Frito-Lay brands account for 59% of the U.S. snack chip industry. In 1965, Frito-Lay, Inc. merged with the Pepsi-Cola Company and formed PepsiCo, Inc. Since that time, Frito-Lay has operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo. Through Frito-Lay, PepsiCo is the largest globally distributed snack food company in the world. The primary snack food brands produced under the Frito-Lay name include Fritos corn chips, Cheetos cheese-flavored snacks, Doritos and Tostitos tortilla chips, Lay's potato chips. Something wonderful—a company that’s all about good fun—doing good things when it comes to making snacks and caring for the environment. This is the company vision of Frito Lay. For more than 75 years, they have been making snacks, starting with simple, farm-grown ingredients. Frito Lay continues to innovate, so that it can provide tasty products that are good as well as fun. They’re also reducing their environmental footprint by conserving natural resources as well as harnessing renewable energy technology that reduces harmful emissions. Corporate Awards: ...
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